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      妊娠早期甲狀腺激素水平與妊娠期糖尿病相關(guān)性研究

      2017-12-05 07:36:51鄧松清陳海天祝彩霞劉斌王冬昱王子蓮
      醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2017年23期
      關(guān)鍵詞:甲狀腺功能妊娠期糖尿病

      鄧松清+陳海天+祝彩霞+劉斌+王冬昱+王子蓮

      摘要:目的 探討妊娠早期甲狀腺激素水平特點及其與妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的關(guān)系。方法 回顧性分析2012年1月~2013年12月于中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院門診產(chǎn)檢的4111例孕婦,并于妊娠早期行甲狀腺激素水平(TSH、FT3、FT4)檢測,孕24~28 w行OGTT檢測。對納入研究的孕婦根據(jù)OGTT結(jié)果分為GDM組(n=727)及正常對照(NGT)組(n=3384)。比較兩組間妊娠早期甲狀腺激素水平特點,分析妊娠早期甲狀腺疾病與妊娠期糖尿病的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 GDM組孕婦妊娠早期TSH明顯低于對照組[(1.37±0.96) mIU/ml vs(1.53±1.12) mIU/ml,P=0.000),F(xiàn)T3[(4.75±0.91)mIU/ml vs(4.60±0.73) mIU/ml, P=0.000]明顯高于對照組,F(xiàn)T3/FT4(0.35±0.06 vs 0.34±0.06,P=0.000)兩組孕婦間存在明顯差異。妊娠早期亞臨床甲減者并發(fā)GDM的比例為24.37%。GDM組合并亞臨床甲減者明顯高于對照組(12.00% vs 8.00%,χ2=12.004,P=0.001)。 結(jié)論 GDM妊娠早期TSH及FT3水平發(fā)生明顯改變,孕早期亞臨床甲減者發(fā)生GDM的風(fēng)險增高。

      關(guān)鍵詞:妊娠期糖尿??;甲狀腺功能;亞臨床甲減

      中圖分類號:R714.256 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1959(2017)23-0039-03

      Correlation between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Early Pregnancy

      DENG Song-qing,CHEN Hai-tian,ZHU Cai-xia,LIU Bin,WANG Dong-yu,WANG Zi-lian

      (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University,Guangzhou 510080,Guangdong,China)

      Abstract:Objective To investigate the early pregnancy and its characteristics of thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus(Gestational diabetes,mellitus,GDM)relationship.Methods Retrospective analysis of January 2012~2013 year in December in the first affiliated hospital of Zhongshan university clinic 4111 cases of pregnant women in pregnancy,and early stage of thyroid hormone levels(TSH,F(xiàn)T3,F(xiàn)T4)detection, OGTT detection 24~28 w of pregnancy.Pregnant women included in the study according to the results of OGTT were divided into GDM group(n=727) and normal control(NGT)group(n=3384).The comparison between two groups of thyroid hormone levels in early pregnancy,early analysis of the relationship between thyroid disease and gestational diabetes.Results GDM group of pregnant women in early pregnancy TSH was significantly lower than the control group[(1.37±0.96)mIU/mlvs(1.53±1.12)mIU/ml,P=0.000),F(xiàn)T3[(4.75±0.91)mIU/mlvs(4.60±0.73)mIU/ml,P=0.000]was significantly higher than the control group,F(xiàn)T3/FT4(0.35±0.06vs0.34±0.06,P=0.000)have obvious difference two groups of pregnant women.The proportion of early pregnancy subclinical hypothyroidism complicated with GDM 24.37%.GDM composite and subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher than the control group(12.00%vs8.00%χ2=12.004,P=0.001).Conclusion The levels of TSH and FT3 in GDM early pregnancy were significantly changed,and the risk of GDM was increased in subclinical hypothyroidism in early pregnancy.endprint

      Key words:Gestational diabetes mellitus;Thyroid function;Subclinical hypothyroidism

