高考英語閱讀中如何理解作者的寫作意圖

平懷林

理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，是近四年來全國Ⅰ卷和Ⅱ卷的必考點(diǎn)，全國Ⅲ卷的?？键c(diǎn)。每年每套題通常考1～3個(gè)小題。具體情況見下表：

這類題包括作者寫整篇文章的目的，寫某個(gè)部分或段落的目的，寫某句話的目的，在文中提到某人或某事物的目的，以及使用某標(biāo)點(diǎn)、引用和舉例的目的等。本文僅談作者寫作文章的目的。

作者寫文章的意圖，或是向讀者傳遞某個(gè)信息，或者是愉悅讀者，或是講授某個(gè)道理。題干中常有purpose或不定式（intend to do， in order to do， to do），提問方式有：

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？（2017年全國Ⅱ卷）

What does the author want to tell us？（2013年全國課標(biāo)I卷）

What does the text suggest people do about...？（2018全國Ⅰ卷）

寫作意圖與文體類型密切相關(guān)，因此，解答這類題可用文體推斷法：

議論文——說服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點(diǎn)，倡導(dǎo)某種做法等。

說明文——介紹某一事物或說明某種現(xiàn)象。

記敘文——分享一段有趣的經(jīng)歷或故事，使讀者獲得樂趣；若是夾敘夾議的文章，則是表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)、感悟或啟示，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首尾段中的“議”。

廣告——推銷一種產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，其目的是吸引更多顧客、游客、讀者、訂戶、觀眾等。

典型例題

（2017年全國Ⅱ卷·27）I first met Paul Newman in 1968， when George Roy Hill， the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid， introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well-known as Paul—he stood up for me ...

The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that ...

We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success， you should put something back ...

I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was， and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？

A. To show his love of films.

B. To remember a friend.

C. To introduce a new movie.

D. To share his acting experience.

點(diǎn)撥：本文是記敘文，要在理解其內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上去推斷作者的寫作目的。第一段寫作者與Paul初相識(shí)，第二段和第三段講建立長(zhǎng)久友誼的原因，第四段談Paul病逝前作者看望Paul時(shí)的情景，全文都是講作者與Paul的友誼的，關(guān)鍵詞是最后一段最后一句中的friendship，可見作者寫這篇文章是為了紀(jì)念一個(gè)朋友，故選B項(xiàng)。

對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)

閱讀下列選段，從每題所給的A，B，C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.（2016年全國Ⅲ卷·31）If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around. Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21， but since it has caught on， events now spread out over most of October around Britain.

Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples ...

…

At the events， you can meet expert growers and discuss ...

Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places ...

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？

A. To show how to grow apples.

B. To introduce an apple festival.

C. To help people select apples.

D. To promote apple research.

2.（2013年全國課標(biāo)I卷·29）Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation for example... The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day ...

…

Ive made a living looking for the best deals and exposing （揭露）the worst tricks ...

I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted when it comes to shoes， clothes for my children， and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its longer， and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.

What does the author want to tell us？

A. How to expose bad tricks.

B. How to reserve airline seats.

C. How to spend money wisely.

D. How to make a business deal.

3.（2018年全國Ⅰ卷·35） ... but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices（裝置）well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment-and our wallets-as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

…

So whats the solution（解決方案）？... They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices？

A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.

C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.

答案與點(diǎn)撥

1. B 文體推斷法，本文是說明文，作者應(yīng)是介紹某事物。由第一段第一句If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around（如果你是或愿意成為一名果樹種植者，可利用蘋果節(jié)了解一下情況）可知，作者是要介紹蘋果節(jié)，故選B項(xiàng)。

2. C 文體推斷法，本文夾敘夾議，能體現(xiàn)其寫作目的的應(yīng)是其論點(diǎn)或發(fā)表議論的句子，常在文章首尾。第一段前兩句“為了省錢，有些人幾乎什么都做，我就是其中一個(gè)”是作者提出論點(diǎn)，然后用自己的經(jīng)歷來證明；最后一段第一句“我告訴你這些，是因?yàn)樽屽X花得物有所值不是丑事”為總結(jié)句。據(jù)此可知，作者是在試圖向我們說明“如何明智地花錢”，故選C項(xiàng)。“如何揭露騙局”“如何預(yù)定機(jī)票”“如何談成生意”顯然不符。

3. A 文體推斷法，這是調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)類說明文，作者對(duì)調(diào)研結(jié)果的看法常在調(diào)研結(jié)果之后。第一段a new study shows之后為調(diào)研結(jié)果“我們?cè)诶^續(xù)使用過時(shí)的裝置”，接著作者表明觀點(diǎn) “這對(duì)環(huán)境來說是個(gè)壞消息”“過時(shí)的裝置比更新的裝置消耗多得多的能源”，可見作者的觀點(diǎn)或該文的建議是：人們不要再用舊電器了。故選A項(xiàng)。

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