錢丹玲 周振鋒
[摘要] 目的 探討氨甲環(huán)酸的不同給藥方式對(duì)心臟手術(shù)患者凝血功能及出血量的影響。 方法 選取2017年2月~2018年2月來(lái)我院擇期進(jìn)行體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)的80例患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)治療方案不同,分為氨甲環(huán)酸+生理鹽水組和氨甲環(huán)酸+氨甲環(huán)酸組,每組40例。比較兩組患者術(shù)前的一般資料和手術(shù)情況;麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T1)、次日晨 8: 00(T2)和術(shù)后 24 h(T3)凝血功能;手術(shù)24 h后的出血量和輸血量。 結(jié)果 兩組患者手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中基本情況無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05);兩組患者圍手術(shù)期組間各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血紅蛋白濃度(Hemoglobin,Hb,g/L)、紅細(xì)胞壓積(Hemotocrit,HCT,%)、血小板(Platelet,PLT,×109/L)、活化部分凝血酶時(shí)間(Activated partial Thromboplastin time,APTT,S)、纖維蛋白原(Fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB,g/L)無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),組內(nèi)Hb、PLT、INR水平在T1、T2、T3水平和T0時(shí)有顯著差異(P<0.05);APTT水平在T2、T3水平和T0時(shí)有顯著差異(P<0.05);FIB水平在T1、T2水平和T0時(shí)有顯著差異(P<0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后24 h出血量、輸液量、輸血量無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 與單次輸注氨甲環(huán)酸相比,術(shù)中持續(xù)輸注氨甲環(huán)酸不能改善患者的凝血功能和出血量。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 氨甲環(huán)酸;不同給藥方式;心臟手術(shù);凝血功能;出血量
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)28-0121-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of different administrations of tranexamic acid on coagulation function and the amount of bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods 80 patients who underwent elective cardiopulmonary bypass heart surgery from February 2017 to February 2018 were enrolled in the study. According to the different treatment programs, the patients were divided into tranexamic acid+saline group and tranexamic acid+tranexamic acid group, with 40 cases per group. The preoperative general data and the operation status, the coagulation function before anesthesia induction(T0), at the end of surgery(T1), at 8:00 am(T2) the next day, and at 24 hours after surgery(T3), the amount of bleeding and the amount of blood transfusion between two groups were compared. Results There was no significant difference in the preoperative and postoperative conditions between the two groups(P>0.05).There were no significant differences in hemoglobin concentration(Hemoglobin, Hb, g/L) and hematocrit(HCT,%), platelet(Platelet, PLT, ×109/L), activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT, S), fibrinogen(Fibrinogen, FIB, g/L) at each time point between the two groups(P>0.05). There was significant difference in the levels of Hb, PLT and INR in the group between T1, T2, T3 and T0(P<0.05). APTT levels were significantly different at T2, T3 and T0(P<0.05). There was significant difference in FIB levels between T1, T2 level and T0 level(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood volume, infusion volume and blood transfusion between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Continuous intraoperative infusion of tranexamic acid does not improve coagulation and the amount of bleeding in patients compared with single infusion of tranexamic acid.
