汪春榮 劉勇 詹亞峰 高德宏 鄒立秋 彭珂文 陳濟明 邱士軍
[摘要] 目的 探討穩(wěn)定期亞臨床認知障礙慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)患者腦白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。 方法 選擇2012年7月~2015年3月華中科技大學(xué)協(xié)和深圳醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)就診COPD患者60例作為COPD組,另選擇同期于我院進行健康體檢人群62名作為對照組。收集兩組人群一般資料、生理及神經(jīng)心理學(xué)資料,并利用基于體素水平分析(VBA)分析兩組人群全腦腦白質(zhì)微觀結(jié)構(gòu)改變。 結(jié)果 COPD組吸煙時間長于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。簡易精神狀態(tài)量表、蒙特利爾認知評估量表總分及視空間與執(zhí)行功能、命名及延遲記憶得分顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。COPD組左側(cè)枕中回、右側(cè)輔助運動區(qū)、左側(cè)顳上回及右側(cè)小腦后葉區(qū)域白質(zhì)FA值顯著低于對照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 穩(wěn)定期COPD患者腦白質(zhì)FA值異常,纖維微觀結(jié)構(gòu)完整性被破壞,應(yīng)引起臨床重視。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 基于體素水平分析;腦白質(zhì);慢性阻塞性肺疾病;認知障礙
[中圖分類號] R563.05? ? ? ? ? [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)05(a)-0114-04
Statistical analysis of white matter changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and subclinical cognitive impairment based on voxel analysis
WANG Chunrong1? ?LIU Yong2? ?ZHAN Yafeng3? ?GAO Dehong1? ?ZOU Liqiu1? ?PENG Kewen1? ?CHEN Jiming4? ?QIU Shijun5
1.Department of Radiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen? ?518052, China; 2.Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing? ?100190, China; 3.School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ?510515, China; 4.Department of Respiration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen? ?518052, China; 5.Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ?510405, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the changes of white matter structure in patients with stable subclinical cognitive impairment chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods From July 2012 to March 2015, 60 patients with COPD treated in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (hereinafter referred to as “our hospital”) were selected as the COPD group, while a total of 62 healthy people who underwent a physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The general data, physiological and neuropsychological data of the two groups were collected, while the changes in the whole brain white matter microstructure of the two groups were analyzed by the voxel level analysis (VBA). Results The smoking time of the COPD group was longer than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total scores of mini mental state examination, Montreal cognitive assess ment and the visual space and executive function, naming and delayed memory scores were significantly lower than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the COPD group, the white matter FA values in the left middle occipital gyrus, right auxiliary motor area, left superior temporal gyrus, and right posterior cerebellar area were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the differences were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion FA value of the white matter in patients with COPD in the stable phase is abnormal, and the microstructural integrity of the fibers is destroyed, which should be paid attention to clinically.
[Key words] Voxel-based analysis; White matter; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cognitive impairment
