潘江濤
一
2020年10月,長(zhǎng)江文藝出版社出版了散文作品集《本草春秋》。
讀鄭驍鋒的《本草春秋》,讓我想起漢代劉向的名言:“書猶藥也,善讀之可以醫(yī)愚?!?/p>
鄭驍鋒蝸居浙江永康,是個(gè)不愿歸“家”的自由撰稿人。自2007年出版首部歷史散文集《逆旅千秋》后,他接連推出《人間道》《眼底滄?!贰堵淙丈n茫》等,還先后被《中國(guó)國(guó)家地理》雜志、央視“探索·發(fā)現(xiàn)”欄目聘為特約撰稿人。
《本草春秋》成書于2007年,是“一本用當(dāng)歸、遠(yuǎn)志、甘草、人參串連起來(lái)的歷史散文集”,至今國(guó)內(nèi)已出5版,版版皆有積極反響。原因何在?
本草,入體為藥,入口為食?!墩f(shuō)文解字》說(shuō):“藥,治病草也”,“菜,草之可食者”。由“藥”“菜”與生命之關(guān)系,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)生命本質(zhì)與自然之鏈接。
春天,煮一鍋艾葉雞蛋,理氣抗菌;夏天,取一支陳年六月雪泡茶,一來(lái)清熱降暑,二來(lái)消除積食;冬天,在豬小排里加幾段淮山藥,利于補(bǔ)氣。中醫(yī)最講究“氣”。聽(tīng)來(lái)一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事,某人為一方首富,每年都要吃上幾十萬(wàn)元人參、蟲(chóng)草,最后把好好一個(gè)身體搞垮了??梢?jiàn),草藥不能隨便補(bǔ),得講究一個(gè)度,一旦越了,反而有害。
原以為《本草春秋》說(shuō)的就是諸如此類“藥食同源”之事。而且,艾葉——艾蒿,六月雪——?jiǎng)⒓呐?,山藥——薯蕷,人參——地精……都能在相關(guān)篇章中找到,只是同物異名而已。但細(xì)細(xì)讀去,《本草春秋》里不僅有草木的清香、脈動(dòng)的歷史,更有山野草本與中華歷史水乳交融的綰合。
二
散文的門檻不高,但要寫好散文,特別是歷史散文,除卻廣博的史學(xué)知識(shí)外,還得有一支生花妙筆,觸類旁通,否則無(wú)異于味同嚼蠟的專業(yè)論文。
鄭驍鋒畢業(yè)于金華衛(wèi)校,中藥學(xué)“底板”并不太厚。但他喜歡在發(fā)黃的古紙堆里“發(fā)呆”,苦苦尋覓與本草相關(guān)的種種歷史痕跡。有一天,他忽然發(fā)現(xiàn),勾踐復(fù)國(guó)與魚腥草,三國(guó)姜維與當(dāng)歸家書,大宋提刑與皂角洗冤,將相和與溫肭臍……一件件一樁樁,無(wú)不蘊(yùn)涵歷史天機(jī)、閃爍著青銅寒光。
“以藥寫史,以史鑒今。”鄭驍鋒不無(wú)感慨地說(shuō),“一段波詭云譎的歷史,在醫(yī)家眼中,往往不過(guò)是一張字跡潦草的藥方,撰寫者或是高明、或是蹩腳,或是認(rèn)真、或是敷衍”。但在史家看來(lái),《本草》在人類歷史發(fā)展長(zhǎng)河中,除了治病救人、強(qiáng)身健體之外,還是救荒糧、導(dǎo)火索、助燃劑、潤(rùn)滑油……
中藥是中華民族的國(guó)粹之一。但多少人會(huì)有鄭驍鋒這樣的閱讀體會(huì)?難怪文學(xué)評(píng)論家會(huì)說(shuō),《本草春秋》是用“中藥解讀中國(guó)歷史的第一本書”。
三
“草木無(wú)言,草木有靈,眾藥皆有情?!编嶒斾h關(guān)注本草起源,但并非簡(jiǎn)單敘述神農(nóng)嘗百草的種種傳說(shuō),而是通過(guò)動(dòng)物自療現(xiàn)象的描述,揭示了懵懂時(shí)代人草博弈的殘酷——“別說(shuō)一日遇七十毒,也許只一毒就得要了命”。他甚至斷言,“神農(nóng)應(yīng)該不是一個(gè)人,而是一群人、一個(gè)組織、無(wú)數(shù)輩人——一代代人類派出的(更可能是自愿的)、以生命為代價(jià)探索綠色未知世界的開(kāi)路先鋒?!?/p>
《本草春秋》中的《救荒》篇,原本說(shuō)的是勾踐與魚腥草的往事,但作者筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn),勾連出朱橚的《救荒本草》,說(shuō):“這部著作,救人無(wú)數(shù),后來(lái)還流傳到日本,澤被異邦。”“一位王爺養(yǎng)尊處優(yōu),卻研究出這么一門學(xué)問(wèn),如果不是對(duì)自家王朝沒(méi)信心,便不能不說(shuō)他實(shí)在太有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)了?!?/p>
不過(guò),我覺(jué)得文章的精妙之處卻在于作者對(duì)當(dāng)下紹興“霉”風(fēng)味的理解:“紹興人喜歡把新鮮菜蔬腌了、醬了、霉了吃,也是從勾踐那時(shí)流傳下來(lái)的,是源于一種節(jié)衣縮食長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)打算的憂患意識(shí)。也許不知什么時(shí)候便得進(jìn)行艱苦的斗爭(zhēng),食物腌漬了才能保存長(zhǎng)久,至于到時(shí)手足無(wú)措?!蹦┝?,他還設(shè)問(wèn):“除此之外,還有更好的理由來(lái)說(shuō)明嗎?”