      妊娠期糖尿?。℅estational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是妊娠期常見的并發(fā)癥,目前國內(nèi)發(fā)病率約為17.5%[1]。GDM孕婦患妊娠期高血壓疾病的風(fēng)險增加,易出現(xiàn)巨大兒,增加剖宮產(chǎn)率,其遠期并發(fā)癥包括產(chǎn)后發(fā)生2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM),心血管疾病及代謝異常,同時其后代發(fā)生糖代謝異常的風(fēng)險也明顯增加[2-5]。這些并發(fā)癥可以通過飲食、運動控制,以及適當?shù)囊葝u素治療得到改善[6]。

      研究表明妊娠早期特定的生物指標可能與GDM發(fā)病相關(guān),如HbA1C,維生素D,鐵蛋白以及胎盤生長因子[7-10]。糖尿病患者較普通正常人群發(fā)生甲狀腺功能異常的風(fēng)險明顯增加,對223例糖尿病患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其甲狀腺功能異常的發(fā)病率為10.8%[11]。1型糖尿的發(fā)病機制與免疫激活相關(guān),而甲狀腺疾病發(fā)病也有免疫系統(tǒng)參與,因而研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1型糖尿病患者中最終1/3患甲狀腺功能異常[12]。2型糖尿病發(fā)生甲狀腺功能異常的風(fēng)險也明顯高于正常人群[13],這說明糖尿病與甲狀腺功能異常之間存在除免疫機制以外的共同發(fā)病因素。GDM與糖尿病的發(fā)病機制相似均為胰島素敏感性下降和餐后胰島素分泌不足,對淀粉的利用率下降,而對蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪的利用率升高[5, 14]。甲狀腺功能異常與妊娠期糖尿病的相關(guān)關(guān)系尚不明確,本研究通過分析比較對妊娠期糖尿病患者孕早期甲狀腺激素水平的研究,探討甲狀腺激素在妊娠期糖尿病發(fā)病中的作用,以期為臨床治療提供指導(dǎo)。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1一般資料

      回顧性分析納入2012年1月~2013年12月于中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科門診產(chǎn)檢的4111例單胎妊娠中國孕婦。所有的納入的孕婦均于孕早期行甲狀腺激素檢測(TSH、FT3、FT4),并于孕24~28 w行OGTT檢測。排除標準包括:孕前甲狀腺疾病患者,孕前糖尿病患者,或胰島素依賴的糖尿病患者。

      1.2 診斷標準

      采用ADA 2012年GDM診斷標準[15]:75 g OGTT任一時間血糖達到即診斷為GDM:①空腹血糖(FPG)≥5.1 mmol/L(92 mg/dl);②服糖后1 h血糖(OGTT1)≥10.0 mmol/L(180 mg/dL);③服糖后2 h血糖(OGTT2)≥8.5 mmol/L(153 mg/dl)。采用美國ATA標準[16],孕早期,TSH 0.1~2.5 mIu/L,F(xiàn)T4及FT3檢測結(jié)果受干擾因素教授,因此FT4、FT3采用中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院臨床實驗室的參考標準FT4 8.62~15.7 pmol/L,F(xiàn)T3 3.33~5.55 pmol/L。在TSH升高的情況下FT4水平降低或正常分別被定義為臨床甲狀減和亞臨床甲減。在TSH降低的情況下FT4水平升高或正常定義為臨床甲狀亢和亞臨床甲亢。TSH在正常水平,而FT4降低定義為低甲狀腺素血癥。

      1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

      采用SPSS 17.0 統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計量資料采用(x±s)描述,采用t檢驗進行分析;計數(shù)資料采用率進行描述,?字2檢驗進行統(tǒng)計分析。P<0.05視為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 GDM與對照組OGTT血糖及甲狀腺激素水平比較