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)以持續(xù)不完全可逆氣流受限為主要特征,呈持續(xù)進行性發(fā)展,主要累及肺,也可損傷腦認知[1]。以往關(guān)于穩(wěn)定期亞臨床認知障礙COPD患者腦結(jié)構(gòu)的研究較少,常規(guī)磁共振(MRI)檢查多正常,但腦灰白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)、灌注、代謝等已經(jīng)改變,如果能及早發(fā)現(xiàn)并干預(yù),可以延緩或逆轉(zhuǎn)腦認知障礙進程。本研究利用基于體素的統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析(VBA)探討穩(wěn)定期亞臨床認知障礙COPD患者腦白質(zhì)纖維微觀結(jié)構(gòu)完整性是否受到破壞。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2012年7月~2015年3月華中科技大學(xué)協(xié)和深圳醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)COPD患者60例作為COPD組以及同期于我院體檢的62名健康人群作為對照組。其中COPD組男43例,女17例,平均年齡(53.68±12.30)歲;對照組男41名,女21名,平均年齡(50.95±12.18)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①COPD患者符合全球協(xié)議診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②存在慢性咳嗽/咳痰、呼吸困難,和/或長期接觸危險因素;③吸入支氣管舒張劑后,第1秒用力呼氣容積(FEV1)<80%預(yù)計值,且FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)<70%可確定為不完全可逆性氣流受限;④簡易精神狀態(tài)量表(MMSE)評分均≥26分;⑤既往住院而近6個月無急性加重。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并其他呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病;②合并腦外傷及器質(zhì)病變、癲癇、腫瘤等;③藥物濫用。收集受試者病史、生理及神經(jīng)心理學(xué)資料。對COPD患者進行圣喬治呼吸問卷調(diào)查(SGRQ)評估呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀,用蒙特利爾認知評估量表(MoCA)量表評估并記錄得分。
1.2 MRI掃描及數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理
使用德國西門子3.0T(skyra)MRI機及頭顱32通道線圈對所有受試者行全腦磁化強度預(yù)備梯度回波序列高分辨率T1WI成像。DTI掃描用單次激發(fā)自旋回波序列:TR/TE=11 400/84 ms;matrix=128×128;FOV=230×230 mm3;NEX=1;層厚=2 mm,層間隔=0,共67層,64個方向,b=1000 s/mm2。本研究已通過我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審查。采用牛津大學(xué)腦功能MRI中心開發(fā)的Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Soft Library(FSL,http://www.fimib.ox.ac.uk/fsl)軟件對DTI數(shù)據(jù)處理:①格式轉(zhuǎn)換;②灰白質(zhì)分割;③頭動矯正;④梯度矯正;⑤得到各項異性分數(shù)(FA);⑥線性配準(zhǔn);⑦配準(zhǔn)到MNI152標(biāo)準(zhǔn)空間;⑧圖像平滑。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0、SPM8軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組人群一般資料比較
兩組人群年齡、性別、BMI、受教育程度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。兩組人群吸煙狀態(tài)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。COPD組吸煙時間長于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。MMSE、MoCA總分及是空間執(zhí)行能力、命名及延遲記憶得分顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組人群腦白質(zhì)FA值比較
COPD組患者左側(cè)枕中回、右側(cè)輔助運動區(qū)、左側(cè)顳上回及右側(cè)小腦后葉區(qū)域白質(zhì)FA顯著低于對照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2、圖1。
3討論
越來越多研究報道COPD可導(dǎo)致腦認知障礙[2],對有臨床認知障礙的COPD患者彌散張量成像(DTI)研究較少且不一致。Ryu等[3]報道重度COPD患者大腦皮層和額頂葉腦室周圍腦白質(zhì)FA值減低;張曦等[4]報道COPD組胼胝體、雙側(cè)丘腦前輻射、皮質(zhì)脊髓束、左側(cè)額枕下束及上縱束FA值明顯下降;而關(guān)于亞臨床認知障礙COPD患者的DTI報道更是極少。
本研究COPD患者較對照組左側(cè)枕中回FA值明顯降低與以往報道基本一致[5-6],提示COPD組枕葉腦白質(zhì)完整性明顯降低,F(xiàn)A值下降與髓鞘結(jié)構(gòu)受損。枕中回是視覺皮層、視覺背側(cè)通路的一部分,負責(zé)視覺及識別記憶[7]。本研究COPD患者枕葉白質(zhì)存在結(jié)構(gòu)異??赡芎鸵暱臻g障礙及認知功能障礙有關(guān)。COPD患者較對照組右側(cè)輔助運動區(qū)FA值降低,輔助運動區(qū)前部涉及認知及執(zhí)行控制,后部參與動作計劃和選擇[8],對視空間處理起重要作用,還參與語言產(chǎn)生、執(zhí)行語義任務(wù)和文字產(chǎn)生[9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,COPD患者視空間與執(zhí)行功能、命名能力評分下降可能與輔助運動區(qū)白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)受損有關(guān),空間執(zhí)行功能下降與以往報道基本一致[10-12],命名能力下降與本研究不完全一致[12]。COPD患者較對照組左側(cè)顳上回FA值明顯降低,與以往報道基本一致[5-6]。顳上回是運動相關(guān)腦區(qū),參與運動準(zhǔn)備、規(guī)劃及信息處理和思維,COPD患者視空間與執(zhí)行功能和記憶能力下降可能與左側(cè)顳上回腦白質(zhì)完整性受損有關(guān)。此外,COPD患者較對照組右側(cè)小腦后葉FA值明顯降低,小腦參與執(zhí)行功能、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶、視空間能力、語言處理等[13]。值得注意的是,視空間與執(zhí)行功能、命名與延遲記憶能力評分下降可能與右側(cè)小腦后葉腦白質(zhì)完整性受損有關(guān)。此外,小腦還能通過發(fā)送網(wǎng)狀纖維結(jié)構(gòu)影響心血管系統(tǒng)進而改變血壓和心率[14]。本研究中,COPD組較對照組心率稍高,可能與小腦調(diào)節(jié)作用相關(guān)。
COPD患者腦白質(zhì)異常發(fā)病機制尚不清楚,有學(xué)者認為可能是血氧飽和度低、慢性缺氧及高碳酸血癥[5,15-16]。Alexandre等[17]認為腦缺氧時會增加腦血流量,但無腦血流量增加會導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元損傷。COPD患者夜間氧飽和度下降頻繁,所以無缺氧COPD患者也存在間斷性夜間缺氧而引起腦認知及腦形態(tài)的改變。另有研究顯示[18],F(xiàn)EV1與白質(zhì)病變嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。此外,吸煙是COPD導(dǎo)致腦白質(zhì)完整性損傷的獨立因素[19],且吸煙持續(xù)時間也影響腦白質(zhì)FA值,即使戒煙也較未吸煙者腦白質(zhì)有明顯損傷。吸煙還可能是COPD相關(guān)血管源性水腫的危險因素[20]。
總之,本研究通過VBA方法證實COPD患者存在廣泛腦白質(zhì)纖維異常,可對腦白質(zhì)超微結(jié)構(gòu)異常量化,為探討COPD患者腦認知障礙的病因及病理機制提供了新的研究方法,可早期診斷并提前預(yù)防保護亞臨床腦認知障礙COPD患者認知功能。
[參考文獻]
[1]? Hu X,Wang H,Tu Y,et al. Alteration of the default mode network and cognitive impairments in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2018,13:519-528.
