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    大豆不同生育期葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征

    2020-11-02 21:47:00孔小婷蘇品程菊娥杜曉華羅路云陳麗潔翟忠英張德詠劉勇
    南方農(nóng)業(yè)學報 2020年8期
    關鍵詞:高通量測序多樣性生育期

    孔小婷 蘇品 程菊娥 杜曉華 羅路云 陳麗潔 翟忠英 張德詠 劉勇

    摘要:【目的】探究大豆不同生育期葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性及其分布特征,揭示大豆生育期與光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)變化間的關系,為促進光合細菌在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應用提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā繉?個生育期(苗期、出枝期、花期、鼓粒期和成熟期)大豆葉際光合細菌的Puf M基因序列進行PCR擴增,并對PCR擴增產(chǎn)物進行Illumina高通量測序,分析大豆葉際光合細菌群落多樣性及分布特征。【結(jié)果】從大豆5個生育期葉片樣品中共檢測到光合細菌2門、5綱、36屬、84種。不同生育期大豆葉片樣品中光合細菌的群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)存在一定差異,在相對豐度方面表現(xiàn)為成熟期>苗期> 出枝期>花期>鼓粒期;在多樣性方面表現(xiàn)為苗期>出枝期>花期>鼓粒期>成熟期。大豆不同生育期的葉際光合細菌在門、綱、屬和種分類水平上的優(yōu)勢菌群及所占比例分別為變形菌門(Proteobacteria)(92.11%~99.29%)、α-變形菌綱(Alphaproteobacteria)(75.17%~97.40%)、甲基桿菌屬(Methylobacterium)(60.67%~95.09%)和扭脫甲基桿菌(Methylobacterium extorquens)(36.89%~87.88%),隨著分類水平逐漸細化,不同生育期對大豆葉際光合細菌群落組成和分布的影響越大。【結(jié)論】生育期對大豆葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)有重要影響,實際生產(chǎn)中可通過在大豆不同生育期施用不同的光合細菌以促進優(yōu)勢群落形成,從而促進大豆生長。

    關鍵詞: 大豆;生育期;葉際;光合細菌;高通量測序;多樣性

    中圖分類號: S565.1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2020)08-1977-08

    Community structure characteristics of soybean phyllosphere photosynthetic bacteria in different growth stages

    KONG Xiao-ting1,2, SU Pin1,2, CHENG Ju-e2, DU Xiao-hua2, LUO Lu-yun2,

    CHEN Li-jie1,2, ZHAI Zhong-ying1,2, ZHANG De-yong1,2, LIU Yong1,2*

    (1Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha? 410125, China; 2Institute of Plant Protection,

    Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha? 410125, China)

    Abstract:【Objective】To explore the phyllosphere photosynthetic bacterial communities structure diversity and distribution of soybean at different growth stages, reveal the relationship between the growth period of soybean and the chan-ges of photosynthetic bacteria community structure, provide a scientific reference for promoting the application of photosynthetic bacteria in agricultural production. 【Method】The Puf M gene region of phyllosphere photosynthetic bacteria in five growth stages of soybean(seedling stages, branching stages, flowering stages, bulging stages and maturity stages)was amplified by PCR, and then the products of PCR amplification were sequenced with Illumina high throughput to analyze the diversity and distribution of phyllosphere photosynthetic bacteria. 【Result】A total of 84 species, 36 genera, 5 classes and 2 phyla of photosynthetic bacteria were detected in the leaves samples from five growth stages . There were some differences in the structure and composition of photosynthetic bacterial community in soybean leaves samples of different growth stages. In terms of relative abundance, maturity stages>seedling stages>branching stages>flowering stages>bulging stages; while in terms of diversity, seedling stages>branching stages>flowering stages>bulging stages> maturity stages. The dominant phyllosphere photosynthetic bacterial community at phyla, class, genus and species levels of five growth stages soybean and their proportions were Proteobacteria(92.11%-99.29%), Alphaproteobacteria(75.17%-97.40%), Methylobacterium(60.67%-95.09%), Methylobacterium extorquens(36.89%-87.88%). However,with the refinement of classification, the influence of growth stages on the composition and distribution of phyllosphere photosynthetic bacteria community became great. 【Conclusion]Soybean growth periods have an important influence on the structure of phyllosphere photosynthetic bacteria community. In agricultural production, different photosynthetic bacteria could be applied in different growth stages of soybean to promote the formation of dominant community and thus promote the growth of soybean.

