張清華 卓新杰 陳春 李杰實 王瑞華
[摘要] 目的 探討甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律,為選擇最佳手術(shù)方式提供參考。 方法 回顧性分析2012年1月~2016年1月寧德市閩東醫(yī)院618例診斷為cN0甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者的臨床和病理資料,術(shù)前、術(shù)中腺體內(nèi)注射美藍(lán),切除甲狀腺同時常規(guī)清掃中央?yún)^(qū),根據(jù)淋巴結(jié)染色情況選擇性清掃頸側(cè)區(qū)。 結(jié)果 618例有完整統(tǒng)計資料的cN0甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者中,病理診斷頸部藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)總轉(zhuǎn)移率為88.19%(3347/3795),中央?yún)^(qū)(Ⅵ區(qū))淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為89.49%(3006/3359),頸側(cè)區(qū)(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為78.21%(341/436),其中Ⅱ區(qū)72.81%(83/114)、Ⅲ區(qū)80.46%(140/174)、Ⅳ區(qū)79.73%(118/148)。 結(jié)論 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌最常見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位是Ⅵ區(qū),術(shù)中應(yīng)常規(guī)清除,其次依次為Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ區(qū),對于cN0患者也應(yīng)選擇性行頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),美藍(lán)進(jìn)行術(shù)前標(biāo)記轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)方法可行,對于臨床術(shù)式選擇有一定的指導(dǎo)意義,值得推廣應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 甲狀腺腫瘤;乳頭狀癌;淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律;選擇性頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)
[中圖分類號] R736.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)10-0050-04
Discussion on the significance and methods of selective dissection of cervical lymph nodes of cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma
ZHANG Qinghua ZHUO Xinjie CHEN Chun LI Jieshi WANG Ruihua
Department of General Surgery, Ningde Mindong Hospital, Ningde 355000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the principle of cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma and to provide a reference for the selection of the best surgical method. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 618 cases diagnosed as CN0 thyroid papillary carcinoma from January 2012 to January 2016 in Ningde Mindong Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Gland injection of methylene blue was performed before surgery and after surgery. The central region was routinely dissected while the thyroid gland was dissected. According to lymph node staining, the lateral neck region was selectively dissected. Results Among 618 patients with CN0 thyroid papillary carcinoma who had complete statistics, the total metastasis rate of cervical blue-stained lymph node was 88.19%(3347/3795) according to pathological diagnosis. The metastasis rate of central region(region Ⅳ) lymph node was 89.49%(3006/3359). The metastasis rate of blue-stained lymph nodes in the lateral cervical regions(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ) was 78.21%(341/436). Among them, region Ⅱ was 72.81%(83/114), region Ⅲ was 80.46%(140/174), and region Ⅳ was 79.73%(118/148). Conclusion The most commonly seen metastatic site of papillary thyroid carcinoma is region Ⅳ, which should be routinely removed in the surgery, followed by region Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅱ and Ⅴ. For cN0 patients, cervical lymphadenectomy should also be selected. Methylene blue for preoperative marking lymph node metastasis is feasible, which has a certain guiding significance for the selection of clinical surgical methods, and is worthy of promotion and application.
[Key words] Thyroid tumor; Papillary carcinoma; Principle of lymph node metastasis; Selective dissection of neck lymph node
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌是分化型甲狀腺癌,生長緩慢,生物學(xué)特性好,患者生存期長,但易發(fā)生頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。手術(shù)仍是首選的治療措施,目前國內(nèi)外對甲狀腺切除范圍,尤其對cN0頸部淋巴結(jié)是否清除及清除范圍仍存在爭議。本研究用美藍(lán)標(biāo)識甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸淋巴結(jié)的分布情況,旨在為臨床行選擇性頸淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)提供依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 臨床資料
選擇 2012年1月~2016年1月來寧德市閩東醫(yī)院就診的甲狀腺疾病患者1562例,確診為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌618例,均經(jīng)術(shù)中冰凍證實甲狀腺乳頭狀癌。本組618例患者中男128例,女490例;年齡18~75歲,中位年齡40歲。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
本組中行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)改良根治術(shù)108例,甲狀腺全切術(shù)324例,患側(cè)甲狀腺全切+峽部+對側(cè)次全切除術(shù)170例,加行患側(cè)葉頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴清掃術(shù)124例,加行雙側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)清掃術(shù)146例,加行雙側(cè)頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴清掃術(shù)16例。見表1。
