吳濤
Unit 3
一、重點詞匯
1. random adj. 課文原句:These flags are more than just pieces of cloth sewn together at random with thread. 這些旗幟不僅僅是隨意用線縫在一起的幾塊布。(P34,L1)
【點撥】 random adj.“隨機的,任意的,胡亂的”;n.“隨意”;adv. “胡亂地”,如:
Replace some part of the file with random data. 用隨機數(shù)據(jù)替換該文件的某些部分。
【拓展】 at random“隨機,隨意”。
介詞at構成的詞組有:at peace在和平狀態(tài)中;at a low cost以低成本;at large“在逃,沒捉住”;at best“至多,充其量”;at length“詳細的”;at ease“無拘無束的”;at intervals“在間歇時間”。
【真題回放】 Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ???.(2018天津11)
A.at first B. after all
C. above all D. at random
【解析】 B。本題考查詞組辨析。at first起初,一開始;after all畢竟,到底,究竟;above all首先,最重要的是;at random隨便地,漫無目的地。句意:鮑勃認為他不能參加聚會,因為他得寫報告,不過他終究還是去了。根據(jù)句意選B。
2. symbolize vt. 課文原句:Red symbolizes the bravery, revolution, strength and blood of the French,which were all needed to change the country.(P34,L11)紅色象征著法國人民的勇敢、革命精神、力量和鮮血,所有這些都是改造這個國家所必需的。
【點撥】 symbolize vt. “象征,作為……的象征;代表”,如:
The dove symbolizes peace. 鴿子象征和平。
Pride is symbolized as a peacock. 驕傲是用孔雀來象征的。
【拓展】 symbol n.“象征;標志;符號;記號;代表人物”,如:chemical symbols化學符號
Red is the symbol of revolution. 紅色是革命的象征。
【真題回放】 She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful???? in last years election.(2014江蘇卷27)
A. symbol B. portrait
C. identity D. statue
【解析】 A。本題考查的是名詞的詞義辨析。symbol象征;標志;符號;記號;代表人物;portrait肖像;identity身份;statue雕像,塑像;句意:雖然兩年前就已遭軟禁,她在去年的選舉中仍然是勢力強大的代表人物。故A正確。
3. object vi. 課文原句:When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them.(P34,L24)
【點撥】 object vi. “反對,不贊同” n.“物體;目標;賓語”。常見用法:
① the object of “……的目的,……的目標”,如:The object of these experiments was to find the connection, if any, between the two phenomena. 這些實驗的目的就是探索這兩種現(xiàn)象之間的聯(lián)系,如果存在著任何聯(lián)系的話。
② flying objects“飛行物”;falling objects “下墜物體”,如:It was Galileo who discovered the theory of falling objects. 是伽利略發(fā)現(xiàn)了自由落體理論。
③ object to sb. / sth.“反對某人/某事”;object to doing sth. “反對做某事”,如:He objected to going shopping. 他不同意去購物。
④ object that clause“以……為理由反對,反對說……”如:Father objected that Tom was too weak to take up the job. 父親反對說湯姆身體虛弱,不可擔任那份工作。
【拓展】 objection n. “反對,異議”;objective adj. “客觀的”; n. “目的,目標”。
表示“反對”的動詞詞組還有:be against; be opposed to; disapprove of
【真題回放】 Considering writers different historical backgrounds, a literary critic should be???? in his approach to judging a piece of writing.
A. sufficient B. objective
C. positive D. superior
【解析】 B。本題考查形容詞辨析。句意:考慮到作家的不同歷史背景,文學批評家應該采用客觀的方式來評判一件文學作品。sufficient充足的,objective客觀的,positive積極的,superior優(yōu)越的。根據(jù)句意,選B。
4. submit vt. 課文原句:At this, the Americans demanded separation from Britain, and, on 4 July 1776, they declared that they would no longer submit to British rule. (P35,L27) 在這樣的境況下,美洲人要求從英國獨立,1776年7月4日,美洲人宣布他們不再屈從于英國統(tǒng)治。
【點撥】 submit vt.(1)“使服從;使受到(to)”。如:submit oneself to discipline遵守紀律
(2) “呈送;提交;提出”,如:All important problems must be submitted to the Party committee for discussion.一切重要的問題都必須提交黨委討論。
(3) “認為,以為”,如:I submit that the judge was wrong. 我認為這判決是錯誤的。
【拓展】 submission n.