      本研究納入的727例GDM患者排除了孕期糖尿病及孕前甲狀腺功能異常者。GDM組及對照組血糖情況及甲狀腺水平情況,見表1。GDM組年齡明顯高于對照組[(31.21±4.35)歲vs(29.24±4.09)歲,P=0.000]。GDM組空腹血糖及OGTT1h、OGTT2h明顯高于對照組,糖化血紅蛋白GDM組也明顯高于對照組[(5.00±0.37)g/L vs (4.82±0.33)g/L,P=0.000]。

      GDM孕婦TSH明顯低于對照組[(1.37±0.96)mIU/ml vs(1.53±1.12)mIU/ml,P=0.000),而FT3明顯高于對照組[(4.75±0.91)mIU/ml vs(4.60±0.73)mIU/ml,P=0.000]。兩組間FT3/FT4值存在明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(0.35±0.06 vs 0.34±0.06,P=0.000),而FT4水平兩組間比較無明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。

      2.2 GDM與對照組發(fā)生甲狀腺疾病情況比較

      納入研究的4111例孕婦中GDM患者727例,其發(fā)病率為17.68%。納本研究中357例亞臨床甲減孕婦中87例發(fā)生GDM,發(fā)病率為24.37%。GDM及正常對照組發(fā)生甲狀腺功能異常的情況,見表2。妊娠期糖尿病患者發(fā)生亞臨床甲減為12.00%,而對照組為8.00%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(?字2=12.004,P=0.001)。臨床甲亢、亞臨床甲亢、臨床甲減、低甲狀腺毒素血癥兩組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

      3 討論

      3.1妊娠期甲狀腺激素水平與妊娠期糖尿病關(guān)系

      妊娠期孕婦的甲狀腺在非碘缺乏地區(qū)增大約10%,而在碘缺乏地區(qū)甲狀腺增大20%~40%。這使得甲狀腺素(thyroxine,T4)及三碘甲狀腺氨酸(triiodothyronine,T3)增加50%。促甲狀腺激素(thyrotropin,TSH)受胎盤分泌的人絨毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)的影響而降低[16]。Moura Neto A等[17]及Islam S等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2型糖尿病患者的TSH水平與正常對照組無明顯差異。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GDM孕婦的TSH水平較正常對照組明顯降低,這可能是由于妊娠早期hCG水平升高,增加了對甲狀腺的刺激作用。endprint

      3.2亞臨床甲狀腺功能減低與妊娠期糖尿病

      亞臨床甲減與GDM是妊娠期常見的內(nèi)科合并癥,對母胎的近期及遠期都有不良影響[3, 5, 16]。本研究中GDM的發(fā)病率為17.68%,這與既往研究結(jié)果一致[1,19]。而孕早期發(fā)生亞臨床甲減的孕婦并發(fā)GDM的比例明顯升高,增加至24.37%。來自Konstantinos A.Toulis的一篇mata-analysis表明,若假定GDM的發(fā)病率為5%,那么在亞臨床甲減孕婦中發(fā)生GDM的風(fēng)險將比甲狀腺功能正常者增加一倍[14]。在亞臨床甲減患者中存在游離脂肪酸水平升高、胰島素進入胰島素敏感組織能力降低、葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運子2移位。且以上病理機制均出現(xiàn)在高血糖及高胰島素血癥之前,因此亞臨床甲減被認為是一種胰島素抵抗狀態(tài)[14]。一項研究表明, FT3、FT4與胰島素抵抗指標HOMA-IR明顯相關(guān)[20]。Bilic-Komarica E等的研究表明[21],對空腹胰島素水平升高的亞臨床甲低患者給予甲狀腺素治療后,空腹胰島素水平降至正常水平。

      本研究回顧性分析GDM患者妊娠早期甲狀腺激素水平特點,發(fā)現(xiàn)GDM孕婦中亞臨床甲減明顯多于正常對照組。但本研究未分析亞臨床甲減患者接受甲狀腺素治療后對妊娠期糖尿病發(fā)病及妊娠結(jié)局的影響,為明確此相關(guān)性,仍有賴于前瞻性研究和干預(yù)性臨床試驗的進一步驗證,這也是此研究的局限性和進一步研究的可能方向。

      參考文獻:

      [1]Zhu W W,Yang H X,Wei Y M,et al.Evaluation of the Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose in the First Prenatal Visit to Diagnose Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in China[J].Diabetes Care,2013,36(3):586-590.

