趙穩(wěn)?汪延生?王小凡?周霞?湯萍?徐軍?劉明
【摘要】目的 探討乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、腫瘤標(biāo)志物與肺泡蛋白沉著癥(PAP)患者病情嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系。方法 收集57例PAP患者的臨床資料,分析血清LDH水平與肺功能指標(biāo)、血清LDH水平與腫瘤標(biāo)志物、腫瘤標(biāo)志物與疾病嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分(DSS)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 PAP患者血清LDH水平與PaO2(r = -0.42,P = 0.001)、一氧化碳彌散(r = -0.73,P < 0.001)、FEV1 (r = -0.40,P = 0.004)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。PAP患者的神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、癌抗原153(CA153)和細(xì)胞角蛋白19片段CYFRA21-1均高于正常上限(P均< 0.05)。PAP患者的NSE(rs = 0.39,P = 0.003)、CEA(rs = 0.55,P < 0.001)、CA153(rs = 0.48,P < 0.001)、CYFRA21-1(rs = 0.44,P = 0.001)水平與DSS均呈正相關(guān)。結(jié)論 PAP患者血清中LDH與肺功能指標(biāo)呈負(fù)相關(guān),腫瘤標(biāo)志物NSE、CEA、CA153和CYFRA21-1升高并與病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),LDH和腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平可能反映了PAP患者的病情嚴(yán)重程度。
【關(guān)鍵詞】肺泡蛋白沉著癥;乳酸脫氫酶;腫瘤標(biāo)志物;疾病嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分
Correlation between lactate dehydrogenase, tumor markers and the severity of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Zhao Wen, Wang Yansheng, Wang Xiaofan, Zhou Xia, Tang Ping, Xu Jun, Liu Ming. Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
Corresponding author, Liu Ming, E-mail: mingliu128@ hotmail. com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the correlation between lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor markers and the severity of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Methods Clinical data of 57 PAP patients were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation between serum LDH level and pulmonary function, serum LDH level and tumor markers, and tumor markers and disease severity score (DSS) were analyzed. Results In PAP patients, the serum level of LDH was negatively correlated with PaO2 (r = -0.42, P = 0.001), carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) (r = -0.73, P < 0.001) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r = -0.40, P = 0.004), respectively. In PAP patients, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 153 (CA153) and CYFRA21-1 were significantly higher than the upper limits (all P < 0.05). The NSE(rs = 0.39, P = 0.001), CEA (rs = 0.55, P < 0.001), CA153 (rs = 0.48, P < 0.001) and CYFRA21-1 (rs = 0.44, P = 0.001) were positively correlated with DSS. Conclusions The serum level of LDH is negatively correlated with lung function indexes in PAP patients. The serum levels tumor makers such as of NSE, CEA, CA153 and CYFRA21-1 are significantly elevated and positively correlated with the severity of the disease in PAP patients. LDH and tumor makers can reflect the severity of PAP.
【Key words】Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis;Lactate dehydrogenase;Tumor marker;
Disease severity score
肺泡蛋白沉著癥(PAP)最早報(bào)道于1958年,是一種罕見的、以表面活性脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)在肺泡內(nèi)異常聚集的、引起呼吸功能不全的綜合征。該病主要影響中年人,男女發(fā)病率約為2∶1,主要表現(xiàn)為咳嗽、進(jìn)行性勞累性呼吸困難等。血液中腫瘤標(biāo)志物通常是應(yīng)用單克隆抗體檢測(cè)的糖蛋白,可用于腫瘤輔助診斷、評(píng)估腫瘤治療反應(yīng)和監(jiān)測(cè)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)等。既往研究顯示,PAP患者外周血中腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平明顯升高,腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平可能反映疾病的嚴(yán)重程度[1]。不同腫瘤標(biāo)志物在PAP患者中的表達(dá)水平可能不一樣,其作用在PAP患者也會(huì)有差異。為此,本研究回顧性分析4種腫瘤標(biāo)志物在PAP患者的表達(dá)情況,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
對(duì)象與方法
一、研究對(duì)象
2010年9月至2018年9月在廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院和深圳大學(xué)總醫(yī)院住院的57例PAP患者,均經(jīng)肺泡灌洗液、高分辨率CT(HRCT)和(或)組織病理學(xué)確診為PAP,并排除合并感染、特發(fā)性肺纖維化、肺氣腫、肺結(jié)核和腫瘤者。所有患者在入院時(shí)已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書。
二、研究方法
收集所有患者的醫(yī)療記錄。患者資料包括完整的病史、體格檢查、血?dú)夥治?、血常?guī)、血清生化、HRCT檢查。
三、肺功能檢查
所用患者入院后用德國(guó)耶格綜合檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行肺功能檢測(cè),患者肺功能測(cè)定包括FEV1、一氧化碳彌散量(DLCO)。