    1. 3. 2 葉際微生物DNA提取、擴增和測序 使用 FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil試劑盒對大豆葉際微生物DNA進行提取,以樣品DNA為模板,選用正向引物Puf M F(5'-TACGGSAACCTGTWCTAC-3')和反向引物Puf M WAW(5'-AYNGCRAACCACCANGCCC A-3')(Béjà et al.,2002;Yutin et al.,2005)對樣品進行擴增。PCR反應體系50 μL:正、反向引物各2 μL,Mix 25 μL,DNA模板2 μL,無菌水補足至50 μL。擴增程序:94 ℃預變性5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,進行35個循環(huán);72 ℃延伸10 min,4 ℃保存。PCR擴增產(chǎn)物采用1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠進行電泳檢測,將目的條帶切膠回收后送至北京諾禾致源有限公司進行Illumina高通量測序。

    1. 4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

    從下機數(shù)據(jù)中拆分出各樣本數(shù)據(jù),截去特異性接頭序列和引物序列后使用Flash(V1.2.7)對所有序列進行拼接(Mago? and Salzberg,2011),拼接序列經(jīng)嚴格過濾處理(Bokulich et al.,2013)得到高質(zhì)量的標簽序列數(shù)據(jù)。利用Uparse v7.0.1001(Haas et al.,2011)以97%的相似度將所有標簽序列聚類成為分類操作單元(OTU)。以 Puf M功能基因數(shù)據(jù)庫作為注釋文庫,用Mothur對OTU進行物種注釋。最后以樣本中數(shù)據(jù)量最少的OTU數(shù)為標準進行均一化處理,得到標準化OTU表,進行后續(xù)的α多樣性和β多樣性分析。

    使用QIIME 1.9.1計算物種豐富度指數(shù)(Chao1)和多樣性指數(shù)(Shannon),通過Shannon指數(shù)和Chao1指數(shù)評估序列文庫的α多樣性。并采用主坐標分析(PCoA)及多重響應置換程序(MRPP)、相似性分析(Anosim)和非參數(shù)檢驗方法(Adonis)對任意兩組間微生物群落的差異進行評估。

    1. 5 統(tǒng)計分析

    采用SPSS 20.0對所測數(shù)據(jù)進行單因素方差分析,并應用Duncans新復極差法在P=0.05水平上對大豆不同生育期葉際光合細菌群落組成進行差異顯著性分析。

    2 結(jié)果與分析

    2. 1 不同生育期大豆葉際光合細菌群落高通量測序結(jié)果

    以97%的相似度對OTU進行聚類,共得到3539個OTUs。全部高通量測序結(jié)果提交至NCBI SRA (登錄號PRJNA593671)。如圖1所示,各樣品的稀釋曲線均趨向平坦,滿足測序深度要求。物種注釋結(jié)果顯示本研究共鑒定得到光合細菌2門、5綱、36屬、84種。

    對不同生育期大豆葉際光合細菌樣品在門分類水平上進行序列鑒定分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)變形菌門(Proteobacteria)在各樣品的葉際光合細菌中占主導地位,其在各樣品中的相對豐度分別為92.11%(S1)、99.29%(S2)、97.77%(S3)、98.76%(S4)和97.17%(S5)。在綱分類水平上,α-變形菌綱(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-變形菌綱(Gammaproteobacteria)、Bata變形菌綱(Bataproteobacteria)和β-變形菌綱(Betaproteobacteria)的相對豐度分別為75.17%~97.40%、1.17%~11.46%、0.17%~5.47%和0~0.03%(圖2-A)。

