滴灌模式和種植密度對(duì)棉花葉片衰老特性的影響

(石河子大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/新疆兵團(tuán)綠洲生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，新疆石河子 832003)

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.11.002

滴灌模式和種植密度對(duì)棉花葉片衰老特性的影響

馬 卉，牛玉萍，夏 軍，陳宗奎，羅宏海

(石河子大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/新疆兵團(tuán)綠洲生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，新疆石河子 832003)

目的研究不同滴灌模式下，種植密度對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量形成期葉片衰老及物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的調(diào)節(jié)作用，為調(diào)控滴灌棉花早衰和提高棉花產(chǎn)量提供依據(jù)。方法選用新陸早45號(hào)為試驗(yàn)材料，設(shè)置常規(guī)滴灌(I1，600 mm)和有限滴灌(I2，450 mm)，每種滴灌模式下設(shè)低密度(D1，12×104株/hm2)、中密度(D2，24×104株/hm2)和高密度(D3，36×104株/hm2)，測(cè)定了棉花產(chǎn)量形成期葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)、葉綠素含量、保護(hù)性酶活性及干物質(zhì)量的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。結(jié)果與常規(guī)滴灌處理相比，有限滴灌處理棉花LAI降低了17.8%，但盛鈴期葉綠素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、過(guò)氧化物酶(POD)活性分別增加了8.4%、44.7%、12.9%；兩處理間干物質(zhì)累積量無(wú)明顯差異。隨種植密度增加，LAI、干物質(zhì)累積量及盛鈴期可溶性蛋白(Pr)、丙二醛(MDA)、葉綠素含量均呈逐漸增加趨勢(shì)。相關(guān)分析表明，SOD與LAI間呈極顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.485**)，LAI與生殖器官干重和總干物質(zhì)重均極顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.721**，r=0.859**)。有限滴灌條件下，高密度處理通過(guò)增強(qiáng)盛鈴期后葉片葉綠素含量、SOD活性、POD活性和Pr含量，延長(zhǎng)LAI高值持續(xù)期，最終獲得了較高群體總干物質(zhì)和生殖器官累積量。結(jié)論有限滴灌條件下，增加種植密度可彌補(bǔ)水分虧缺對(duì)棉株生長(zhǎng)的負(fù)面效應(yīng)，有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)棉花節(jié)水高產(chǎn)。

棉花；滴灌方式；種植密度；葉片衰老；物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)

0 引 言

【研究意義】新疆屬于干旱半干旱區(qū)，是我國(guó)重要的優(yōu)質(zhì)棉產(chǎn)區(qū)。隨著人口的增長(zhǎng)、灌溉面積的增加，棉田中約有40%以上得不到及時(shí)灌水，每年因缺水造成的損失約占總產(chǎn)量的10%～15%[1-3]。目前，研究新疆棉區(qū)棉花節(jié)水生理機(jī)制及調(diào)控技術(shù)，對(duì)調(diào)控棉花早衰和提高棉花產(chǎn)量有實(shí)際意義?！厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】干旱易降低光合產(chǎn)物的形成，導(dǎo)致皮棉產(chǎn)量降低[4-5]。保持較高光合面積和光合色素含量增加作物光合產(chǎn)物的關(guān)鍵[6]，延緩葉片衰老可以維持較高LAI和抑制葉綠素的降解速率；隨生育期的推進(jìn)，葉片活性氧不斷累積，促進(jìn)細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜降解，加速組織的衰老[7]。在水分虧缺條件下，棉花葉片SOD和POD活性顯著增加，延緩葉片衰老，增強(qiáng)抗旱性[9-10]。有研究提出，棉花有限滴灌條件下，通過(guò)光合生理補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)，水分利用效率可大幅提高，但籽棉產(chǎn)量因干物質(zhì)累積量顯著降低而降低[11-12]。前人研究表明，通過(guò)優(yōu)化種植密度可以改善冠層微環(huán)境，影響棉株衰老進(jìn)程，進(jìn)而影響群體光合效率和棉花產(chǎn)量[13]?！颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】通過(guò)增加種植密度，能否彌補(bǔ)因有限滴灌造成的干物質(zhì)累積量降低，是當(dāng)前棉花高產(chǎn)節(jié)水栽培研究的核心。研究不同滴灌條件下，種植密度對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量形成期葉片衰老及物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的調(diào)節(jié)作用?！緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】通過(guò)大田栽培試驗(yàn)，研究不同滴灌模式和種植密度條件下葉片面積、葉綠素、保護(hù)性酶活性的生育期變化，探討葉片衰老特性與干物質(zhì)積累的關(guān)系，為完善干旱區(qū)棉花高產(chǎn)高效優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。

