麻微微 蔣永潑
[摘要] 目的 探討降鈣素原(PCT)在危重癥患者合并膿毒癥早期診斷及預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)的意義。 方法 選取2017年2月~2018年2月我院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)收治的82例全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(SIRS)患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)膿毒癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為膿毒癥組(n=42)和非膿毒癥組(n=40),在入院第1、3、5天分別檢測(cè)患者PCT水平、白細(xì)胞(WBC)計(jì)數(shù)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平以及慢性健康狀況Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評(píng)分。以膿毒癥患者來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)患者預(yù)后,存活32例(存活組)和死亡10例(死亡組),比較兩組患者PCT水平、WBC計(jì)數(shù)、CRP水平、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分,通過(guò)受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)差異指標(biāo)對(duì)預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。 結(jié)果 入院第1、3、5天時(shí),膿毒癥組PCT水平和APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分均高于非膿毒癥組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);膿毒癥組WBC計(jì)數(shù)和CRP水平與非膿毒癥組比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。膿毒癥中死亡組PCT水平和APACHEⅡ評(píng)分均高于存活組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);死亡組WBC計(jì)數(shù)和CRP水平與存活組比較無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)。PCT水平用于預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后的AUC、敏感性、特異性均高于APACHEⅡ評(píng)分。 結(jié)論 PCT可用于危重癥合并膿毒癥患者的早期診斷和預(yù)后判斷,準(zhǔn)確性高,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] PCT;APACHEⅡ評(píng)分;膿毒癥;早期診斷;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號(hào)] R459.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)07-0133-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the significance of procalcitonin (PCT) in early diagnosis and prognosis of critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods 82 patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) of our hospital from February 2017 to February 2018 were selected as subjects. According to the diagnostic criteria for sepsis, they were divided into the sepsis group (n=42) and the non-sepsis group(n=40). The PCT level, white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein and chronic health status Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) score were measured at 1, 3, and 5 days after admission. Patients with sepsis were evaluated for prognosis, and 32 patients survived(survival group), and 10 patients died(death group). The PCT level, WBC count, CRP level, and APACHE Ⅱ score were compared between the two groups. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of differential indicators for prognosis. Results On the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day after admission, the PCT level and APACHE Ⅱ score of sepsis group were higher than those of non-sepsis group. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in WBC count and CRP level between non-septic group and sepsis group(P>0.05). The PCT level and APACHE Ⅱ score of dead patients were higher than those of survivors, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in WBC count and CRP level between dead patients and survivors(P>0.05). The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of PCT levels for predicting patient outcome were higher than that of APACHE Ⅱ scores. Conclusion PCT can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of critically ill patients with sepsis, with high accuracy and is worthy of clinical application.
[Key words] PCT; APACHE Ⅱ score; Sepsis; Early diagnosis; Prognosis
膿毒癥(Sepsis)是指由感染所導(dǎo)致的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(Systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)[1,2],其發(fā)病率較高,全球每年有超過(guò)1800萬(wàn)新發(fā)膿毒癥患者,且隨著抗生素的濫用,其發(fā)病率不斷升高[3,4],是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(Intensive care unit,ICU)的主要死因[5],嚴(yán)重威脅危重癥患者的生命健康。早期診斷,并及時(shí)給予合理的抗感染治療,可改善患者的預(yù)后[6,7]。降鈣素原(Procalcitonin,PCT)屬于蛋白質(zhì),當(dāng)體內(nèi)嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌、寄生蟲、真菌感染時(shí),多器官功能衰竭時(shí)期水平升高,可反映體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)的活躍度[8],比傳統(tǒng)白細(xì)胞(White blood cell,WBC)計(jì)數(shù)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)[9]水平具有更高的特異性和敏感性,臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用于感染性疾病的診斷中。本研究旨在探討降鈣素原(PCT)在危重癥患者合并膿毒癥早期診斷及預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)的意義,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年2月~2018年2月我院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)收治的82例全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(SIRS)患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)膿毒癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]分為膿毒癥組(n=42)和非膿毒癥組(n=40)。膿毒癥患者入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合SIRS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并通過(guò)血、尿、痰培養(yǎng)和/或胸片檢查確認(rèn)有感染,主要為呼吸系統(tǒng)、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染;非膿毒癥患者選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合SIRS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但沒(méi)有感染證據(jù),主要為創(chuàng)傷、心腦血管、中毒等疾病。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①住院時(shí)間<24 h者;②入院前1周內(nèi)有手術(shù)史、急性胰腺炎史、外傷史、燒傷史等;③糖尿病者;④腫瘤病史或免疫抑制劑治療史;⑤中毒史。其中,膿毒癥組男24例,女18例,年齡24~71歲,平均(51.5±5.7)歲;非膿毒癥組男25例,女17例,年齡23~68歲,平均(50.9±5.5)歲。兩組患者在性別、年齡等一般資料上無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