1.3 術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)判定
術(shù)前24 h,患者取仰臥位,在B超引導(dǎo)下將1.0 mL的1%美藍(lán)經(jīng)皮膚注射于甲狀腺腫物或周圍腺體內(nèi),注射后局部壓迫5~10 min,多數(shù)患者無不良反應(yīng),術(shù)中探查中央?yún)^(qū)、頸側(cè)區(qū)無藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)者,加行注射1.0 mL于患側(cè)甲狀腺上極和下極處,觀察10 min,常規(guī)清掃同側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié),頸側(cè)區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié),加行改良清掃術(shù),對側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié),加行對側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),無藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié),隨訪觀察;并記錄藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)的位置及數(shù)目,見表1。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
本組618例甲狀腺乳頭狀癌清掃總淋巴結(jié)數(shù)5165枚,轉(zhuǎn)移率為64.8%(3347/5165),中央?yún)^(qū)為74.25%(3006/4048),頸側(cè)區(qū)為30.53%(341/1117)。其中藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目3795枚,病理確診淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目3347枚,病理診斷符合率為88.19%(3347/3795)。甲狀腺乳頭狀癌最常出現(xiàn)頸淋巴結(jié)的藍(lán)染及轉(zhuǎn)移,且常為同側(cè),頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移程度與患者年齡、腫瘤的大小及是否突破包膜密切相關(guān),微小癌、腺內(nèi)型藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)中轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為79.43%(1452/1828)、89.9%(1895/1967),P<0.05(表2)。甲狀腺乳頭狀癌藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)最常見且最早出現(xiàn)的區(qū)域為Ⅵ區(qū),其次為Ⅲ、Ⅳ及Ⅱ區(qū),Ⅴ區(qū)及Ⅰ區(qū)很少發(fā)生藍(lán)染。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移比例分別為72.81%(83/114)、80.46%(140/174)、79.73%(118/148)和89.49%(3006/3359),P>0.05(表3)。跳躍轉(zhuǎn)移者為18例,中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)陰性者,發(fā)現(xiàn)頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者占14.67%(18/124),本組隨訪至今586例(隨訪率94.82%),無因甲狀腺乳頭狀癌死亡病例,未發(fā)現(xiàn)病理證實的轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)病例。5例腺內(nèi)型甲狀腺癌未行對側(cè)葉全切病例,目前仍在隨訪中。
3 討論
3.1 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移與預(yù)后的關(guān)系
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌多數(shù)早期可出現(xiàn)區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移并不影響患者的存活率[1],但顯著增加了手術(shù)后的局部復(fù)發(fā)率[2-3]。甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率較高,可達(dá)53%~65%[4],本組達(dá)64.8%(3347/5165),即使術(shù)前檢查臨床頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)陰性(cN0),隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率也可高達(dá)40%~65%[5]。Ito Y等[6]的研究中590例甲狀腺微小癌患者行預(yù)防性頸淋巴結(jié)清掃,病理學(xué)檢查證實淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性者高達(dá)40.0%。鄢丹桂等[7]對cN0甲狀腺乳頭狀癌研究中,中央?yún)^(qū)頸清掃后,淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移率達(dá)36.7%~59.2%,本組中行甲狀腺中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)(Ⅵ區(qū))清掃者轉(zhuǎn)移率為74.25%(3006/4048),頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為30.53%(341/1117),印證了較高的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率。即使對于微小癌,一篇Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)28.0%的患者有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,0.6%有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,3.3%出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)[8]。本文認(rèn)為頸部淋巴結(jié)不清掃,易殘留淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移灶,增加復(fù)發(fā)率,將造成患者身體損害和心理負(fù)擔(dān),影響患者生活質(zhì)量。選擇性頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃能夠較全面評價淋巴結(jié)狀況,同時減輕患者在術(shù)后長期隨訪過程中的精神負(fù)擔(dān)。
3.2 甲狀腺中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)的處理
甲狀腺中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)指甲狀腺周圍喉前、氣管前及氣管旁淋巴結(jié),根據(jù)美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(ATA)推薦的頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)方法歸為中央?yún)^(qū)(Ⅵ區(qū))淋巴結(jié)[9]。目前對中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)與原發(fā)病灶關(guān)系有不同觀點。部分學(xué)者主張應(yīng)將中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)與頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)區(qū)別對待[10];另一些學(xué)者主張將中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)提升到與原發(fā)灶同等重要的程度,支持常規(guī)同期行中央?yún)^(qū)頸清掃術(shù)[11],美國臨床內(nèi)分泌協(xié)會亦建議中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)作cN0的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)處理方式[12]。