不知道紹興讀者咋想,反正我贊同鄭驍鋒的觀點(diǎn)。因?yàn)榻B興人大多不愛(ài)吃魚腥草,說(shuō)起來(lái)還真有一種忘本之感。
散文是一種貼近生活的文體,敘述的內(nèi)容與現(xiàn)實(shí)人生直接相關(guān),必然使讀者產(chǎn)生豐富的聯(lián)想。譬如,《上黨無(wú)人參》篇中說(shuō)到,明朝崇禎皇帝上臺(tái)后,皇親國(guó)戚、達(dá)官貴人肆意掘取、搜刮“地精”——人參,以致古時(shí)的上黨連年遭災(zāi),民不聊生,哀鴻遍野——“隨處可見(jiàn)聲嘶力竭地呼喊著父母的幼童,哭累了抓起任何能抓到的東西就往嘴里塞,不管是泥土還是糞便。第二天,他已不再出聲,早已沒(méi)了聲息。這時(shí)總有人蹣跚著走過(guò)來(lái),舔著干裂的嘴角,眼中發(fā)著野獸的綠光?!?/p>
天大地大,肚子最大。讀著這樣的文字,不免讓人想起毛澤東當(dāng)年在《湘江評(píng)論》創(chuàng)刊宣言中的一句話:“世界什么問(wèn)題最大?吃飯問(wèn)題最大?!?/p>
四
寫作的人是文字的魔術(shù)師。鄭驍鋒浸淫于唐詩(shī)宋詞、明清小品,語(yǔ)言極具個(gè)性。無(wú)論是描摹山水還是敘述舊聞,都能手到擒來(lái)、游刃有余。譬如,在寫到詩(shī)人的隱居生活時(shí),他寫道:“一身短打扮,斜斜挎著竹簍,腰插精致的小鋤,于雨后初晴的清晨,在鳥(niǎo)鳴聲中踩著被露水潤(rùn)得有些滑腳的野草走入深山……突然,某種特殊的草木香氣鉆入鼻孔,于是停下腳步,仔細(xì)打量著四周,很快,一株少見(jiàn)的藥草進(jìn)入了視線。他解下藥簍,取出里面的葫蘆——那里面是自釀的果酒——拔開(kāi)木塞小小呷上一口,然后高高挽起袖子,蹲了下來(lái)?!?/p>
隱居生活是愜意的。但詩(shī)意描寫僅僅是一種鋪墊,作者真正想表達(dá)的是,家國(guó)不幸詩(shī)家幸?!翱v然是同一位詩(shī)人,作品的質(zhì)量一般也與他的官職成反比;他們的代表作大多創(chuàng)作于貶謫的途中?!彼?,“任何朝代都有詩(shī)人不甘心離開(kāi)政壇?;蛘邞?yīng)該說(shuō),真正的詩(shī)人永遠(yuǎn)不能忘卻大濟(jì)天下的責(zé)任?!?/p>
“文變?nèi)竞跏狼椋d廢系乎時(shí)序?!弊髡哌@一“永遠(yuǎn)不能忘卻”,審時(shí)度勢(shì),發(fā)乎“肺腑”,亦是當(dāng)下強(qiáng)調(diào)文藝要“為人民抒寫、為人民抒情、為人民抒懷”的最佳注腳。
五
季羨林將“情”作為評(píng)價(jià)散文的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),認(rèn)為“真情”是散文的精髓,散文本身要以一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)事件為基礎(chǔ),抒發(fā)真實(shí)的感情。
說(shuō)到“本草”,明朝的朱橚和李時(shí)珍是兩位繞不開(kāi)的歷史人物,一位拯救饑民,一位療救病體,皆把一草一木的生長(zhǎng)作為生命中的頭等大事,用草木的活力來(lái)恢復(fù)人類的活力。他們對(duì)草木的熱忱,源于對(duì)生命的尊重、對(duì)自然的熱愛(ài)。
浮躁、功利、市儈,乃當(dāng)下社會(huì)之通病——有太多人關(guān)注大事件大舉措大聲響,而少有人像朱橚、李時(shí)珍那樣孜孜矻矻地探究事物的細(xì)枝末節(jié)或者日常生活的本來(lái)面目。
草木一秋,人生一世。每個(gè)人都有自己的活法,誰(shuí)好誰(shuí)孬,時(shí)間自會(huì)淘洗。讓人感慨的是,一味小小的本草,因?yàn)殍b真大師(688~763年)先后6次東渡,居然成了中日兩國(guó)漢文化圈的有效載體。
“傳燈”是日本天皇授予鑒真大師的榮譽(yù)稱號(hào),寓意不僅予人光明,而且播撒人間希望?!侗静荽呵铩贰秱鳠簟芬徽?,說(shuō)的就是鑒真大師在日本東大寺正倉(cāng)院辨別藥材真?zhèn)蔚墓适?,描寫?xì)膩生動(dòng)。
“雖然很久以前就已經(jīng)失去了光明,但他對(duì)自己多年練就的辨別能力毫不懷疑。鑒定中他還聯(lián)想到了自己的法名——鑒真,這真可算是名副其實(shí)了。只要手指觸摸到任何一種藥材,哪怕只是一片樹(shù)葉一粒種子,他也能清楚地在純黑的幕布上勾勒出這棵植物的全貌,甚至還能看到根須在大地深處蜿蜒伸展?!?/p>
“每次看著鑒真佝僂著身子在爐前親自為病人煎調(diào)藥物,無(wú)論信不信佛,人們都會(huì)不自覺(jué)地雙手合十深深彎腰,向這位年老的中國(guó)僧人禮敬。同時(shí)每個(gè)人的心中都會(huì)涌起一種清涼,所有的煩躁苦惱都似乎隨著藥罐中裊裊上升的蒸氣,瞬間消散在空中?!?/p>
中日兩國(guó)一衣帶水,中藥文化更是一脈相承。2019年11月《本草春秋》日文版(浙江出版集團(tuán)東京株式會(huì)社)在日本翻譯出版,不僅是作者鄭驍鋒之喜,也是日本讀者之福。因?yàn)椤芭c歷史結(jié)緣的草木從時(shí)間的剿殺中成功突圍,成為了歷史的幸存者和闡釋者。它們每一片葉子的葉脈,都通向歷史深處,風(fēng)過(guò)時(shí)它們發(fā)出的每一次喧響,都是歷史的回聲。如果斫為琴,死去的時(shí)間將開(kāi)口說(shuō)話?!?/p>
In October 2020, Yangtze Literature and Art Press launched the fifth edition of , a book of essays published in 2007 and wrote by Zheng Xiaofeng, a freelance writer born in 1975 and based in Yongkang in central Zhejiang. The essays remind me of what Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty (202BC-220AD) said about reading books: “Books are like medicine. Reading books intelligently can cure a reader of follies.”