1材料與方法

1.1 材 料

試驗(yàn)在石河子大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行，前茬作物為棉花。土壤質(zhì)地為中壤土，全氮1.1 g/kg，堿解氮54.9 mg/kg，速效磷19 mg/kg，速效鉀194 mg/kg，以新陸早45號(hào)為試驗(yàn)材料。

1.2 方 法

1.2.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，主區(qū)為滴灌模式，即常規(guī)滴灌(I1)：本地生產(chǎn)中普遍采用的滴灌周期、滴灌定額，全生育期滴水總量500 mm；有限滴灌(I2)：在滴水周期不變的前提下，減少盛蕾至初花期、盛鈴至吐絮期滴水定額，全生育期滴水總量425 mm[11, 14]。副區(qū)為密度處理，在行距一定的條件下(30 cm+50 cm+30 cm)，改變株距，低密度(D1，12×104株/hm2，株距20 cm)、中密度(D2，24×104株/hm2，株距10 cm)、高密度(D3，36×104株/hm2，株距6.5 cm)。表1

采用寬膜覆蓋膜下滴灌栽培， 2014年4月17日播種。總施油渣(含N 13%、P2O52%和K2O 16%) 4 500 kg/hm2、尿素(N 46%)786 kg/hm2、三料磷肥(P2O545%)225 kg/hm2、磷酸二氫鉀(P2O552%、K2O 34%)188 kg/hm2。在整個(gè)生育期間共噴施5次縮節(jié)胺(含N， N-二甲基哌啶氯化物≥96%)，用量285 g/hm2；于7月10日人工打頂。其他管理措施同膜下滴灌高產(chǎn)棉田。表1

表1 不同滴灌模式灌水時(shí)期與灌溉量
Table 1 The irrigation period and quota of different drip irrigation modes(mm)

處理Treatments灌溉日期Data(月/日)6/166/254/711/77/187/251/88/88/158/226/9總計(jì)Total常規(guī)滴灌Conventionaldripirrigation37.537.537.54552525252524537.5500有限滴灌Limiteddripirrigation22.522.522.54552525252523022.5425

1.2.2 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目

1.2.2.1 葉片酶活性

取棉花功能葉(打頂前倒四葉，打頂后倒三葉)鮮樣，液氮快速冷凍后，放入超低溫冰箱(-70℃)存放。采用氮藍(lán)四唑光還原法測(cè)定SOD活性、愈創(chuàng)木酚顯色法測(cè)定POD活性、硫代巴比妥酸法測(cè)定MDA含量、考馬斯亮藍(lán)顯色法測(cè)定Pr含量[15]。

1.2.2.2 葉綠素含量

取棉花功能葉(打頂前倒四葉，打頂后倒三葉)，用打孔器(直徑9.5 mm)取約4～5個(gè)葉片圓片(約0.1 g)，用80%丙酮提取色素。用UV-2041 型分光光度計(jì)(島津，日本)，于663和645 nm波長(zhǎng)下測(cè)定OD值。

計(jì)算公式如下：

ρ(Chla)=12.71D663-2.59D645.