“動詞+介詞to”的詞組有:be / get / become used to習慣于;pay attention to注意;stick to堅持;object to反對;contribute to貢獻;subscribe to同意,訂閱;correspond to與……一致;refer to參考,提及,談及;turn to sb. for help向某人求助;appeal to吸引,呼吁;apply to申請應用;cater to滿足,迎合;adapt to適應;adjust to調(diào)整,適應;point to指向;get to到達;add to增添
【真題回放】 He???? himself to a search by the guards before entering the government building. (2015蘇州期中)
A. objected B. submitted
C. compromised D. identified
【解析】 B。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:進入政府大樓之前,他很順從地讓保安搜身。object to反對;submit to屈服,順從;compromise with sb. 向某人妥協(xié);identify辨認,辨別。
5. substitute v. & n. 課文原句:In 1921,..., and the Irish substituted a new flag for the old one.(P37) 1921年,……愛爾蘭人用一面新的旗子替代了舊的。
【點撥】 substitute在句中做及物動詞“替代,替換”常見用法:
(1) substitute for“對……替換”,如:Nothing could substitute for mothers milk.什么也替換不了母乳。
(2) be no substitute for sth.“對……無法替代”,如:Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.維生素片無法替代健康飲品。
(3) substitute sth. / sb. for sth. / sb.“用……來取代……”,如:Its okay to substitute vegetable oil for butter.用植物油代替黃油也一樣。
【拓展】 substitute fabric代用布;substitute fuel替代燃料;diamond substitute鉆石替代品; substitute player替補隊員;substitute as作為……的替代
【真題回放】 Faced with economic slowdown, some companies are planning to use robots to???? human workers to reduce their labour costs. (2016南通一模)
A. compensate B. substitute
C. symbolize D. discriminate
【解析】 B。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:面臨經(jīng)濟下滑,一些公司打算用機器人來取代人工以降低勞力成本費用。compensate彌補;substitute代替;symbolize象征;discriminate區(qū)別,歧視。
6. rate n. & v.課文原句:However, after the French and Indian War, the British raised the tax rates in America to a high level in order to pay for the conflict. (P34,L23) 但是,在法英戰(zhàn)爭之后,英國政府為支付戰(zhàn)爭費用,大幅度提高了美洲的稅率。
【點撥】 rate (1) n. “比率,速度,等級”,如:We have to quicken up our rate of work ahead of time. 為了提前完成工作,我們就得加快工作速度。
(2) v.“評估,劃分等級,認為”,如:We rate her performance one of the best weve ever seen. 我們認為她的表演是我們見過的最佳表演之一。
【真題回放】 According to the survey conducted recently, reading books does not???? highly among the Chinese as a leisure activity. (2015南通期中)
A. attain B. rate
C. reward D. reflect
【解析】 B。本題考查動詞用法。句意:根據(jù)最近開展的調(diào)查,讀書作為一種休閑方式在國人中排名并不高。attain獲得;rate劃分等級;reward獎賞;reflect反映。根據(jù)句意選B。
7. compromise vi. & n. 課文原句:When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them. (P34,L24) 當美洲人對此表示反對時,英國人不但沒有讓步,反而加強了對美洲殖民地的控制,剝奪了美洲人的許多權利,同時在美洲駐軍以確保美洲人服從英國統(tǒng)治。
【點撥】 compromise vi. & n. “妥協(xié),折中,和解”,如:He admitted that he was unwilling to compromise.他坦誠他不愿意讓步。Compromise makes for success in negotiations.妥協(xié)有助于談判的成功。
【拓展】 reach / arrive at / come to a compromise on...“就……達成妥協(xié)”;make a compromise / compromises with“與……妥協(xié)”;compromise with sb. on / over / about sth.“與某人就某事和解”;compromise between...and...“在……和……之間妥協(xié)”,如:We can make some concession on minor details, but we cant compromise on fundamentals. 在一些細節(jié)上我們可以做些讓步,但在基本原則上我們是不會妥協(xié)的。