四、血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)
入院時(shí)使用自動(dòng)電化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫測(cè)定系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)患者血清中腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平,正常上限神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)25 μg/L、癌胚抗原(CEA)5.0 μg/L、癌抗原153(CA153)35.0 kU/L、細(xì)胞角蛋白19片段CYFRA21-1 3.3 μg/L。
五、疾病嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分(DSS)
根據(jù)患者入院后血?dú)夥治鲋蠵aO2和有無癥狀評(píng)估DSS:1分為無癥狀且PaO2≥70 mm Hg,2分為有癥狀且PaO2≥70 mm Hg,3分為60 mm Hg≤PaO2 < 70 mm Hg,4分為50 mm Hg≤PaO2 < 60 mm Hg[2-3]。
六、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 20.0分析數(shù)據(jù),GraphPad Prism 5繪圖。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用單樣本t檢驗(yàn)和獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(下四分位數(shù),上四分位數(shù))表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,無序分類資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法,等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。正態(tài)分布連續(xù)變量相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)分析,等級(jí)資料相關(guān)性采用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、男性與女性PAP患者的一般情況及臨床特征比較
57例PAP患者中男32例、女25例,年齡20 ~ 67歲,發(fā)病時(shí)最常見的癥狀為氣促、咳嗽,少數(shù)患者查體可有Velcro音。男性PAP患者中吸煙者比例高于女性,男性PAP患者肺功能DLCO也低于女性(P均< 0.05),見表1。
二、PAP患者血清LDH水平與PAP患者肺功能指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性分析
PAP患者LDH水平與PaO2(r = -0.42,P = 0.001)、DLCO(r = -0.73,P < 0.001)、FEV1(r = -0.40,P = 0.004)均呈負(fù)相關(guān),見圖1。
三、PAP患者外周血腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平與正常上限的比較
57例患者均行外周血腫瘤標(biāo)志物檢測(cè),以腫瘤標(biāo)志物的正常上限為對(duì)照值,結(jié)果顯示PAP患者腫瘤標(biāo)志物NSE[(32.9±5.9)μg/L vs. 25.0 μg/L,
P = 0.013]、CEA[(11.0±6.7)μg/L vs. 5.0 μg/L,P < 0.001]、CA153[(84.8±75.2)kU/L vs. 35.0 kU/L,P < 0.001]、CYFRA21-1[(16.8±14.3)μg/L vs. 3.3 μg/L,P < 0.001]均高于正常上限,見圖2。
四、PAP患者腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平與DSS的相關(guān)性分析
57例PAP患者中,DSS 1分8例、2分18例、3分17例、4分14例,NSE(rs = 0.39,P = 0.003)、CEA(rs = 0.55,P < 0.001)、CA153(rs = 0.48,P < 0.001)、CYFRA21-1(rs = 0.44,P = 0.001)水平與DSS均呈正相關(guān),見圖3。
討論
PAP是一種病因未明的少見疾病[4]。本研究顯示,PAP患者發(fā)病時(shí)最常見的癥狀為氣促、咳嗽,少數(shù)患者查體可有Velcro音,男性PAP患者中吸煙者比例高于女性,男性PAP患者肺功能DLCO也低于女性。由于PAP患者臨床癥狀不典型,診斷主要依據(jù)HRCT和支氣管肺泡灌洗或經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡肺活組織檢查,但有關(guān)PAP患者病情進(jìn)展的監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)尚未明確。LDH在胞漿內(nèi)含量豐富,當(dāng)細(xì)胞受損或死亡時(shí)可釋放至細(xì)胞外。本研究中,患者血清LDH與肺功能指標(biāo)PaO2、DLCO、FEV1均呈負(fù)相關(guān),與既往報(bào)道相符[5]。
腫瘤標(biāo)志物NSE、CEA、CA153、CYFRA21-1有助于腫瘤患者的診斷和預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)[6-7]。近年研究顯示,腫瘤標(biāo)志物在腫瘤以外的其他疾病中也會(huì)升高,可反映疾病的嚴(yán)重程度[8-9]。Hirakata等(1995年)首先在6例PAP患者血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)CEA、CYFRA21-1升高,F(xiàn)ang等[1]在34例PAP患者血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)了NSE、鱗狀細(xì)胞癌抗原(SCC)明顯升高。本研究中,腫瘤標(biāo)志物NSE、CEA、CA153、CYFRA21-1在PAP患者外周血中均高于正常上限,提示這些腫瘤標(biāo)志物可能與PAP患者病情有關(guān)。DSS是依據(jù)患者存在的癥狀和PaO2降低程度進(jìn)行評(píng)分[3]。研究顯示,DSS可反映PAP患者的病情嚴(yán)重程度,DSS評(píng)分越高,PAP患者病情越嚴(yán)重[8]。本研究中,PAP患者血清中NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1升高,并均與DSS相關(guān),因此NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1可能反映疾病嚴(yán)重程度,這與既往研究結(jié)果一致[1, 10-11]。本研究還顯示,CA153在PAP患者中升高,并可能反映病情嚴(yán)重程度,這并未見其他研究報(bào)道。
腫瘤標(biāo)志物在PAP患者外周血中升高的原因尚不清楚??赡芤?yàn)镻AP發(fā)病機(jī)制涉及肺泡上皮細(xì)胞損傷及修復(fù),肺泡上皮細(xì)胞是肌成纖維細(xì)胞的重要來源[12]。活化的肺泡上皮細(xì)胞和募集的炎性細(xì)胞可釋放強(qiáng)效細(xì)胞因子如TNF-α、TGF-β和IFN-γ等[13-15]。這些炎癥因子通過獨(dú)立的信號(hào)途徑誘導(dǎo)表位過度表達(dá),過表達(dá)的表位可能導(dǎo)致血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平升高[16-17]。另外,PAP根據(jù)其發(fā)病機(jī)制可分為原發(fā)性、繼發(fā)性和先天性,不同類別PAP的腫瘤標(biāo)志物是否一致在本研究未能進(jìn)行區(qū)分,這將在日后進(jìn)一步研究中確定。
綜上所述,PAP患者血清中LDH與肺功能指標(biāo)呈負(fù)相關(guān),腫瘤標(biāo)志物NSE、CEA、CA153和CYFRA21-1升高并與病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),LDH和腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平可能反映了PAP患者的病情嚴(yán)重程度。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-02)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)