[Key words] Tranexamic acid; Different modes of administration; Cardiac surgery; Coagulation function; Amount of bleeding
體外循環(huán)(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)在實(shí)施心臟手術(shù)時(shí),能維持患者全身組織的血液供應(yīng)[1,2],而患者術(shù)后常發(fā)生出血等并發(fā)癥[3],其原因主要與患者血小板功能異常和纖溶系統(tǒng)亢進(jìn)相關(guān)[4]。氨甲環(huán)酸是目前臨床上普遍應(yīng)用的抗纖溶藥物之一,有研究顯示,在 CPB 心臟手術(shù)中,氨甲環(huán)酸可以改善患者的凝血功能,抑制纖溶反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[5]。但目前對(duì)于氨甲環(huán)酸的最佳給藥方式并無(wú)定論。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,氨甲環(huán)酸單次給藥的方式,會(huì)使患者的血藥濃度迅速下降,采用持續(xù)輸注的方式能使患者體內(nèi)的血藥濃度穩(wěn)定,改善凝血功能和止血的效果更顯著[6]。因此,本研究旨在探討氨甲環(huán)酸的不同給藥方式對(duì)心臟手術(shù)患者凝血功能及出血量的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年2月~2018年2月來(lái)我院擇期進(jìn)行體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)的80例患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)治療方案的不同,分為氨甲環(huán)酸+生理鹽水組(TA+NS)和氨甲環(huán)酸+氨甲環(huán)酸組(TA+TA),每組40例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:①有氨甲環(huán)酸過敏史患者;②凝血功能障礙或有出血傾向患者;③嚴(yán)重肝、腎功能障礙患者;④頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度>50%患者;⑤心臟手術(shù)史患者;⑥術(shù)前2周內(nèi)阿司匹林、華法令、激素治療史;⑦術(shù)前7 d內(nèi)使用過非甾體類抗炎藥治療患者;⑧術(shù)前 24 h內(nèi)使用肝素患者。所有患者均了解此項(xiàng)研究,并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 治療方法
常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)患者心電圖、血壓、血氧飽和度、呼氣末CO2濃度、中心靜脈壓、體溫、腦電雙頻指數(shù)。給予1 μg/kg的舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字:H20054171,規(guī)格:1 mL:50 μg:10支)+0.1 mg/kg的咪達(dá)唑侖(江蘇恩華制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字:H20031037,規(guī)格:2 mL:10 mg)+0.9 mg/kg的羅庫(kù)溴銨(N.V.ORGANON公司,批號(hào):H20130486,規(guī)格:0.6 mg)進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo)后行氣管插管。采用異氟烷進(jìn)行麻醉維持,通過容量控制的通氣模式,維持患者呼氣末CO2濃度在35~40 mmHg之間。靜脈間斷輸注哌庫(kù)溴銨(Gedeon Richter Plc.公司,批號(hào):H20091017)。氨甲環(huán)酸+生理鹽水組患者,切皮前給予10 mg/kg的氨甲環(huán)酸(浙江金華康恩貝生物制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字:H20060098,規(guī)格:0.5 g)靜脈推注+持續(xù)輸注生理鹽水,速度均為1 mg/(kg·h),至術(shù)后12 h;氨甲環(huán)酸+氨甲環(huán)酸組患者,切皮前給予10 mg/kg的氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈推注+隨后以1 mg/(kg·h)的速度維持氨甲環(huán)酸的持續(xù)輸注,直至術(shù)后12 h。插管前給予3 mg/kg的肝素抗凝。CPB停止后,給予魚精蛋白拮抗肝素。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
由1名護(hù)士記錄兩組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T1)、次日晨 8:00(T2)和術(shù)后 24 h(T3)凝血功能;手術(shù)24 h后的出血量和輸血量;手術(shù)中的一般情況:手術(shù)時(shí)間、CPB時(shí)間、主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間、CPB最低HCT、CPB最低鼻溫、手術(shù)中肝素、魚精蛋白的使用量;凝血功能主要通過血紅蛋白濃度(Hemoglobin,Hb,g/L,正常110~150 g/L)、紅細(xì)胞壓積(Hemotocrit,HCT,%,正常37~50 g/L)、血小板[Platelet,PLT,×109/L,正常(100~300)×109/L]、凝血酶原時(shí)間(Prothrombin time,PT,正常12~14 s)、活化部分凝血酶時(shí)間(Activated partial Thromboplastin time,APTT,正常26~36 s)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(International normalized ratio,INR,正常0.8~1.5)、纖維蛋白原(Fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB,正常2~4 g/L)水平進(jìn)行評(píng)定。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以%表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較