explores history from the perspective of herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Zhengs perspective of herbs and obsession with history came from his studies in his student years at Jinhua Medical School, a secondary education institution in Jinhua, the central city in central Zhejiang. Though he isnt particularly versed in ancient literature on medicinal herbs, he studies history diligently. He noticed the role herbs played in history: a state stored food in preparedness for famines likely to happen in years to come, a detective used herbs to crack a murder case, cabinet members conciliated through a medicinal ingredient. Such stories were not rare in the history of ancient China.
“I write about history from the perspective of TCM in order to provide a window to peep into lessons from history,” explains the essayist.
Zheng isnt a writer just reputed for his unique perspective and focus. His language proficiency is outstanding as well. His self-education in ancient Chinese poetry, prose, and fiction adds a special touch to his interpretation of what happened in the past. He has been engaged as a special reporter by China National Geographic and Discovery Channel of CCTV.
In this book, Zheng examines history and offers his own understanding and narratives. Zhu Su (1361-1425) and Li Shizhen (1518-1593), two masters of herbs, are worth mentioning when it comes to a discussion of traditional Chinese medicine in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The fifth son of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang who founded the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Su was specialized in poetry and took a strong interest in herbs. He organized some TCM masters to write a book about herbs that could be used as food in famine times. The book was introduced to Japan. History says the methods described in the book saved many lives. In a sense, the prince was a fascinating phenomenon: he wrote the book probably because he might have lost faith in the empire his father founded; or he might have had a prescient understanding of nature and society. In addition to the book, he also helped write some other TCM books. Li Shizhen was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. His major contribution to medicine was his epic book the ?or .
One chapter of ?is about Monk Jianzhen (688-763), a Chinese Vinaya master and founder of Japanese Vinaya. He became a monk at the age of 14. At the invitation of Japanese monks studying in China, Jianzhen decided in 742 to go to Japan to spread Vinaya. He tried six times to cross to Japan but failed because of heavy storms. The extreme conditions of his attempts rendered him blind by the time he succeeded in 753. Jianzhen was a master of many arts and crafts and many of his disciples were eminent architects and sculptors. The temples he helped construct in Japan are considered national treasures today. Jianzhen was also a master of TCM. The blind master personally prepared herbal medicine for his patients.
The Japanese edition of ?was published in November 2019 in Japan. “These herbs, interwoven with history and lucky enough to break away from the fetters of time, in a sense, are survivors and storytellers. Every leaf of these herbs is a way to the depth of history and every sound of these leaves ruffled by wind is an echo of history. If these herbs were musical instruments, the past will become alive and relate the stories,” comments Zheng Xiaofeng.