【真題回放】 Its really important for parents to reach a???? between what they want and what their kids desire. (2014蘇州模擬)
A. communication B. conclusion
C. compromise D. consensus
【解析】 C。本題考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:父母在自己所要求的和孩子的愿望之間取得折中非常重要。reach a compromise between...and...在……和……之間妥協(xié);communication交流;conclusion結論;consensus共識。
8. bound adj.課文原句:If you expect different places to have the same food as you are accustomed to at home, then you are bound to be disappointed.(P41)如果你期望在不同的地方能夠吃到在家里習慣了的食物,那么你一定會很失望。
【點撥】 bound在句中是形容詞,(1) “一定會,很可能會”,如:Just wars are bound to triumph over wars of aggression. 正義戰(zhàn)爭必然要戰(zhàn)勝侵略戰(zhàn)爭。
(2) “被束縛”,如:bound by ice冰封的
(3) “有義務的”,如:be bound to carry out the plan有執(zhí)行這個計劃的義務
(4) “裝訂的”,如:a bound volume of China Daily 《中國日報》合訂本
【拓展】 常用詞組:be bound up with與……有密切關系;be bound up in忙于,熱心于;be bound to do sth. 一定會……;be bound (by sth.) to do sth. 被某事所束縛去做某事
【真題回放】 Children are???? to meet with setbacks as they grow up, so their parents dont have to worry about it. (2014泰州模擬)
A. consistent B. arbitrary
C. fragile D. bound
【解析】 D。本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:孩子在成長的過程中注定會遇到挫折,所以父母不必擔心。consistent一致的;arbitrary獨斷專行的;fragile易碎的;bound注定,必定。
9. so conj. 課文原句:It is the most common colour in nature, so it is often used to represent natural growth, the environment and ecology. (P46,L29)它是自然界中最常見的顏色,因此常被用來代表自然生長、環(huán)境和生態(tài)。
【點撥】 so (1) adv. (表示方式、方法、情況等) “這樣,那樣”,如:Is that so?是那樣的嗎?
(代替上下文的形容詞、名詞或動詞)“同樣,也;對,不錯”,如:
—Its warmer today. —So it is.
——今天暖一些了?!堑?。
[口語] “非常,極,很”,如:Im so glad that youve come! 你來了,我真太高興了!
(2) conj.“因此,所以,結果是”;“為的是,以便,使得(=so that)”,如:
It was late, so we went home.天晚了,所以我們就回家去了。
Speak clearly, so they may understand you. 說得清楚些,使得他們聽懂你的意思。
(3) pron. (用作expect, hope, say一類動詞的賓語)“這樣,如此”,如:I expect so. 我看是這樣。
(用在or后)“左右,上下”,如:I read only a page or so. 我只看了一頁左右。
【拓展】 常用詞組:and so on等等;so as to為的是;so long as只要;so that結果是;so...that...如此……以致……;So long! [口語]再見!So what? [口語]那又怎么樣呢?
【真題回放】 —Peter, please send us postcards ????well know where you have visited.
—No problem.(2017北京卷22)
A. but B. or
C. for? D. so
【解析】 D??疾檫B詞。上半句句意:Peter,請給我們寄明信片,以便我們知道你去哪游覽過。前后因果關系,用so。
二、短語、句型和語法
1. 課文原句:Before the Revolution, there had been great unrest in France because people had no freedom and were suffering from hunger.(P34,L5)在大革命前,法國社會極為動蕩不安,因為法國人民沒有自由而且飽受饑餓折磨。
【點撥】 because引導原因狀語從句。狀語從句用來表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等意思。不同的狀語從句用不同的從屬連詞或詞組來引導。狀語從句通常放在主句后面;但除結果、方式和比較狀語從句外,大多數(shù)狀語從句也可放在主句之前,此時,一般用逗號與主句隔開。
【真題回放】 Lets not pick these peaches until this weekend???? they get sweet enough to be eaten.(2018天津4)
