單項(xiàng)填空題解題技巧

劉華

近幾年，江蘇高考英語卷單項(xiàng)填空題的設(shè)題內(nèi)容新穎，貼近生活。但題干靈活，學(xué)生難免審題不清，產(chǎn)生不必要的失分。本文旨在通過分析試題，讓學(xué)生能夠準(zhǔn)確理解命題者的意圖和目的，掌握單項(xiàng)填空題的解題策略與技巧，堅(jiān)定攻克單選題的信心。

單項(xiàng)填空題中的句子千變?nèi)f化，學(xué)生要識(shí)別和理解變化了的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，具備應(yīng)變能力。

要想答好單項(xiàng)填空題，首先應(yīng)具備扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，還要有正確審題和分析考題的能力。在審題時(shí)，既要全面、仔細(xì)并正確理解所有的已知條件，又要心中明了該題檢測(cè)的是哪方面的知識(shí)或能力，然后使用相應(yīng)解題的策略。

一、化簡(jiǎn)法

很多單項(xiàng)選擇為了干擾學(xué)生的理解，增加了句子成分和修飾語，如各種從句、同位語、插入語等。做此類題時(shí)，應(yīng)先擱置附加成分，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)化，找出主干，再逐步理解其他修飾成分。

例如：

1. The person we spoke to???? no answer at first.

A. make?? B. making

C. makes? D. made

分析：可以看出we spoke to在句中是一個(gè)定語從句。將其去掉后，我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)主句少了一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。故本題選D。

2. More efforts， as reported，???? in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.

A. are made?? B. will be made

C. are being made? D. have been made

分析：可以看出as reported為插入語，可先將其去掉。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語in the years ahead可知用一般將來時(shí)。故本題答案為B。

3. “Never for a second，” the boy says， “??? that my father would come to my rescue.”

A. I doubted???? B. do I doubt

C. I have doubted D. did I doubt

分析：分析句子可知 the boy says 為插入語。句子可化簡(jiǎn)為Never for a second did I doubt that my father would come to my rescue。否定詞放在句首，主句用部分倒裝，又根據(jù)would可知，用助動(dòng)詞did。

二、補(bǔ)全法

有些題目使用省略法，省略部分可以理解的內(nèi)容。對(duì)此可以根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)將其補(bǔ)全，找出解題的突破點(diǎn)。

1. —Where did you get to know your wife？

—It was in the university???? we studied together.

A. that?? B. where

C. when? D. which

分析：句意：——你在什么地方認(rèn)識(shí)你的妻子？ ——在我們一起學(xué)習(xí)的大學(xué)。根據(jù)It was 可知，句子為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，省略了回答，補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是It was in the university where we studied together that I got to know my wife. 故答案為B，where 引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾university。

2. —What made her mother so angry？

—??? the exam.

A. Because she didnt pass

B. Her not passing

C. She didnt pass

D. Because her not passing

分析：根據(jù)句意，回答部分應(yīng)為：她沒有通過考試使她的媽媽生氣。所以答句為省略回答，補(bǔ)充完整為Her not passing the exam made her mother so angry. 故答案為B。

3. Be careful when you deal with this chemical， as it will explode when???? to sunlight.

A. being exposed?? B. to expose

C. exposing???? D. exposed

分析：句意：當(dāng)你處理這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)的時(shí)候要小心，因?yàn)楫?dāng)被暴露于陽光下時(shí)，它將會(huì)爆炸。when 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，用了省略的結(jié)構(gòu)，補(bǔ)充完整為when it is exposed to sunlight. 故答案為D。

三、還原法

一些單項(xiàng)填空題的測(cè)試點(diǎn)本來十分簡(jiǎn)單，但命題者有意把題干復(fù)雜化，改寫為一個(gè)少見或陌生的結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于這類題，應(yīng)試者可以反其道而行，把題干還原為自己熟悉的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣題目就會(huì)變得簡(jiǎn)單，答案就會(huì)一目了然，具體來說，可采用以下幾種方法：

1. 將倒裝句改成陳述句。如：

Whom would you rather have???? with you？

A. to go??? B. go

C. gone??? D. going

分析：若將本題題干改成陳述句，則應(yīng)是：Would you rather have whom???? with you？這樣我們一眼就可以看出答案為B。測(cè)試的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是使役動(dòng)詞have的賓語補(bǔ)足語用省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

Difficult as rumors on micro blog or Weibo are ???， the authorities will step up supervision， so that people will not be easily misled.

A. preventing?? B. to be prevented

C. to prevent?? D. being prevented

分析：as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，可以還原為Though rumors on micro blog or Weibo are difficult to prevent，形容詞后的不定式用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，故答案為C。

2. 將陳述句改為倒裝句。我們首次接觸時(shí)是一個(gè)倒裝句，而命題者恰恰是有意地使用陳述句來命題。如：

We had???? left home than it began to rain.

