◎ 江秋華
隨著《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的提出,英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)型為英語(yǔ)閱讀教育。學(xué)生要在閱讀中獲得樂(lè)趣,掌握正確的閱讀策略,形成讀者意識(shí)和讀者思維,讓閱讀成為學(xué)生終生發(fā)展的方式和良好習(xí)慣。因此,筆者在實(shí)踐中提出“立體閱讀教學(xué)策略”。教師在課堂上引導(dǎo)學(xué)生的思維,體現(xiàn)學(xué)生閱讀的思維過(guò)程,啟發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀策略和讀者意識(shí)。
閱讀應(yīng)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的讀者意識(shí)和閱讀思維。英語(yǔ)閱讀教育,要教會(huì)學(xué)生做“真實(shí)的閱讀”,在“真實(shí)的閱讀”中學(xué)會(huì)閱讀。我們?cè)谑褂玫谝荒刚Z(yǔ)進(jìn)行閱讀行為的時(shí)候,并不把注意力首先放在字詞音義的查詢和文本信息的獲取當(dāng)中,更多的時(shí)候是帶著問(wèn)題和思考去閱讀,在閱讀中又啟發(fā)新的思考與問(wèn)題。
為了培養(yǎng)有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略和閱讀思維,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了如下五個(gè)閱讀角色的評(píng)價(jià)表格,用于體現(xiàn)和反饋學(xué)生在閱讀中的思維過(guò)程,五個(gè)閱讀者的角色分別是:predictor-內(nèi)容預(yù)測(cè)者,words finder-詞匯學(xué)習(xí)者,summarizer-總結(jié)概括者,discussion director-問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)者,connector-生活聯(lián)系者。
Guidance:Predictors use clues in the story to predict what happens next.Was your prediction right?Read on to check it,Revise it if it is not right.Remember to base predictions on text clues.Questions for predictors:1.Look at the title and the illustrations,what information can you predict about these two characters?2.Read the first paragraph,stop and predict“what problem might Magihave?”3....Q Cluse Predictions Confirm/Revise 1 2
在真實(shí)的閱讀中,學(xué)生從封面開(kāi)始,瀏覽插畫、目錄與標(biāo)題,進(jìn)行對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容的預(yù)測(cè),從而產(chǎn)生興趣,選擇閱讀讀物。在閱讀中,學(xué)生又會(huì)因?yàn)椴瀹嬕约扒昂笊舷挛牡逆溄樱a(chǎn)生環(huán)環(huán)相扣的預(yù)測(cè),帶著預(yù)測(cè)去繼續(xù)閱讀、驗(yàn)證或修正預(yù)測(cè),這一切真實(shí)的閱讀預(yù)測(cè)行為,激發(fā)了學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容的極大好奇心和興趣,是一種帶著問(wèn)題去閱讀和思考的思維過(guò)程。
Words you can figure out Words you need reference material Words and the meaning you guess Context Clues Words(part of speech) definition examples Words you can skip
在真實(shí)的閱讀中,部分生詞可以通過(guò)上下文猜測(cè),部分影響理解的核心詞匯或?qū)I(yè)詞匯才需要借助詞典幫助,還有一些詞,即使不認(rèn)識(shí)也不影響學(xué)生對(duì)篇章的理解。用以上這個(gè)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)者的評(píng)價(jià)表格,不僅能夠幫助學(xué)生建立在篇章中猜測(cè)詞義的策略,更能保護(hù)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣,激發(fā)他的聯(lián)想思維。
Characters Setting Main idea Supporting details Author’s point of view Do you agree with the author?Why or why not?
學(xué)生在閱讀后,對(duì)文章的人物、情節(jié)、主旨大意進(jìn)行概括性地總結(jié)。在真實(shí)的閱讀中,教師要教學(xué)生抓住關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié),如何從細(xì)節(jié)中讀懂字面背后的含義,讀懂作者意圖,與作者的思想對(duì)話、碰撞。真實(shí)的閱讀就是與文本對(duì)話,與作者對(duì)話,與自我交融。
Guidance:For the questions about the main idea and details,your classmates can find the text evidence to answer them.For the open-minded question,there is no right or wrong answer.A good question guides readers to think deeply and creatively.Items Text evidence Your own questions Your partner’s answer Question aboutmain idea Question about details Open-minded question What do you think of your partner’s questions?Have they guided you to think critically?What do you think of your partner’s answers?Has he/she understood the story well with their own thinking?
這一評(píng)價(jià)表格的設(shè)計(jì),鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn),所設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題分別針對(duì)文本主旨大意、關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)以及設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題進(jìn)行思辨。每位學(xué)生把自己的問(wèn)題與同伴進(jìn)行討論,進(jìn)而評(píng)價(jià)同伴的問(wèn)題是否引導(dǎo)其深入思考文本,答案是否擁有其鮮明獨(dú)特的觀點(diǎn)等,這些引導(dǎo)性的評(píng)價(jià)能夠鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行批判性地思考。而新的思維更容易在討論與分享中被激發(fā),長(zhǎng)此以往,學(xué)生會(huì)逐漸形成審辯式思維。
“Text to Self”:make connections between the text and your life or experience.“Text to World”:make connections between the text and events in the real world.TEXT(When I read...) To Self(It reminds me that...)“Text to Self”:make connections between the text and your life or experience.“Text to World”:make connections between the text and events in the real world.TEXT(When I read...) To Self(It reminds me that...)TEXT(When I read...) To World(It reminds me that...)TEXT(When I read...) To World(It reminds me that...)Exchange the connections with your partners and write some comments:Exchange the connections with your partners and write some comments:Partner’s Name:___________Partner’s Name:___________
讀者在真實(shí)的閱讀后會(huì)自然地從文本聯(lián)想到自身經(jīng)歷。因此,這個(gè)表格的設(shè)計(jì)目的,是激活學(xué)生的思維,跳出文本,融入生活,思考人生,這是閱讀后的升華,也是閱讀思維的培養(yǎng)。
筆者經(jīng)過(guò)了一年的實(shí)踐,有效培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的閱讀思維,掌握閱讀策略,形成讀者意識(shí)。學(xué)生的發(fā)言和表現(xiàn)讓筆者感到驚訝,新的觀點(diǎn)、有創(chuàng)意的想法層出不窮,同伴分享時(shí)對(duì)于同一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)持不同態(tài)度的思辨讓筆者看到了審辯式思維正在形成,課堂上常常因?yàn)閷W(xué)生的精彩發(fā)言,師生笑聲一片,又或是大家表達(dá)不同觀點(diǎn)爭(zhēng)得面紅耳赤,這些都是有意義的真實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)。
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)具有工具性和人文性兩大特點(diǎn)。因此,閱讀教學(xué)不可以僅著眼于字詞音義和文本信息,應(yīng)該通過(guò)有效的閱讀策略激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀思維,形成讀者意識(shí),在真實(shí)的閱讀中學(xué)習(xí)閱讀。而“立體閱讀教學(xué)策略”,能夠很好地做到這一效果,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)從英語(yǔ)教學(xué)到英語(yǔ)教育的轉(zhuǎn)變。