ρ(Chlb)=22.88D645-4.67D663.

ρ(ChlT)=ρ(Chla)+ρ(Chlb)=20.29D645+8.04D663.

w(光合色素)=ρ(光合色素)×V(提取液)/(1 000×葉面積).

1.2.2.3 葉面積及干物質(zhì)量

每處理選取4株代表性植株，先從子葉節(jié)處剪去植株地上部，分為營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官(葉、莖)和生殖器官(蕾、鈴)兩部分。用激光葉面積儀(LI-COR，Lincoln，USA)測(cè)定葉片葉面積，然后再將營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官和生殖器官裝入紙袋分別標(biāo)簽后放入烘箱中，105℃殺青0.5 h，80 ℃烘干至恒重后稱重。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

數(shù)據(jù)分析使用Microsoft Excel 2010和SPSS19.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件分析處理，并檢驗(yàn)差異顯著性。用SigmaPlot 12.5進(jìn)行作圖，

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 棉花葉面積指數(shù)

研究表明，不同處理棉花LAI隨生育期推進(jìn)呈單峰曲線，其中常規(guī)滴灌處理LAI峰值出現(xiàn)在盛鈴前期、有限滴灌處理則出現(xiàn)在盛鈴期。與常規(guī)滴灌相比，有限滴灌處理的LAI降低了13.8%～21.8%，其中高密度條件下降低了13.8%。不同滴灌模式條件下，LAI在種植密度處理間均呈現(xiàn)為高密度>中密度>低密度，說(shuō)明高密度處理有利于保持較高的LAI。圖1

FS: 盛蕾期；IF: 初花期；FF: 盛花期；PFB: 盛鈴前期；FB: 盛鈴期；LFB: 盛鈴后期；BO: 吐絮期

FS: full squaring stage; IF: initial flowering stage; FF: full flowering stage; PFB: prophase full boll stage; FB: full boll stage; LFB: later full boll stage; BO: boll opening stage

圖1 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育期葉面積指數(shù)變化
Fig.1 Leaf area index of cotton as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density

2.2 棉花葉片葉綠素含量

研究表明，棉花葉片葉綠素含量在盛蕾期達(dá)到最大，隨著生育期的推進(jìn)呈下降趨勢(shì)，在盛鈴前期至盛鈴期有小幅波動(dòng)，盛鈴期后逐漸下降。有限滴灌處理，葉綠素含量在盛蕾期至盛鈴前期平均比常規(guī)滴灌高3.9%，在盛鈴期至吐絮期平均比常規(guī)滴灌高8.4%～10.1%，說(shuō)明有限滴灌有利于提高盛鈴期后的葉綠素含量。無(wú)論何種滴灌模式下，高密度處理盛鈴期的葉綠素含量比其他密度高16.9%～18.8% ，其他時(shí)期各密度間差異較小。圖2

2.3 棉花葉片保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)

研究表明，有限滴灌處理的SOD活性在盛鈴期平均比常規(guī)滴灌大44.7%；且以有限滴灌高密度為最高；在吐絮期，有限滴灌條件下高密度處理的SOD活性平均比其他處理高47.8%～52.8%。顯著性分析表明，滴灌模式對(duì)SOD活性影響顯著，種植密度及種植密度和滴灌模式互作對(duì)SOD活性影響均不顯著。表2

圖2 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育期葉綠素含量變化
Fig.2 Chlorophyll content in cotton as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density表2 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育期葉片SOD活性變化
Table 2 Superoxide dismutase activity in cotton leaves as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density

