啟封富陽(yáng)六千年的秘密

魏水華

很多外地人對(duì)富陽(yáng)的了解，最早可能來(lái)自于三國(guó)吳主、富春人氏孫權(quán)。這從一個(gè)側(cè)面道出了作為歷史文化名城富陽(yáng)的千余年歷史。

再往前細(xì)究，秦王嬴政年間，已經(jīng)設(shè)置富春縣。這段《史記》上的描述，是大部分人能夠查閱到的最早關(guān)于富陽(yáng)有2000多年歷史的文獻(xiàn)記載。

日前，一個(gè)考古項(xiàng)目，把富陽(yáng)的歷史拉長(zhǎng)到6000年。

意外之喜：六千年的考古由來(lái)

發(fā)現(xiàn)考古遺存的地方叫“大源”，是個(gè)倚靠富春江邊的美麗小鎮(zhèn)。當(dāng)?shù)厝烁嬖V我，最近十幾年，鎮(zhèn)里的經(jīng)濟(jì)搞得不錯(cuò)，被選為浙江省小城鎮(zhèn)綜合改革試點(diǎn)鎮(zhèn)。

而這里與考古的淵源，肇始于2010年。

當(dāng)時(shí)，杭黃高鐵正要施工，浙江省文物考古研究所接到任務(wù)，對(duì)沿線進(jìn)行考古調(diào)查。沒(méi)想到，在進(jìn)行了一定程度的鉆探、試掘后，在富陽(yáng)大源鎮(zhèn)境內(nèi)的亭山村瓦窯里自然村南面的地層剖面里采集到一些陶片和帶繩紋的磚瓦碎塊，它們的年代初步判斷不下數(shù)千年?？脊湃藛T確認(rèn)，這里埋藏著一處古人生活遺址！

后來(lái)，杭黃高鐵工程整體擱置，后續(xù)搶救性考古發(fā)掘被延誤。2016年3月，省文物考古研究所聯(lián)合富陽(yáng)文物館在瓦窯里遺址范圍內(nèi)的高鐵施工工地北側(cè)重新啟動(dòng)了搶救性考古發(fā)掘工作。

隨后的幾個(gè)月中，瓦窯里遺址出土了包括石鏃、石鉞、石錛、石斧在內(nèi)的十余件良渚文化時(shí)期的重要文物。其中有一件鼎，下部有較典型的魚(yú)鰭形鼎足，腹部外表裝飾兩圈弱脊，具有河姆渡文化遺風(fēng)。

那次考古發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，富陽(yáng)人文歷史可以追溯至距今5000多年前的良渚文化時(shí)期。

誰(shuí)曾想，這一年代紀(jì)錄，僅僅一年后，就再次被改寫(xiě)。

“2016年的搶救性考古發(fā)掘，在時(shí)間上受到較大限制?！眳⑴c考古發(fā)掘的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)人員說(shuō)。2017年4月底，他們?cè)僖淮芜M(jìn)駐瓦窯里自然村，對(duì)遺址進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)充性考古發(fā)掘。

而這次發(fā)掘的成果，比之前都要豐富。

精心考據(jù)：六千年的生活細(xì)節(jié)

我來(lái)到考古現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的時(shí)候，考古工作已經(jīng)接近尾聲，隊(duì)員們對(duì)所有出土的文物進(jìn)行分類(lèi)、標(biāo)注和打包，對(duì)考古現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行拍照記錄和保護(hù)。

幾十件出土文物中，大部分都是鼎、豆等形態(tài)的陶器，雖其貌不揚(yáng)，但卻能看出濃厚的歷史積淀來(lái)?？脊抨?duì)員們告訴我，很多器物已經(jīng)年久，已經(jīng)和豆腐渣一樣，修復(fù)難度非常大。

所以，除了田野考古之外，隊(duì)員們還在這兩個(gè)多月中進(jìn)行了艱苦的文物修復(fù)工作，修復(fù)完成后，這些寶貝可能會(huì)成為復(fù)原五六千年前生活場(chǎng)景的鑰匙。

省文物考古所史前室主任孫國(guó)平接受了我的采訪。他介紹說(shuō)，瓦窯里遺址的土地結(jié)構(gòu)——根據(jù)碳14分析報(bào)告，這一區(qū)域的地層被分為四層，分別是現(xiàn)代的表土層、商周至唐宋時(shí)期的地層、良渚文化時(shí)期的地層和更早的馬家浜文化時(shí)期的地層。

這次最重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)疑來(lái)自于最底層：馬家浜文化是長(zhǎng)江下游地區(qū)的新石器時(shí)代文化，年代約始于公元前5000年，延續(xù)了約1000年。

底層出土的文物，讓考古人員欣喜不已——雖然只是多角沿豆盤(pán)的一塊碎片（豆是古代用來(lái)放食物的器皿）和一塊牛鼻形的器耳，但對(duì)于佐證富陽(yáng)的歷史有重要意義。根據(jù)專(zhuān)家可靠判斷，它們是馬家浜文化晚期的典型遺物，距今6000年左右。

它們都是6000年前，先民日常生活用的“鍋碗瓢盆”。

宏大視野：六千年的社會(huì)意義

事實(shí)上，在富陽(yáng)以往進(jìn)行的考古發(fā)掘中，也在多個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)良渚文化時(shí)期零星遺物。而這次在瓦窯里的考古發(fā)掘，足以說(shuō)明在此地存在著一片古代墓地?！翱梢宰C明在良渚文化早期，有一部分先民已經(jīng)在富陽(yáng)繁衍生息了，也表明良渚文化范圍自早期開(kāi)始就已拓展至浙西南沿江（富春江）山地丘陵區(qū)。”孫國(guó)平認(rèn)為，這些先民在富春江南岸山腳下的坡地（臺(tái)地）上生產(chǎn)、生活，也許他們還組成了小型的村落。這是目前考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的富陽(yáng)境內(nèi)最早的先民生活場(chǎng)所，是最可靠的富陽(yáng)歷史文化的源頭。