A. ever since B. as if
C. even though D. so that
【解析】 D。句意:咱們到本周末摘這些桃子,這樣吃起來會很甜。ever since引導時間狀語從句;as if引導方式狀語從句;even though引導讓步狀語從句;so that引導目的或結果狀語從句。根據(jù)句意選D。
2. 課文原句:The flag, which is made up of a red band over a white one, is based on a national flag dating back to the 13th century that had nine red and white stripes.(P35,L39)這面國旗由上紅下白的兩條彩條組成,是以13世紀的九道紅白條的印尼國旗為基礎。
【點撥】 date back to“始于,追溯到”,如:
In China the needle treatment dates back to ancient times.在我國,針刺療法從古代就有了。
【拓展】 date back to=date from常用于一般現(xiàn)在時,只用于主動語態(tài)。作定語時用其-ing形式。
有關from的短語還有:differ from和……不同;arise from由……引起;result from由……引起;range from從……變化到;suffer from忍受……折磨。這些詞組都不用被動語態(tài),做定語或狀語時,用-ing形式。
【真題回放】 An ancient temple???? back to the Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed in flames last month,???? concerns about the effective protection of cultural remains.(2015泰州一模)
A. dating; causing B. dating; caused
C. dated; causing D. dated; caused
【解析】 A。本題考查非謂語動詞。句意:追溯到北齊朝代的古廟上個月被大火燒毀,引起了人們對文化遺址有效保護的擔憂。date back to作定語修飾an ancient temple,B表示主動關系,用-ing形式;cause concerns about表示結果狀語,也用-ing形式。選A正確。
Unit 4
一、重點詞匯
1. strike vt. 課文原句:In the dream, a stone flew at the statue and struck it on the feet.(P50,L20)在夢中,一塊石頭飛向塑像,砸在了它的腳上。
【點撥】 strike (struck, struck) vt. “打,擊,撞;侵襲,襲擊;給……印象;(光) 照在……上”,如:
He was struck by a heavy blow. 他受到重重的一擊。
Sun strikes him, warming him sleepy. 太陽照在他身上,暖洋洋的令其昏昏欲睡。
His car directly struck a tree. 他的汽車一頭撞到了樹上。
He quickly struck a match to light her cigarette. 他匆忙擦了一根火柴為她點燃了香煙。
【拓展】 strike n. & v.“罷工”。常用短語:go on strike“舉行罷工”;be on strike“在罷工”;vi. 敲幾點鐘;固定表達法:It strikes sb. that...=It occurs to sb. that...“某人突然想起……”,如:
It strikes me that he is hard to deal with. 在我看來,他可是個難以對付的家伙。
The workers went on strike for higher wages. 工人們舉行了罷工要求增加工資。
【真題回放】 I heard the clock???? eight when I woke up this morning. (2014南通暑期檢測)
A.beating B. striking
C. hitting D. knocking
【解析】 B。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:當我早上醒來的時候8點的鐘聲正好敲響。beat反復擊打,打敗;strike鐘敲幾點;hit打,撞擊;knock敲門,撞上。
2. deliver vt. 課文原句:He also has twelve reindeer that help him deliver presents on Christmas Eve.(P58)
【點撥】 deliver vt. / vi.“遞送;投遞(信件、貨物等);發(fā)表/發(fā)布演講;接生”,如:
Can I deliver the file by express?我可以用快遞寄送這份文件嗎?
The Canadians plan to deliver more food to southern Somalia. 加拿大計劃向索馬里南部運送更多的食物。
【拓展】 deliver a speech發(fā)表演講;deliver a judgment宣判;deliver a warning發(fā)布警報;deliver sb. to sb. 把某人移交給某人
delivery n. “投遞,生產(chǎn)”,如:on delivery “在投遞中”;delivery room “產(chǎn)房”;free delivery to door “免費送貨上門”。
如:He delivered a speech about economic development. 他作了關于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的報告。
Smith had betrayed him and delivered him to the enemy. 史密斯背叛了他,并把他交給了敵人。
【真題回放】 In some countries, it is required by law that all tobacco products???? a health warning.