滴灌模式Irrigationmode(I)種植密度Plantingdensity(D)盛蕾期Fullsquaringstage初花期Fullfloweringstage盛鈴前期Prophasefullboll盛鈴期Fullbollstage吐絮期Bollopeningstage常規(guī)滴灌(I1)Conventionaldripirrigation低密度(D1)71.9ab209.3a174.4ab72.4bc126.2b中密度(D2)87.1a197.8a188.0a100.0ab126.1b高密度(D3)63.3b225.4a179.7ab62.0c167.9a有限滴灌(I2)Limiteddripirrigation低密度(D1)27.9c218.4a174.7ab109.0a79.6c中密度(D2)22.9c211.9a157.1bc115.0a72.9c高密度(D3)11.2d204.4a147.2c115.3a136.3b各因子間差異顯著性Significantoffactors滴灌模式(I)*ns******種植密度(D)**nsnsns**滴灌模式×種植密度(I×D)**nsnsnsns

注：同列中標(biāo)的相同字母表示5%水平上沒有顯著性差異；“ns”表示差異不顯著；* 代表5%水平上顯著，**代表1%水平上極顯著，下同

Values in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test. ns indicates non-significant. * and ** indicate significantly different (P=0.05，P=0.01). The same as below

研究表明，有限滴灌處理的POD活性平均比常規(guī)滴灌大10.1%，無(wú)論何種滴灌模式下，POD活性都隨種植密度的增加呈上升趨勢(shì)；且有限滴灌高密度在全生育期平均比其他處理高8.6%～48.9%。在盛鈴期，有限滴灌的高密度比中密度大65.4%，吐絮期比中密度大15.5%，說(shuō)明有限滴灌高密度在生育后期有較高的POD活性。顯著性分析表明，滴灌模式對(duì)POD活性影響顯著，種植密度對(duì)POD活性影響不顯著，種植密度與滴灌模式互作對(duì)POD活性的影響差異顯著。表3

2.4 棉花葉片丙二醛含量

研究表明，有限滴灌處理，初花期MDA含量平均比常規(guī)滴灌大4.2 %，盛鈴期比常規(guī)滴灌小29.1%，吐絮期比常規(guī)滴灌小12.7%，說(shuō)明有限滴灌能有效降低生育后期的MDA含量。在盛鈴期，有限滴灌高密度的MDA含量與中密度無(wú)顯著差異，在吐絮期高密度比中密度減少15.4%。顯著性分析表明，滴灌模式對(duì)MDA含量影響顯著，種植密度與滴灌模式互作在初花期、吐絮期對(duì)MDA含量的影響差異極顯著。表4

2.5 棉花葉片可溶性蛋白含量

Pr含量與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞滲透勢(shì)有關(guān)，能抵抗逆境脅迫對(duì)植株造成的傷害[16]。研究表明，在盛鈴期，有限滴灌下高密度的Pr含量比其他密度高22.5%～173.6%，吐絮期高密度的Pr含量比其他密度高7.4%～122.6%，說(shuō)明有限滴灌高密度在生育后期有較高的Pr含量。顯著性分析表明，滴灌模式、種植密度，以及種植密度與滴灌模式互作對(duì)Pr含量影響差異顯著。表5

表3 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育期葉片POD變化
Table 3 Peroxidase activity in cotton leaves as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density

滴灌模式Irrigationmode(I)種植密度Plantingdensity(D)盛蕾期Fullsquaringstage初花期Fullfloweringstage盛鈴前期Prophasefullboll盛鈴期Fullbollstage吐絮期Bollopeningstage常規(guī)滴灌(I1)Conventionaldripirrigation低密度(D1)101.5d353.5ab186.4b281.5c277.4c中密度(D2)184.0bc307.6b244.6ab312.8bc372.5a高密度(D3)116.9d326.1b198.2b372.8b312.1ab有限滴灌(I2)Limiteddripirrigation低密度(D1)167.6c308.4b238.4ab331.2bc370.0a中密度(D2)200.6ab381.3ab275.8a286.7c297.4c高密度(D3)219.3a418.8a281.8a474.1a343.4ab各因子間差異顯著性Significantoffactors滴灌模式(I)**ns***ns種植密度(D)**nsns**ns滴灌模式×種植密度(I×D)***ns***