部分學(xué)者[13]認(rèn)為預(yù)防性中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃并不降低此類患者的病死率,反而增加喉返神經(jīng)及甲狀旁腺損傷的風(fēng)險,特別是甲狀旁腺損傷,可能嚴(yán)重影響患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,可能導(dǎo)致患者終生生活質(zhì)量下降,故對于cN0 T1/T2期PTC不必進(jìn)行預(yù)防性Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃。本文認(rèn)為,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑,多首先出現(xiàn)在中央?yún)^(qū)[14],中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)復(fù)發(fā)占總復(fù)發(fā)例數(shù)的80.0%[15],對于甲狀腺乳頭狀癌在切除病灶后,應(yīng)同時清掃患側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)。因患側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)移率較高,又與甲狀腺病灶處于同一術(shù)野中,術(shù)中精細(xì)全程解剖喉返神經(jīng)及甲狀旁腺,注意保護(hù)甲狀旁腺血供,必要時可使用“卡納琳”負(fù)顯影,術(shù)中精細(xì)操作,不增加手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷,多項研究顯示有經(jīng)驗的外科醫(yī)師完成清掃后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率未明顯增高[16-18],即使隨訪過程中出現(xiàn)頸側(cè)區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移,無須再清掃中央?yún)^(qū),廣泛粘連明顯增加神經(jīng)損傷概率,有利于保護(hù)喉返神經(jīng)及甲狀旁腺功能。同時我國的指南也推薦,術(shù)中在盡量避免手術(shù)并發(fā)癥情況下,無論甲狀腺原發(fā)病大小,均應(yīng)至少行病灶同側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃,可明確疾病的分期并指導(dǎo)以后治療和隨訪[19]。
3.3 甲狀腺頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)的處理
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)主要是指Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ區(qū)。對于頸側(cè)區(qū)可疑轉(zhuǎn)移患者,指南推薦對臨床頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)陽性(cN1)應(yīng)行功能性頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),已達(dá)成共識。但是,對頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)陰性(cN0)患者頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)處理,未達(dá)成共識,處理意見不同。部分學(xué)者主張對于頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)陰性患者,不加行預(yù)防性頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),主要考慮是可在隨訪期間發(fā)現(xiàn)頸淋巴結(jié)腫大,縱橫比大于1,出現(xiàn)淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移可能,二次手術(shù)時再行患側(cè)功能性頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),并不影響患者預(yù)后;部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為cN0患者仍存在較高潛在轉(zhuǎn)移灶,根據(jù)惡性腫瘤根治原則,盡可能達(dá)到R0切除,對于頸側(cè)區(qū)推薦選擇性清掃,但是,術(shù)前如何確定頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移,目前仍缺乏準(zhǔn)確的、微創(chuàng)的、公認(rèn)的方法。臨床上靠觸診及影像學(xué)檢查只有參考價值,術(shù)中探查也難于確定轉(zhuǎn)移灶。有些研究[20-22]報道超聲診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移敏感度僅為23.0%~38.0%。Chung YS等[23]報道中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)陰性時尚有10%的病例發(fā)生頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。本組中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)陰性者,發(fā)現(xiàn)頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者占14.67%(18/124),說明甲狀腺乳頭狀癌也可存在跳躍性轉(zhuǎn)移,說明患側(cè)頸側(cè)區(qū)或?qū)?cè)淋巴結(jié)清掃的重要性。如何確定cN0患者頸側(cè)區(qū)有轉(zhuǎn)移,目前仍未達(dá)成共識,筆者采用術(shù)前、術(shù)中注射美藍(lán)方法,考慮淋巴結(jié)癌轉(zhuǎn)移后可引起淋巴回流障礙,美藍(lán)在局部淋巴結(jié)聚集,導(dǎo)致淋巴結(jié)藍(lán)染,據(jù)術(shù)中探查到藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié),應(yīng)高度懷疑轉(zhuǎn)移,結(jié)合術(shù)中冰凍檢查結(jié)果,選擇性行改良清掃術(shù)。本文認(rèn)為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者術(shù)中探查頸淋巴結(jié),要注意:(1)首先探查Ⅵ組,常規(guī)清掃患側(cè),若發(fā)現(xiàn)對側(cè)腫大及藍(lán)染的淋巴結(jié),需切取送快速病理檢查,如病理檢查提示為癌轉(zhuǎn)移,則加行對側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)頸淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù),然后打開患側(cè)頸血管鞘探查。(2)打開患側(cè)頸血管鞘的目的是方便檢查Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ組,如無藍(lán)染淋巴結(jié)則可不行清除;如發(fā)現(xiàn)腫大及藍(lán)染的淋巴結(jié),則行功能性頸淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)。(3)甲狀腺上極腫瘤應(yīng)常規(guī)探查Ⅱ、Ⅲ組。(4)對于中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)大于3枚,或癌灶位于甲狀腺中上極且存在被膜侵犯者,部分學(xué)者定義為頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃的相對適應(yīng)證。本文持相同觀點。頸側(cè)區(qū)術(shù)后病理有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,均予131I行放射性性治療。
總之,甲狀腺乳頭狀癌有較高的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率,即使微小癌也存在跳躍轉(zhuǎn)移可能,對于cN0患者,本文推薦也應(yīng)行選擇性頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),盲目擴大清掃范圍,增加創(chuàng)傷和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,清掃不徹底,易導(dǎo)致腫瘤殘留,復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移可能,美藍(lán)進(jìn)行術(shù)前標(biāo)記轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)方法結(jié)合術(shù)中冰凍可行,對于臨床術(shù)式選擇有一定的指導(dǎo)意義,既可以減少不必要的損傷,又最大程度消除病變遺漏及復(fù)發(fā)隱患,能較全面評價頸部淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-25)