摘 要:一般疑問(wèn)句和否定句是兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)句型。不少學(xué)生對(duì)這兩個(gè)句型根本就學(xué)不會(huì),也聽(tīng)不懂。我通過(guò)多年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和自己對(duì)教材的理解,摸索出一實(shí)用方法,讓學(xué)生可以輕松學(xué)好這兩個(gè)句型。
關(guān)鍵詞:一般疑問(wèn)句;否定句;研究;方法
一、 引言
當(dāng)前小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)注重聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)的能力,強(qiáng)調(diào)少講語(yǔ)法。部分學(xué)生對(duì)這兩個(gè)句型覺(jué)得聽(tīng)不懂,學(xué)不會(huì)。為此,老師必須精心備課和組織教案,深入淺出實(shí)施教學(xué),讓學(xué)生能抓住要領(lǐng)、重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),讓學(xué)生能輕松學(xué)好這兩個(gè)句型。如何讓學(xué)生更好地掌握這兩個(gè)句型呢?我通過(guò)多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和體會(huì),在教學(xué)中摸索出一套教學(xué)這兩個(gè)句型的方法。
二、 一般疑問(wèn)句的定義和結(jié)構(gòu)式
(一) 一般疑問(wèn)句
它指回答是(YES)或者否(NO)的問(wèn)句。
(二) 結(jié)構(gòu)式(兩種)
(1)當(dāng)句子中有be(is、are)動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can,should等)直接把be動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放句首,并大寫(xiě),其余照寫(xiě)。(2)當(dāng)句子中沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),就要借助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did)放句首,動(dòng)詞變回原形。我將其歸納口訣為:是,情,助,移向前,主語(yǔ)其后把身安,一般,現(xiàn)在,與過(guò)去,do,does,did,添在前,再改動(dòng)詞為原形,最后問(wèn)號(hào)點(diǎn)。
(三) 具體運(yùn)用
第一:看結(jié)構(gòu)式。
1. Be/Can+主語(yǔ)+其他?
例:a. She is a teacher. / Is she a teacher? b. He can sing songs. / Can he sing songs?分析:a句有be 動(dòng)詞is,直接把is提前放句首,并大寫(xiě),其余不變照寫(xiě),句點(diǎn)變成問(wèn)號(hào)。b句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,直接照公式把can放句首,并大寫(xiě),其余不變照寫(xiě),句點(diǎn)變成問(wèn)號(hào)。
2. Do/Does/+主語(yǔ)+其他? 例如:a. I like pizza. / Do you like pizza? b. She likes sports. / Does she like sports? 分析:句子中沒(méi)有 be(is,are)動(dòng)詞和情動(dòng)態(tài)詞(can),就借do或does放句首,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù) she,he,it,×××?xí)r,就用does開(kāi)頭,動(dòng)詞要變回原形,其余用do。
第二:看句子的時(shí)態(tài)和人稱(chēng)選用助動(dòng)do,does,did。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞和情動(dòng)態(tài)詞,就用do或does放句首,主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)she,he,it,×××,用does開(kāi)頭,其余用do。如:I like pizza. /Do you like pizza?
Amy often does homework. /Does Amy often do homework?
2. 過(guò)去時(shí)沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞,就用did放句首,它沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。如:I saw a film yesterday. /He played football yesterday.句子是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞,就借did放句首,動(dòng)詞變回原形。Did you see a film yesterday? /Did he play football yesterday?
第三:特殊變化:I am 變 Are you。Some變 any。My變your。
如:①I(mǎi) am a teacher. ②There are some books on the desk.由于①句子有I am 所以變?yōu)锳re you a teacher? 因?yàn)棰诰溆衧ome,所以改一般疑問(wèn)句some變?yōu)閍ny :Are there any books on the desk?
三、 否定句的定義
1. 否定句是含有否定詞(not)等表達(dá)否定意思的句子。
2. 結(jié)構(gòu)式(兩種):第一種:句子中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can)和be動(dòng)詞(am,is,are,was,were)助動(dòng)詞will(would)shall(should)直接在它們后面加not構(gòu)成否定句。即句子結(jié)構(gòu)公式:主語(yǔ)+can+not/am+not/is +not/are +not/ was+not/were+not/will+not/would+not/shall+not/should+not+其他.
如:I can dance. /I cannot dance.分析:句子有can,直接在can后加not. She was a teacher 5 years ago . /She was not a teacher 5 years ago. 分析句子有was,直接在was后加not.
第二種:句子中沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can)和be動(dòng)詞(am,is,are,was,were)助動(dòng)詞will(would)shall(should)時(shí),只有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句子,變否定句,要借助動(dòng)詞dont,doesnt,didnt放在動(dòng)詞前面,動(dòng)詞要變回原形,有some要變回any,其余不變,照寫(xiě)。即句子結(jié)構(gòu)公式:主語(yǔ)+dont,doesnt,didnt+動(dòng)詞原形+其他。如:I often get up at 6:30. /I often dont get up at 6:30.分析:句子沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 can助動(dòng)詞will(would)shall(should),要借助動(dòng)dont放在動(dòng)詞前。
3. 判斷如何正確借用助動(dòng)詞
(1) 看句子的時(shí)態(tài)和人稱(chēng)選用否定的助動(dòng)詞dont,doesnt,didnt。如: didnt用在過(guò)去時(shí),沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。I saw a film yesterday. /He played football yesterday.這兩句的否定句是:I didnt see a film yesterday. /He didnt play football yesterday.
(2) dont,doesnt一般現(xiàn)時(shí)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)she,he,it,×××,用doesnt放在動(dòng)詞前面,其余用dont。如:I like pizza. /I dont like pizza.
Amy often does homework. /Amy often doesnt do homework.
4. 特殊變化:句子中有some,要變any。如:There are some books on the desk. /There are not any books on the desk.
四、 結(jié)束語(yǔ)
如何有效提高小學(xué)英語(yǔ)一般疑問(wèn)句和否定句的教學(xué)方法,困擾著許多小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師。筆者希望通過(guò)上述教學(xué)實(shí)例,能為這兩個(gè)句型教學(xué)有所幫助。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
鄧銀香,廣東省惠州市,博羅縣羅陽(yáng)第六小學(xué)。