表4 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育期葉片MDA變化
Table 4 Malondialdehyde content in cotton leaves as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density

滴灌模式Irrigationmode(I)種植密度Plantingdensity(D)盛蕾期Fullsquaringstage初花期Fullfloweringstage盛鈴前期Prophasefullboll盛鈴期Fullbollstage吐絮期Bollopeningstage常規(guī)滴灌(I1)Conventionaldripirrigation低密度(D1)2.70b3.35c3.07a2.98b2.99a中密度(D2)3.23a3.65ab3.04ab3.39a1.85d高密度(D3)2.25cd3.27c2.83b3.44a2.65b有限滴灌(I2)Limiteddripirrigation低密度(D1)1.91d3.43bc3.01ab2.18c1.61d中密度(D2)2.40bc3.78a2.98ab2.31c2.67b高密度(D3)2.79b2.87d3.03ab2.46c2.26c各因子間差異顯著性Significantoffactors滴灌模式(I)**nsns****種植密度(D)****ns**ns滴灌模式×種植密度(I×D)****nsns**

表5 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育時(shí)期葉片Pr變化
Table 5 Soluble protein content in cotton leaves as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density

滴灌模式Irrigationmode(I)種植密度Plantingdensity(D)盛蕾期Fullsquaringstage初花期Fullfloweringstage盛鈴前期Prophasefullboll盛鈴期Fullbollstage吐絮期Bollopeningstage常規(guī)滴灌(I1)Conventionaldripirrigation低密度(D1)2.53b1.89d0.58a0.55ab0.28c中密度(D2)2.36b3.42a0.75a0.66a0.44b高密度(D3)2.57b3.53a0.37b0.67a0.62a有限滴灌(I2)Limiteddripirrigation低密度(D1)2.28b2.68b0.71a0.20c0.23c中密度(D2)2.29b1.96d0.08c0.45b0.48b高密度(D3)3.48a2.28c0.20bc0.55ab0.52ab各因子間差異顯著性Significantoffactors滴灌模式(I)*******ns種植密度(D)**********滴灌模式×種植密度(I×D)*******ns

2.6 棉花干物質(zhì)積累量

研究表明，棉花營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官和生殖器官的干物質(zhì)量在盛花期至盛鈴期迅速積累，至吐絮期達(dá)到最大，不同處理下棉花生殖器官的干物質(zhì)量占總干重的比率在56.1%～67.4%，其中以常規(guī)滴灌中密度和有限灌溉高密度為最大，分別為67.4%和65.9%。有限滴灌低密度和中密度與常規(guī)滴灌相比TDW降低了9.4%和13.0%，而高密度增大了13.7%，說(shuō)明在適宜密度下有限滴灌能增加棉田的TDW。隨種植密度的增加，單位面積的植株總干重增大，且中、高密度處理的植株總干重均顯著高于低密度處理。滴灌模式和種植密度互作的TDW表現(xiàn)為，I2D3>I1D2>I1D3>I2D2>I1D1>I2D1。圖3

圖3 不同滴灌模式和種植密度下棉花不同生育期干物質(zhì)積累與分配
Fig.3 Dry matter accumulation and distribution of cotton as affected by drip irrigation pattern and plant density

2.7 棉花衰老特性和干物質(zhì)積累的相關(guān)性

研究表明，Pr、SOD與LAI之間呈極顯著正相關(guān)，相關(guān)系數(shù)r分別為；r=0.743**，r=0.485**，說(shuō)明提高棉花葉片中的SOD和Pr有利于提高LAI。LAI與生殖器官干重和總干物質(zhì)重極顯著正相關(guān)，相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為：r=0.721**，r=0.859**。說(shuō)明提高LAI有利于提高生殖器官干重和總干物質(zhì)重。圖4，圖5