所有患者在入院第1、3、5天分別檢測(cè)患者PCT水平、WBC計(jì)數(shù)、CRP水平以及慢性健康狀況Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評(píng)分。檢測(cè)方法:采集靜脈3 mL,采用EDTA進(jìn)行抗凝,3000 r/min的速率離心15 min,取500 μL上清液,利用梅里埃公司VIDAS全采用自動(dòng)酶聯(lián)熒光分析儀,通過(guò)免疫熒光法測(cè)定PCT水平,檢測(cè)最低濃度范圍為(0.06~200.00)ng/L;通過(guò)免疫比濁法測(cè)定CRP水平;通過(guò)自動(dòng)分析儀檢測(cè)WBC計(jì)數(shù)。以PCT≥0.5 ng/mL,CRP>10 mg/mL,WBC>10×109/L作為診斷膿毒癥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。APACHEⅡ評(píng)分根據(jù)患者一般資料(性別、年齡、血壓、呼吸、體溫、心率、血尿常規(guī)、電解質(zhì)水平、肝功能、腎功能、胸片等)以及膿液、血、尿、支氣管分泌物、腹水等培養(yǎng)進(jìn)行評(píng)分。比較膿毒癥患者和非膿毒癥患者,以及膿毒癥患者中存活患者和死亡患者PCT水平、WBC計(jì)數(shù)、CRP水平、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分;通過(guò)ROC來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)PCT水平與APACHEⅡ評(píng)分在判斷預(yù)后中的價(jià)值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);運(yùn)用ROC曲線來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)觀察標(biāo)判斷預(yù)后的能力。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 膿毒癥組和非膿毒癥組PCT水平、WBC計(jì)數(shù)、CRP水平、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分比較
入院第1、3、5天時(shí),膿毒癥組PCT水平和APACHEⅡ評(píng)分均高于非膿毒癥組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);膿毒癥組WBC計(jì)數(shù)和CRP水平與非膿毒癥組比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 存活組和死亡組PCT水平、WBC計(jì)數(shù)、CRP水平、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分比較
膿毒癥患者出院時(shí),共有32例患者存活,10例患者死亡;其中死亡組PCT水平和APACHEⅡ評(píng)分均高于存活組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);死亡組WBC計(jì)數(shù)和CRP水平與存活組比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 PCT水平、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分在判斷預(yù)后中的價(jià)值
PCT水平、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分在存活患者和死亡患者中有顯著差異,通過(guò)進(jìn)一步ROC曲線分析,PCT水平用于預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者死亡的AUC為0.872,APACHEⅡ評(píng)分用于預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者死亡的AUC為0.758,且PCT水平用于預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后的敏感性和特異性均高于APACHEⅡ評(píng)分,見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
膿毒癥是臨床上危重癥患者死亡的最常見(jiàn)的原因之一[11,12],近年來(lái),隨著醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展、細(xì)菌耐藥性的增加、侵損性操作的增加、放化療患者以及器官移植術(shù)的增加,膿毒癥的發(fā)病率不斷增高,嚴(yán)重威脅患者的生命健康,因此早期診斷、及時(shí)介入治療對(duì)提高患者的生存率非常重要[13,14]。臨床監(jiān)測(cè)感染的指標(biāo)主要有體溫、血液學(xué)檢查、病原學(xué)檢查、細(xì)胞因子等[15],但對(duì)于膿毒癥檢測(cè)缺乏靈敏性和特異性,臨床上難以獲取準(zhǔn)確信息,導(dǎo)致膿毒癥的死亡率高達(dá)30%~70%。細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)對(duì)于診斷膿毒癥的準(zhǔn)確性較高,但時(shí)耗較長(zhǎng),不能給予早期指導(dǎo)治療,臨床療效較差[16]。因此,尋找一種快速的、靈敏的、特異的診斷指標(biāo)成為醫(yī)務(wù)人員的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
近年來(lái),在膿毒癥的診斷方面,發(fā)現(xiàn)PCT是一個(gè)有潛力的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)[17]。PCT是一種無(wú)激素活性的蛋白質(zhì),屬于降鈣素前肽物質(zhì),由2800個(gè)堿基、116個(gè)氨基酸對(duì)組成,其相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為13 000,半衰期為22~29 h,穩(wěn)定性較高,不易降解,且PCT的檢測(cè)不易受治療的影響[18]。PCT在健康人血清中含量極少,在細(xì)菌感染時(shí),血清中的PCT水平明顯升高,診斷膿毒癥的界值為>0.5 ng/mL,嚴(yán)重膿毒癥患者PCT濃度可達(dá)到(5~50)ng/mL[19]。當(dāng)機(jī)體處于嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌感染狀態(tài)時(shí),患者體內(nèi)PCT濃度可明顯升高,且感染的嚴(yán)重程度與PCT升高程度呈正相關(guān),而CRP的濃度不會(huì)升高[20,21]。與CRP、WBC相比,PCT在細(xì)菌感染的鑒別和診斷上具有較高的臨床價(jià)值。在本研究中,入院第1、3、5天時(shí),膿毒癥患者PCT水平和APACHEⅡ評(píng)分均高于非膿毒癥患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);膿毒癥患者WBC計(jì)數(shù)和CRP水平與非膿毒癥患者比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。膿毒癥中死亡患者PCT水平和APACHEⅡ評(píng)分均高于存活患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);死亡患者WBC計(jì)數(shù)和CRP水平與存活患者比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。通過(guò)ROC分析,PCT水平用于預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后的AUC、敏感性、特異性均高于APACHEⅡ評(píng)分。
本研究仍然有不足之處:①由于是單中心研究,入選病例有限,在今后的研究中,可通過(guò)多中心合作,加大樣本量,進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證本研究結(jié)論;②PCT、WBC、CRP水平的檢測(cè)都是收集病例后進(jìn)行,血液通過(guò)低溫保存,可能會(huì)影響檢測(cè)結(jié)果。但研究結(jié)果顯示,PCT是一個(gè)高特異性、高敏感性的膿毒癥早期診斷指標(biāo),可通過(guò)與WBC、CRP、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分聯(lián)合檢測(cè),提高早期診斷的準(zhǔn)確性;PCT與APACHEⅡ評(píng)分聯(lián)合檢測(cè),有利于膿毒癥預(yù)后的判斷。
綜上所述,PCT可用于危重癥合并膿毒癥患者的早期診斷和預(yù)后判斷,準(zhǔn)確性高,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2018-07-06)