    在屬分類水平上,S1的優(yōu)勢屬為甲基桿菌屬(Methylobacterium)(60.67%)、外硫紅螺菌屬(Ectothiorhodospira)(6.84%)和紅假單胞菌屬(Rhodopseudomonas)(4.59%);S2的優(yōu)勢屬為甲基桿菌屬(91.99%)、硫紅球菌屬(Thiorhodococcus)(2.54%)、外硫紅螺菌屬(1.22%)和Roseateles(1.29%);S3的優(yōu)勢屬為甲基桿菌屬(95.09%);S4的優(yōu)勢屬為甲基桿菌屬(94.82%)和紅桿菌屬(Rhodobacter)(1.70%);S5的優(yōu)勢屬為甲基桿菌屬(92.53%)和紅桿菌屬(1.03%)(圖2-B)。綜合大豆葉際光合細菌屬水平主要菌群相對豐度單因素方差分析結(jié)果(表1)可知,甲基桿菌屬、外硫紅螺菌屬和紅假單胞菌屬在大豆苗期與其他各生長時期均存在顯著差異(P<0.05,下同)。甲基桿菌屬在大豆生育期呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢,外硫紅螺菌屬和紅假單胞菌屬則呈逐漸降低并趨于穩(wěn)定的變化趨勢。

    在種分類水平上,大豆各生育期的主要優(yōu)勢種為扭脫甲基桿菌(Methylobacterium extorquens)(36.89%~87.88%)和耐輻射甲基桿菌(Methylobacterium radiotolerans)(6.05%~23.12%)(圖2-C)。由表2可知,扭脫甲基桿菌在大豆苗期的相對豐度占全部葉際光合細菌的0.37,相對于其他生長發(fā)育期均具有顯著差異,相對豐度從苗期到成熟期呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢;耐輻射甲基桿菌在大豆苗期的相對豐度最高,與其他生育期差異顯著,其相對豐度隨著大豆的生長發(fā)育呈先降低后升高的變化趨勢;沙氏外硫紅螺菌(E. shaposhnikovii)在大豆苗期相對豐度最高,隨后呈現(xiàn)顯著降低并趨向平穩(wěn)的變化趨勢。由圖3可知,隨著大豆的生長發(fā)育,S1、S2、S3、S4和S5獨有的OTU分別占OTU總量的20.56%、8.84%、5.37%、7.63%和15.42%,所有樣品中共檢測到433個重合的OTUs,占所有樣品OTU總量的12.23%。

    根據(jù)上述各分類水平的結(jié)果,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著分類水平逐漸細化,大豆不同生育期對葉際光合細菌群落組成和分布的影響越大。

    2. 2 α多樣性分析結(jié)果

    Shannon指數(shù)和Chao1指數(shù)被用來評估大豆葉際光合細菌群落α多樣性。大豆由苗期到成熟期,葉際光合細菌Shannon指數(shù)的變化范圍為4.27~5.57,在大豆苗期最高、成熟期最低,整體上呈逐漸降低的變化趨勢(圖4-A)。在大豆生長發(fā)育期中,葉際光合細菌群落Chao1指數(shù)變化范圍為731.61~1115.6,在成熟期最高、花期最低,葉際光合細菌的物種豐富度從苗期到花期呈先逐漸下降再上升的變化趨勢(圖4-B)。結(jié)合圖1可知,大豆成熟期葉際光合細菌的物種豐富度高于其他生育期,表明葉際光合細菌群落多樣性受大豆生育期的影響。

    2. 3 β多樣性分析結(jié)果

    由圖5可知,同一生育期的樣品均能較緊密地結(jié)合在一起,其相似性較高,不同生育期菌群群落可明顯地區(qū)分開。PCoA分析結(jié)果表明,PC1對大豆葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的差異貢獻度為71.73%,PC2對大豆葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的差異貢獻度為13.22%。大豆苗期葉際光合細菌群落所處象限為單獨象限,即大豆苗期的葉際微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)與其他各生長發(fā)育階段存在顯著差異;出枝期與花期間距離較近、鼓粒期與成熟期間距離較近,表明彼此間光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異相對較小;大豆出枝期與成熟期間的距離相對較遠,表明大豆出枝期與成熟期間光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的差異相對較大。多重響應置換程序、相似性分析和非參數(shù)檢驗方法進一步驗證不同生育期具有顯著差異(表3),大豆不同生育期能顯著影響葉際光合細菌的群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)。