圖4 棉花葉片中Pr和SOD與葉面積指數(shù)相關(guān)性
Fig.4 Relation analysis between the soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase activity in cotton leaves and leaf area under different treatments

圖5 棉花葉面積指數(shù)與生殖器官和總干物質(zhì)量相關(guān)性
Fig.5 Relation analysis between dry matter weight of reproductive organs, total dry matter weight and leaf area under different treatments

3 討 論

干物質(zhì)的積累是作物產(chǎn)量形成的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)[17]。增加種植密度雖然能夠有效提高干物質(zhì)量，但群體干物質(zhì)累積量并非隨密度增加而增大[18]。此外，棉花的干物質(zhì)量隨著灌水量的減少而顯著下降[19]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有限滴灌高密度TDW和BDW均顯著高于常規(guī)滴灌高密度，表明高密度種植條件下，在棉花水分不敏感時(shí)期(盛蕾期至初花期、盛鈴后期至吐絮期)降低灌溉量并不總降低干物質(zhì)量。相關(guān)分析表明，LAI與棉株總干重和生殖器官干物質(zhì)重均呈極顯著正相關(guān)。前人研究認(rèn)為，作物在生育中后期保持較高的LAI和葉綠素含量有利于提高了干物質(zhì)積累量[20-21]。因此，有限滴灌條件下增加種植密度有利于維持盛鈴期后充足的光合色素和光合面積，從而為獲得較高干物質(zhì)積累提供了保證。

葉片是作物進(jìn)行光合作用的主要器官，葉面積的大小對(duì)棉花物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)有著重要的影響。隨著灌溉量和密度的減少，作物L(fēng)AI呈降低趨勢(shì)[22-23]。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，有限滴灌高密度顯著提高了盛鈴前期以后的LAI，延緩了LAI的衰減速度。由相關(guān)性分析可得，棉花LAI與葉片中SOD活性和Pr有顯著正相關(guān)。前人研究表明，造成葉片衰老的主要原因是活性氧失調(diào)，而保護(hù)性酶系統(tǒng)能有效的清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)過(guò)剩的活性氧，進(jìn)而延緩葉片衰老[24]。有限滴灌下盛鈴期的SOD活性保持較高水平，可能是其在生育后期維持較高光合面積的主要原因。

葉綠素含量高低在一定程度上決定著光合速率的大小[25]，逆境條件下植物體內(nèi)的活性氧大量產(chǎn)生，破壞了細(xì)胞內(nèi)葉綠體的結(jié)構(gòu)，減少了葉綠素的合成，降低葉綠素含量[26]。試驗(yàn)研究表明，有限滴灌并未降低棉花葉片中的葉綠素含量，并且維持了盛鈴期至吐絮期較高的葉綠素含量，說(shuō)明在盛蕾期至盛花期適度干旱會(huì)使棉花產(chǎn)生一定的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)，使生育后期的葉綠素含量增加，進(jìn)而增加葉片生育后期的光合能力；而密度對(duì)葉綠素的影響不顯著。環(huán)境脅迫致使活性氧在植物體內(nèi)累積，導(dǎo)致葉綠素合成受到影響，并且活性氧積累使細(xì)胞膜脂過(guò)氧化傷害加劇[27-29]，然而SOD和POD能有效的清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)的活性氧[30]。試驗(yàn)中，有限滴灌高密度下，棉花葉片中SOD活性、POD活性盛鈴期保持較高水平，可能是生育后期葉綠素衰減延緩的原因。