手術(shù)前,兩組患者在年齡、性別、體重、合并癥、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)一般資料方面無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 兩組患者術(shù)前凝血情況比較
手術(shù)前,血液檢查結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者在Hb、HCT、PLT、PTT、APTT、INR、FIB水平比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見表2。
2.3 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較
兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、CPB時(shí)間、主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間、CPB最低HCT、CPB最低鼻溫、肝素用量、魚精蛋白用量比較無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見表3。
2.4 兩組患者圍手術(shù)期凝血功能比較
兩組患者Hb、PLT、INR水平在T1、T2、T3水平和T0時(shí)有顯著差異(P<0.05);APTT水平在T2、T3水平和T0時(shí)有顯著差異(P<0.05);FIB水平在T1、T2水平和T0時(shí)有顯著差異(P<0.05),見表4。
2.5 兩組患者術(shù)后24h出血量、輸液量、輸血量比較
兩組患者術(shù)后24 h出血量、輸液量、輸血量無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見表5。
2.6 兩組患者安全性比較
兩組患者治療中,均無(wú)明顯不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生。
3討論
CPB心臟手術(shù)時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者體內(nèi)纖溶酶釋放增加[7,8],血小板功能異常,進(jìn)而激發(fā)纖溶系統(tǒng)[9,10],導(dǎo)致患者纖溶亢進(jìn)[11],臨床上通過使用抗纖溶藥物可抑制患者纖溶系統(tǒng)的亢進(jìn),減少出血量[12]。目前臨床上常用的抗纖溶藥物有兩類:①賴氨酸類似物(氨甲環(huán)酸、氨基乙酸):通過結(jié)合纖溶酶原/纖溶酶的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),阻斷纖維蛋白原/纖維蛋白與纖溶酶原/纖溶酶復(fù)合物的結(jié)合,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗纖溶作用[13,14];②絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑(抑肽酶):不僅具有抗纖溶作用,還能保護(hù)血小板。目前在臨床上,氨甲環(huán)酸屬于抗纖溶蛋白衍生物,已普遍應(yīng)用于CPB 心臟手術(shù)中,用于改善患者的凝血功能,減少出血量[15]。
CPB心臟手術(shù)期間纖溶酶釋放增加,可活化纖溶系統(tǒng),引起血小板功能的異常,而使用抗纖溶藥物可適當(dāng)降低患者的出血量。研究已發(fā)現(xiàn),氨甲環(huán)酸能顯著改善CPB心臟手術(shù)患者的凝血功能、有效減少患者圍手術(shù)期出血量[16],其通過和纖溶酶原/纖溶酶的賴氨酸位點(diǎn)結(jié)合,阻斷纖溶酶原的激活。纖維蛋白原及纖維蛋白與纖溶酶復(fù)合物結(jié)合,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗纖溶作用。但其在 CPB 心臟手術(shù)中的給藥時(shí)間、給藥方式、給藥劑量[17,18]等尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目前在文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中氨甲環(huán)酸的給藥方式和使用劑量差異較大,給藥方式包括單次給藥、分次給藥、持續(xù)給藥、包腔內(nèi)局部給藥等;給藥劑量從5.5~285 mg/kg,負(fù)荷量+維持量、負(fù)荷量+體外循環(huán)預(yù)充量+維持量等。目前還沒有最佳公認(rèn)的給藥方式和使用劑量,大部分實(shí)驗(yàn)中采取的給藥方法是負(fù)荷量+體外循環(huán)預(yù)充量+維持量。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中,氨甲環(huán)酸多為CPB開始前給藥;給藥方式多為單次給藥或持續(xù)輸注[19]。因此,本研究中,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了前瞻性研究,觀察不同氨甲環(huán)酸給藥方式對(duì)體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)患者出血量的影響,以期尋找最佳的使用劑量,進(jìn)而指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。
有研究比較不同氨甲環(huán)酸劑量在CPB心臟手術(shù)中的止血效果,結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)氨甲環(huán)酸負(fù)荷劑量為1 mg/kg,維持劑量為10 mg/kg時(shí),有效減少了患者心臟手術(shù)后的出血量,維持圍手術(shù)期氨甲環(huán)酸的血藥濃度在有效治療濃度[20],因此在本研究中,選擇了該劑量作為觀察組患者的給藥劑量。結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中基本情況無(wú)顯著差異;兩組患者圍手術(shù)期組間各時(shí)間點(diǎn)Hb、HCT、PLT、APTT、FIB無(wú)顯著差異;兩組患者術(shù)后24 h出血量、輸液量、輸血量無(wú)顯著差異。
綜上所述,與單次輸注氨甲環(huán)酸相比,術(shù)中持續(xù)輸注氨甲環(huán)酸不能改善患者的凝血功能和出血量。因此,臨床上在增加氨甲環(huán)酸的使用劑量時(shí),需密切關(guān)注其不良反應(yīng)。
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(收稿日期:2018-06-11)