    3 討論

    葉際微生物作為一種生態(tài)學指標在生態(tài)穩(wěn)定與環(huán)境安全評價中發(fā)揮著重要作用(Morris and Monier,2003)。目前,關于葉際微生物的研究主要集中在細菌和真菌多樣性等方面(Zhang et al.,2018;Vokou et al.,2019),而對葉際光合細菌多樣性的研究較少。光合細菌在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中主要應用于促進農(nóng)作物生長和品質(zhì)改善(Koh and Song,2007)。已有研究表明,紫色光合細菌可通過葉面噴施和根際灌溉來促進作物生長(Wu et al.,2013),但光合細菌在植物葉際的存在及作用研究仍較缺乏。本研究利用高通量測序技術(shù)對5個不同生育期大豆葉際光合細菌群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)進行研究,掌握了大豆不同生育期葉際光合細菌的群落結(jié)構(gòu)演替變化規(guī)律,對評價生育期對葉際光合細菌多樣性的影響具有重要意義。

    本研究通過分析5個不同生育期大豆葉際光合細菌群落多樣性變化規(guī)律,發(fā)現(xiàn)在相對豐度方面表現(xiàn)為成熟期>苗期>出枝期>花期>鼓粒期,在多樣性方面表現(xiàn)為苗期>出枝期>花期>鼓粒期>成熟期。隨著大豆的生長發(fā)育,Shannon指數(shù)在大豆苗期最高、成熟期最低,整體上呈逐漸降低的變化趨勢,由此可知葉際光合細菌群落多樣性隨著大豆的生長發(fā)育呈逐漸降低趨勢。在β多樣性分析中,主坐標分析PCoA和相異性分析結(jié)果表明大豆各生育期間的光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)存在顯著差異。植物葉際微生物群落組成結(jié)構(gòu)受生長季節(jié)的顯著影響,植物生長早期葉際微生物受土壤的影響較大,隨著植物的生長,植物葉際逐漸形成其獨特的微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)(Copeland et al.,2015)。故推測大豆苗期葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)與其他生育期差異顯著的原因是大豆葉際光合細菌群落組成在苗期時受土壤微生物的影響較大,隨著大豆的生長發(fā)育,葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸趨向穩(wěn)定。

    物種分析結(jié)果表明,變形菌門是大豆不同生育期葉際光合細菌群落中最豐富的細菌類群,與Bulgarelli等(2013)、Dong等(2019)的研究結(jié)果一致。本研究中,變形菌門主要包括α-變形菌綱(75.17%~97.4%)和γ-變形菌綱(1.17%~11.46%),且其相對豐度表現(xiàn)為α-變形菌綱>γ-變形菌綱,與Laforest-Lapointe等(2016)研究加拿大溫帶森林細菌群落豐度分布的結(jié)果一致,表明葉際細菌群落組成中α-變形菌綱占據(jù)著葉際細菌群落的絕對優(yōu)勢。本研究結(jié)果表明,甲基桿菌屬是大豆不同生育期葉際光合細菌的主要優(yōu)勢屬,甲基桿菌屬作為大豆葉際細菌的優(yōu)勢屬在其他植物葉際細菌群落的研究中也有報道。Delmotte等(2009)研究表明甲基桿菌屬在大豆、三葉草和擬南芥葉際微生物群落中具有較高的豐度;Wellner等(2011)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)甲基桿菌是三葉草和耳菜草葉面微生物群落的優(yōu)勢菌。甲基桿菌是最早報道在植物葉片上能進行光合作用的細菌,對植物葉片表面具有重要作用,其能促進植物種子萌發(fā)和植物生長(Lidstrom and Chistoserdova,2002;Madhaiyan et al.,2007)。

    4 結(jié)論

    不同生育期大豆葉片中光合細菌的群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)存在一定差異,變形菌門在大豆不同生育期中均為最優(yōu)勢的光合細菌類群,大豆成熟期葉際光合細菌種類最多,苗期葉際光合細菌分布最均勻,表明大豆生育期對葉際光合細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)有重要影響。因此,實際生產(chǎn)中可通過在大豆不同生育期施用不同的光合細菌以促進優(yōu)勢群落形成,從而促進大豆生長。

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    (責任編輯 麻小燕)

    收稿日期:2019-12-11

    基金項目:國家自然科學基金青年科學基金項目(31701764)

    作者簡介:*為通訊作者,劉勇(1966-),研究員,主要從事田間蔬菜病蟲害防治研究工作,E-mail:haoasliu@163.com??仔℃茫?993-),主要從事植物保護研究工作,E-mail:569079899kxt@hnu.edu.cn

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