4 結(jié) 論

與常規(guī)滴灌相比，有限滴灌處理降低了LAI以及盛鈴期葉片中的MDA含量，且增加了盛鈴期后葉綠素含量及葉片SOD活性、POD活性和可溶性蛋白Pr含量。隨種植密度增加，LAI和群體干物質(zhì)累積量均呈現(xiàn)逐漸增大的趨勢(shì)。提高棉花葉片中的SOD和Pr有利于提高LAI，而提高LAI有利于提高生殖器官干重和總干物質(zhì)重。因此，有限滴灌條件下高密度處理最終獲得了較高的生殖器官和群體干物質(zhì)累積量主要得益于增加盛鈴期后葉片中SOD和Pr含量，進(jìn)而延長(zhǎng)LAI最大持續(xù)期。該處理可作為促進(jìn)早熟棉區(qū)棉花高產(chǎn)節(jié)水的一項(xiàng)調(diào)控技術(shù)。

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EffectofDripIrrigationPatternandPlantingDensityonLeafSenescenceofCotton

MA Hui, NIU Yu-ping, XIA Jun, CHEN Zong-kui, LUO Hong-hai

(KeyLaboratoryofOasisEco-agricultureofXinjiangProductionandConstructionCorps,CollegeofAgronomy,ShiheziUniversityShiheziXinjiang832003,China)

ObjectiveTo explore the regulation of drip irrigation pattern and planting density on the cotton yield-forming stage of leaf senescence and dry matter production and provide evidence for regulation drip irrigation of cotton premature senescence and increase yield.MethodUsed Xinluzao 45 as the experimental material, field experiments were conducted with two drip irrigation patterns (I1, 600 nm and I2, 450 nm) and three levels of planting densities (D1, 12×104plant/hm2; 24×104plant/hm2; 36×104plant/hm2). The leaf area index, chlorophyll content, protective enzyme of cotton and dry matter accumulation were measured.ResultCompared with the conventional drip irrigation, limited drip irrigation treatment of leaf area index(LAI) decreased by 17.8%, but superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and peroxidase activity (POD) increased by 8.4%, 44.7%, 12.9%, respectively. There was not significant difference between the two treatments in dry matter accumulation. With the increase of planting density, LAI, dry matter accumulation as well soluble protein (Pr), malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll content at full boll stage showed a trend of increase gradually. Correlation analysis showed that the SOD was very significant positive correlation between LAI and (r= 0.485**), LAI and reproductive organs dry and total dry matter were extremely significant positive correlation (r= 0.721**,r= 0.721**). Under limited drip irrigation condition, the high density treatment enhanced the leaves chlorophyll content, SOD activity, POD activity and Pr content after full boll stage, and extended LAI maximum duration, which finally achieved the highest total and reproductive dry matter accumulation.ConclusionTherefore, under the condition of limited drip irrigation a modest increase in planting density can be used as effective control measures to delay the cotton senescence and increase the production in arid areas.

cotton; drip irrigation pattern; planting density; leaf senescence; dry matter production

Supported by: Doctoral Program of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps " Physiological regulation and control technology strategy for efficient water use in cotton under mulch drip irrigation based on water deficit compensation effect" (2014BB009) and Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation "Photosynthetic physiological compensation mechanism research for high yield cotton under limited irrigation in arid area" (15030)

LUO Hong-hai(1979-), male, native place: Hami, Xinjiang. doctoral student, associate professor. Reserch area: the yield and physiology of crops. (E-mail)luohonghai79@163.com

S562

A

1001-4330(2017)11-1972-11

2017-07-29

新疆兵團(tuán)博士資金專項(xiàng)“基于缺水補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)的膜下滴灌棉花高效用水生理調(diào)控技術(shù)研究”(2014BB009)；霍英東教育基金會(huì)“干旱區(qū)有限灌溉棉花高產(chǎn)的光合生理補(bǔ)償機(jī)制研究”(151030)

馬卉(1993-)，女，江蘇徐州人，碩士，研究方向?yàn)樽魑锔弋a(chǎn)生理與節(jié)水栽培，(E-mail)865220593@qq.com

羅宏海(1979-)，男，遼寧撫順人，副教授，博士，研究方向?yàn)樽魑锔弋a(chǎn)生理與節(jié)水栽培，(E-mail)luohonghai79@163.com