[2]? Wang C,Ding Y,Shen B,et al. Altered Gray Matter Volume in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Subclinical Cognitive Impairment:an Exploratory Study [J]. Neurotox Res,2017,31(4):453-463.
[3]? Ryu CW,Jahng GH,Choi CW,et al. Microstructural change of the brain in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a voxel-based investigation by MRI [J]. COPD,2013,10(3):357-366.
[4]? 張曦,張靜娜,秦顯莉,等.慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者腦白質(zhì)微結(jié)構(gòu)變化的初步研究[J].重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報,2017, 42(12):1639-1643.
[5]? Zhang H,Wang X,Lin J,et al. Grey and white matter abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a case-control study [J]. BMJ Open,2012,2(2):1-10.
[6]? Dodd JW,Chung AW,Van Den Broek MD,et al. Brain structure and function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a multimodal cranial magnetic resonance imaging study [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2012,186(3):240-245.
[7]? Lajiness-O′neill R,Akamine Y,Bowyer SM. Treatment effects of fast forword demonstrated by magnetoencephalography (MEG) in a child with developmental dyslexia [J]. Neurocase,2007,13(5):390-401.
[8]? Kim JH,Lee JM,Jo HJ,et al. Defining functional SMA and pre-SMA subregions in human MFC using resting state fMRI:functional connectivity-based parcellation method [J]. Neuroimage,2010,49(3):2375-2386.
[9]? Morgan VL,Mishra A,Newton AT,et al. Integrating functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging for analysis of structure-function relationship in the human language network [J]. PLoS One,2009,4(8):1-8.
[10]? Lu CQ,Xu W,Zeng CH,et al. Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in basal ganglia correlates to pulmonary ventilation function in COPD patients:A resting-state fMRI study [J]. Brain Behav,2019,9(7):e01336.
[11]? Savage CC,Dixey PHA,Pennington C,et al. Visual rating assessment of cerebral atrophy and its relationship with cognitive function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. BMJ Open Respir Res,2018,5(1):e000310.
[12]? 閆俊,朱葛敏,屈曉一,等.慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者腦白質(zhì)疏松及認知功能改變的研究[J].實用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,34(21):3513-3516.
[13]? Schraa-Tam CK,Rietdijk WJ,Verbeke WJ,et al. fMRI activities in the emotional cerebellum:a preference for negative stimuli and goal-directed behavior [J]. Cerebellum,2012,11(1):233-245.
[14]? Dai XJ,Gong HH,Wang YX,et al. Gender differences in brain regional homogeneity of healthy subjects after normal sleep and after sleep deprivation:a resting-state fMRI study [J]. Sleep Med,2012,13(6):720-727.
[15]? Van Dijk EJ,Vermeer SE,De Groot JC,et al. Arterial oxygen saturation,COPD,and cerebral small vessel disease [J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2004,75(5):733-736.
[16]? Kamba M,Inoue Y,Higami S,et al. Cerebral metabolic impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea:an independent association of obstructive sleep apnoea with white matter change [J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2001,71(3):334-339.
[17]? Alexandre FHN,Varray A. Is nocturnal desaturation a trigger for neuronal damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? [J]. Med Hypotheses,2015,84(1):25-30.
[18]? Longstreth WT,Arnold AM,Manolio TA,et al. Clinical correlates of ventricular and sulcal size on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3,301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Collaborative Research Group [J]. Neuroepidemiology,2000,19(1):30-42.
[19]? Cleutjens F,Ponds R,Spruit MA,et al. The relationship between cerebral small vessel disease,hippocampal volume and cognitive functioning in patients with COPD:An MRI Study [J]. Front Aging Neurosci,2017,9:88.
[20]? Wang X,Huang X,Gao Z,et al. Vasogenic cerebral edema associated with the disability in activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. Brain Behav,2018,8(8):e01065.
(收稿日期:2019-11-04? 本文編輯:王曉曄)