孫國(guó)平表示，“從出土器物來(lái)看，這是一個(gè)較高規(guī)格的墓葬?！逼渲械囊患掌?，形狀就像一個(gè)漏斗和一個(gè)小碗的結(jié)合體，隱約能看到古樸紋飾，“這是一個(gè)過(guò)濾器，可能是墓主人生前用于過(guò)濾酒糟的，但它既具有明顯的地方文化特征，又與良渚文化核心區(qū)的同類(lèi)器基本一致?！?/p>

聯(lián)系去年發(fā)現(xiàn)的墓葬，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是3座幾乎挨在一起的墓葬。根據(jù)隨葬物品，可以判斷出中間的那個(gè)墓主人是男性，其左右兩邊的為女性。中間墓葬出土的石鉞、石錛都是生產(chǎn)工具，在原始時(shí)代通常為男性所用，而兩側(cè)的每一座墓葬中均有小件裝飾玉器和一件石紡輪出土，它們通常為女性所用。

根據(jù)已有的考古研究成果，在距今四五千年前的良渚文化時(shí)期，大致已形成了男主外、女主內(nèi)的父權(quán)家庭的社會(huì)關(guān)系?！澳敲矗?dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)有沒(méi)有可能一部分人是一夫兩妻呢？瓦窯里的發(fā)現(xiàn)值得人們進(jìn)一步關(guān)注。”孫國(guó)平拋出了一個(gè)饒有趣味的說(shuō)法。

這次富陽(yáng)的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，不僅拓寬了當(dāng)?shù)啬酥琳麄€(gè)浙東北地區(qū)的歷史寬度，更作為重要組成部分印證了“浙江7000年”的歷史。書(shū)法、劍、曲、僧、琴、舟、茶、宅、藏書(shū)、青瓷，活在這些載體里的浙江，讓人們看到江7000年文化歷史的生命軌跡和保留到今天的新鮮記憶。

Fuyang， now a district of Hangzhou， is probably known to most people as the birthplace of Sun Quan， the king of Wu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period which spanned the 3rd century AD. A scholar of history may know more： Fuyang as it is known now was Fuchun County during the reign of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty （221-207BC）. Latest archaeological finds， however， have pushed the history of Fuyang to 6，000 years ago.endprint

The first dig of the archaeological discovery started in 2010 in Dayuan， a rural town on Fuchun River. Archaeologists were instructed to take a look at the planned route of a railway between Hangzhou and Huangshan Mountains. Unexpectedly， they unearthed some pottery shards and some brick and tile shards imprinted with the pattern of rope at Wayaoli， a natural village in Dayuan town. The archaeologists tentatively concluded that it was a site of ancient people.

The excavation was called off， however， as the railway project was suspended. As the railway project kicked off again， archaeologists came back in March 2016 to the village. In the following months， they unearthed about a dozen of stone objects such as axes and arrow heads. One of the objects was a ， which looks like the objects unearthed at the Hemudu Culture. The dig in March 2016 indicated that the history of Fuyang could be traced back at least to the Liangzhu Culture of 5，000 years ago.

From April to July 2017， archaeologists came back to the village again for another dig and this dig produced an unprecedented number of pottery objects. A big part of these unearthed objects are and ， special vessels. The experts had a hard time to restore them as they had deteriorated badly.

Archaeologists are happy to conclude that the bottom layer of the site can be traced to the Majiabang Culture， a regional Neolithic subculture that started 5，000 years BC and lasted about 1，000 years. In other words， the excavation indicates that people lived in what is Fuyang now over 6，000 years ago.

In fact， archaeological studies in Wayaoli and other places across Fuyang indicate that Fuyang was inhabited in the early years of the Liangzhu Culture， which flourished in the northern suburb of Hangzhou whereas Fuyang is 30 kilometers southwest of Hangzhou. The ancient people in Fuyang had connection with the Liangzhu Culture as the objects they used in everyday life resemble those unearthed in the sites of the Liangzhu Culture. The connection indicates that Liangzhu Culture was spreading out even in its early phase and some ancients came to the hilly areas along Fuchun River. These ancient people might have settled down and formed a village in whats now known as Fuyang. Objects unearthed in Wayaoli comprise the most ancient and reliable evidence of the civilization in Fuyang.

The site in Wayaoli Village might contain a cemetery where some important people were buried. Archaeologists know that the Liangzhu culture was a patriarchal system， but they are not certain whether a family had one husband and two wives back then. The archaeological excavation at Wayaoli indicates that in one tomb a man was buried with two women. This question has come out of the excavation and archaeologists expect to find more to answer it in the future.

Archaeologically， Zhejiang has a history of 7，000 years and Fuyang has a history of 6，000. The evidence unearthed at Wayaoli， Fuyang has pushed back the horizons in the whole northeastern area of the province for further historical studies. Calligraphy， sword， music， Buddhism， Qin， boat， tea， house， books， and celadon are ancient hallmarks of Zhejiang. They emerged in the history of the province in different ages， indicating the width and breadth of the 7，000-year civilization in this cultured land.endprint