A. no sooner?? B. hardly

C. almost D. nearly

分析：no sooner...than是一個(gè)大家十分熟悉的句型。在考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)時(shí)，命題者卻使用了一個(gè)陳述句。如果把題干改成：??? had we left home than it began to rain，這道題的答案選A也就變得十分清楚了。

We had???? arrived at the railway station when the train began to move.

A. no sooner B. hardly

C. almost? D. nearly

分析：如果把本題改為倒裝句，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就變得很熟悉了，本題考查的是句型hardly...when，因此，答案應(yīng)為B。

3. 將被動(dòng)句改為主動(dòng)句。被動(dòng)句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)于主動(dòng)句來說沒有那么清楚，我們?nèi)绻麑⑵涓臑橹鲃?dòng)句，這類題就會(huì)變得清楚得多。如：

Time should be made good use of???? our lessons well.

A. learning B. learned

C. to learn? D. learns

分析：將題干改寫為主動(dòng)句則為：We should make good use of time???? our lesson well。由此可見介詞of 有其相應(yīng)的賓語，其后不能再用動(dòng)名詞做賓語，應(yīng)選不定式作目的狀語。答案為C。

The little boy was caught???? in the shop.

A. to steal? B. stealing

C. steal? D. stolen

分析：改為主動(dòng)句，則為：The salesman caught the boy???? in the shop，很容易看出考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是catch sb. doing sth.，故應(yīng)選B。

四、巧用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

句中逗號(hào)可以提示從句或?yàn)榉窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句或非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語等。因此，注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)提示可以避免不必要的誤選。

1. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others，??? ， of course， made all the others upset.

A. who?? B. which

C. what?? D. that

分析：考查定語從句，made 前面缺乏主語，of course為插入語，逗號(hào)前面整句話為made的主語，有逗號(hào)隔開，可推斷該從句為非限制性定語從句，故用which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，不用that。答案為B。

2. There are two rooms on the first floor，??? is used as a guest room.

A. a smaller of which???? B. a smaller of them

C. the smaller of which??? D. the smaller of them

分析：定語從句的考查，兩者當(dāng)中的另一個(gè)用the smaller，又因?yàn)榭崭袂盀槎禾?hào)，所以為非限制性定語從句，答案為C。如果把逗號(hào)改為句號(hào)，則選D。

3. Tom，???? sure to come tomorrow.

A. is??? B. be

C. was???? D. would be

分析：空格前有逗號(hào)，此句為對(duì)Tom 發(fā)出的指令，為祈使句，故答案為B。

4. All the money??? ， John had to start looking for a job.

A. was cost??? B. had cost

C. having been spent? D. having spent

分析：逗號(hào)前后的句子沒有連詞，故A，B兩項(xiàng)排除。此句用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，根據(jù)句意，錢已經(jīng)被花光了。故答案為C。

五、克服思維定勢(shì)

命題者會(huì)利用考生的思維定勢(shì)命題，學(xué)生不能用漢語的習(xí)慣思維方式去認(rèn)識(shí)和解決英語中的一些問題，要認(rèn)真分析句子語境，切忌死搬硬套。

1. The car passed by at???? was a dangerous speed.

A. which???? B. that

C. what????? D. why

分析：由于思維定勢(shì)，at which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，容易誤選A。但選擇which沒有先行詞。故答案為C。The car passed by at what was a dangerous speed. 等于The car passed by at the speed which was a dangerous speed.

2. Could you tell me???? your address is？

A. where? B. what

C. how? D. which

分析：學(xué)生如果根據(jù)中文含義：你能否告訴我你的地址在哪兒？容易誤選A。但問地址時(shí)常用的句型為“Whats your address？”故選擇B，用what 充當(dāng)be 動(dòng)詞的表語。

3. After 10 years of hard time， the young lady has turned movie star，???? she dreamed of becoming in her childhood.

A. who? B. which

C. that? D. what

分析：movie star 為一個(gè)人，所以容易誤選A。但此處的movie star應(yīng)視為“某種職業(yè)”，她夢(mèng)想從事某種職業(yè)，而不是成為什么人。故答案為B。

4. Nathalie suggested the problem worth paying attention???? at the meeting.

A. to be discussed? B. to been discussed

C. to being discussed D. should be discussed

分析：由于思維定勢(shì)pay attention to doing sth. 容易誤選C。但該句句意為：Nathalie建議那個(gè)值得注意的問題應(yīng)該在會(huì)上討論一下，worth paying attention to是定語，修飾the problem， 故答案為D。suggest后面的賓語從句謂語部分用should+動(dòng)詞原形。

雖然學(xué)生在單項(xiàng)填空題方面失分較多，但并非無章可循。巧妙地運(yùn)用上述方法，就能各個(gè)擊破，迎刃而解。當(dāng)然，最重要的還是鞏固基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，吃透每個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。