      [2]Bonde L,Vilsbφll T,Nielsen T,et al.Reduced postprandial GLP-1 responses in women with gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Diabetes Obesity&Metabolism,2013,15(8):713-720.

      [3]Jr E J,Catalano P M,Waters T P.Perinatal outcomes associated with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes made by the international association of the diabetes and pregnancy study groups criteria[J].Obstetrics&Gynecology,2014,124(3):571-578.

      [4]Beharier O,Shohamvardi I,Pariente G,et al.Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a Significant Risk Factor for Long Term Maternal Renal Disease[J].Journal of Clinical Endocrinology& Metabolism,2015,100(4):1412-1416.

      [5]Kessous R,Shohamvardi I,Pariente G,et al.An association between gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term maternal cardiovascular morbidity[J].Heart,2013,99(15):1118-1121.

      [6]Farrar D,Simmonds M,Bryant M,et al.Treatments for gestational diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Bmj Open,2017,7(6):e015557.

      [7]Wei B,Baecker A,Song Y,et al.Adipokine levels during the first or early second trimester of pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus:A systematic review[J]. Metabolism-clinical&Experimental,2015,64(6):756-764.

      [8]Miehle K,Stepan H,F(xiàn)asshauer M.Leptin,adiponectin and other adipokines in gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia[J].Clinical Endocrinology,2012,76(1):2-11.

      [9]De Seymour J V,Conlon C A,Sulek K,et al.Early pregnancy metabolite profiling discovers a potential biomarker for the subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Acta Diabetologica,2014,51(5):887-890.

      [10]Eleftheriades M,Papastefanou I,Lambrinoudaki I,et al.Elevated placental growth factor concentrations at 11-14 weeks of gestation to predict gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental,2014,63(11):1419-1425.endprint

      [11]Smithson MJ.Screening for thyroid dysfunction in a community population of diabetic patients[J].Diabet Med,1998,15(2):148-150.

      [12]Kadiyala R,Peter R,Okosieme O E.Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes:clinical implications and screening strategies[J].International Journal of Clinical Practice,2010,64(8):1130-1139.

      [13]Radaideh A R,Nusier M K,Amari F L,et al.Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan[J].Saudi Medical Journal,2004,25(8):1046-1050.

      [14]Toulis K A,Stagnaro-Green A,Negro R.Maternal subclinical hypothyroidsm and gestational diabetes mellitus:a meta-analysis[J].Endocrine Practice,2014,20(7):703-714.

      [15]Lambert M.ADA releases revisions to recommendations for standards of medical care in diabetes[J].American Family Physician,2012,85(5):514-515.

      [16]Stagnaro-Green A,Abalovich M,Alexander E,et al.Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum[J].Thyroid,2011,21(10):1081-1125.

      [17]Moura N A,Parisi M C,Tambascia M A,et al.Relationship of thyroid hormone levels and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Endocrine,2014,45(1):84-91.

      [18]Islam S,Yesmine S,Khan S A,et al.A comparative study of thyroid hormone levels in diabetic and non-diabetic patients[J].Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine&Public Health,2008,39(5):913-916.

      [19]Ying H,Tang Y P,Bao Y R,et al.Maternal TSH level and TPOAb status in early pregnancy and their relationship to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Endocrine,2016,54(3):742.

      [20]Lambadiari V,Mitrou P,Maratou E,et al.Thyroid hormones are positively associated with insulin resistance early in the development of type 2 diabetes[J].Endocrine,2011,39(1):28-32.

      [21]Bilickomarica E,Beciragic A,Junuzovic D.Effects of treatment with L-thyroxin on glucose regulation in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism[J].Medical Archives,2012,66(6):364-368.endprint

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