【摘要】眾所周知,每一種語(yǔ)言都有一些特殊的句型結(jié)構(gòu),如:英語(yǔ)中就有倒裝句,祈使句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句,省略句,There be等特殊句式,除此之外,還有一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu),如分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等,這些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)都是同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中感到困惑的部分,筆者就分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的解釋說(shuō)明,幫助同學(xué)們走出困區(qū)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);主動(dòng);被動(dòng)
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】趙彤艷(1971-),女,山西畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)校,英語(yǔ)教師,本科。
一、分詞的種類和意義
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞,在時(shí)態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞v+ing 表示該動(dòng)作為進(jìn)行;過(guò)去分詞v+ed表示該動(dòng)作已完成;在語(yǔ)態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)(多為及物動(dòng)詞)。
Eg: 1 China is a developing country = a country that is developing? (developing 表示進(jìn)行)
Eg: 2 America is a developed country = a country that has developed (developed 表示完成)
Eg: 3 I saw an old man crossing the road =that an old man was crossing the road.(crossing 表示主動(dòng))
Eg: 4 Tom was reading a book published in the 1980s=that was published in the 1980s. (published 表示被動(dòng))。
二、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Nominative Absolute Cons- truction)
1.分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成:邏輯主語(yǔ)+分詞。 分詞短語(yǔ)在句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須和句子的主語(yǔ)一致,但有時(shí)它可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ),這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。請(qǐng)看下面例句:
Eg 1 Hearing the exciting news, Tom jumped up.
解釋:本句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為jump,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hearing, hearing the exciting news為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)在整個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);hearing的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(邏輯上的主語(yǔ))就是句子的主語(yǔ)Tom.
Eg: Jack entered the classroom, wearing a pair of sunglasses.
解釋:本句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為enter, 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)wearing a pair of sunglasses作伴隨狀語(yǔ),wearing 的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(邏輯主語(yǔ))和該句的主語(yǔ)是一致的,即Jack.
練習(xí)1 _______(be) a student, I should study hard.
分析:本句中主語(yǔ)為I,謂語(yǔ)為should study, be 為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)邏輯主語(yǔ)須和句子主語(yǔ)一致,即be 的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是I,而I和be 之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故此空填入Being..
練習(xí)2________(be) a fine day, we can go camping.
分析:本句中主語(yǔ)為we,謂語(yǔ)為 can go , 而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be 的邏輯主語(yǔ)為天氣,和句子主語(yǔ)不一致,此時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要有自己邏輯上的主語(yǔ),天氣用it表示,故此空應(yīng)填入It being.
2.分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。
(1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有獨(dú)立存在的邏輯主語(yǔ)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯主語(yǔ)和分詞是邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
(2)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)和句子分開(kāi)。
Eg: Tom rushed into the classroom, his hand holding a ball.
Eg: Homework finished, we could go swimming.
Eg: There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
3.分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)和狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換。分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間,原因,條件時(shí)可和相應(yīng)的時(shí)間,原因,條件狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換,伴隨狀語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句。
Eg: Test prepared (When test was prepared), we were confident in passing it (時(shí)間).
It raining(=As it was raining), we had to stay at home.? (原因)
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we will hold a sports meeting (條件).
The boy came into the room, his dog following him. = The boy came into the room, and his dog followed him. (并列句)
完成以下練習(xí):
1. He rushed into the room, his face ______(cover) with sweat.
2. He has many friends, none of them ______( invite)by him.
3. There are many people in the park, some ______( sit )by the lake.
4. More time ______( give ), we would have dome it much better.
答案:1 covered; 2 invited; 3 sitting; 4 given.