A. carry B. deliver
C. hold D. print
【解析】 A。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:在一些國家,法律要求煙草制品上必須攜帶有健康警示。carry攜帶,傳遞;deliver投遞,發(fā)表演講;hold舉行,容納,抓住;print印刷。
二、短語、句型和語法
1. 課文原句:In other words, its meaning can be very different from the apparent meanings of its components. (P50,L3) 換言之,習語的含義與其組成單詞的字面意思可能完全不同。
【點撥】 in other words“換言之,也就是說”,如:In other words, our aim is to avoid losing. 也就是說,我們的目標是要避免失敗。
【拓展】 in a word總之,一句話,簡言之;find the words用恰當?shù)恼Z言表達;keep ones word信守諾言;word for word逐字逐句;have a word with sb.與某人交談;have words with sb.與某人吵架;be at a loss for words說不出話來;word of mouth口口相傳,口碑;pick ones words斟字酌句;break ones words食言
2. 課文原句:The proverb ‘dont count your chickens until theyre hatched means ‘dont count on something going well until it happens.(P57)“蛋尚未孵出,勿先數(shù)蛋”意思為“別高興得太早”。
【點撥】 count on / upon“依靠,依賴;期待,指望”,如:count on self-reliance依靠自力更生
【拓展】 count v.“重要,列入總數(shù),包括”;beyond count“不計其數(shù)”;count for little“簡直無足輕重”;count for much“關系重大”;count for nothing“毫無價值”;count against sb.“認為對某人不利”;count down“倒計時”;count...in“把……計算在內(nèi)”;count...out“把……排除在外”,如:Every second counts. 分秒必爭。
【真題回放】 The whole team???? Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down. (2015江蘇卷29)
A. wait on? B. focus on
C. count on? D. call on
【解析】 C??疾閯釉~短語辨析。句意:全隊都依賴克里斯蒂亞諾·羅納爾多,他很少讓大家失望的。wait on伺候;focus on專注于;count on依靠;call on號召,拜訪。
3. 課文原句:The officials travelled westwards to Central Asia and arrived in what is today Afghanistan. (P62,L12)官員們西行到中亞,到達了今天叫阿富汗的地方。
【點撥】 arrive in后面接的是賓語從句,從句中缺少主語用what。
【拓展】 在名詞性從句中,從句缺少主語或賓語時用what;不缺少任何句子成分用that(可省略);有不確定的含義用whether;從句中缺少狀語時用when, where, why, how,且句子多含有疑問的含義。介詞賓語從句不能用if引導。
【真題回放】 We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of???? it used to charge.(2017江蘇卷26)
A. that B. which
C. what D. how
【解析】 C??疾橥徽Z和賓語從句?!癶alf of ????it used to charge”是$20的同位語,即原來價格的一半是現(xiàn)在的$20;另外,of后跟名詞或名詞短語構成介賓短語,所以,這里是賓語從句;賓語從句中的charge后面缺少賓語,所以用what來引導賓語從句,并充當賓語從句的賓語,故選C。
4. 課文原句:On both sides of the courtyard are a number of different halls for praying and chanting, receiving guests and rooms where the monks live. (P63,L34) 庭院兩旁有許多供祈禱、頌經(jīng)和接待香客的各種殿堂,還有僧人居住的地方。
課文原句:In the south-east corner towers the Qiyun Pagoda, a 13-storey building, which is the first know Buddhist pagoda in China. (P63,L36) 在東南角矗立著齊云塔,塔高13層,是所知的中國第一座佛塔。
【點撥】 這兩句為倒裝句。句首狀語是表地點的介詞短語或表方向的副詞 (here, there, up, down, now, then, in, out, off, away) 時完全倒裝。但主語如果為人稱代詞時,則不倒裝。如:
Here comes the bus. 汽車開過來了。
Here you are. 給你。
【拓展】 引起部分倒裝的情況:(1) so, nor, neither位于句首,且表示“也或也不”之意時;(2) 虛擬語氣中if省略;(3) 否定詞作狀語位于句首;(4) not until, not only位于句首;(5) only + 狀語位于句首;(6) 在so...that, such...that等結構中,so, such部分位于句首。
【真題回放】 Not until recently???? the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas. (2016江蘇卷34)
A. they had encouraged
B. had they encouraged
C. did they encourage
D. they encouraged
【解析】 C。該題考查部分倒裝。句意:直到最近他們才鼓勵在農(nóng)村地區(qū)開展與旅游業(yè)有關的活動。時態(tài)應該考慮現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時。故C正確。
5. 課文原句:This new pagoda, completed in 2010, represents the friendship between the two countries and reminds people that it was from India that Buddhism came to China two thousand years ago.(P63,L52) 這座新塔于2010年完工,代表了兩國人民之間的友誼,并提醒人們兩千多年前佛教正是從印度傳到了中國。
【點撥】 強調(diào)句型結構為:(1) it+is(was)+被強調(diào)部分+that+句子其他成分。強調(diào)句可用于除謂語動詞外的句子成分,如主語、賓語、賓補、狀語等。當被強調(diào)的主語為指人的名詞或代詞時,句中的that可改為who,其他情況只能用that。(2)強調(diào)句還可用于強調(diào)某些狀語從句,主要是時間狀語從句(尤其是until從句)和由because引導的原因狀語從句。
【真題回放】 It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house???? we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津14)
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
【解析】 B。句意:只是當車子停在我們家前面時我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)莉莉坐在乘客位置上。該句強調(diào)時間狀語從句,所以選B。該句=We saw Lily in the passenger seat only when the car pulled up in front of our house. = Only when the car pulled up in front of our house did we see Lily in the passenger seat.