楊 瑩,連士杰,張寶和,徐洪濤
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·臨床醫(yī)學· ·論著·
高血壓患者血清脂蛋白(a)濃度與頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的相關性研究
楊 瑩,連士杰,張寶和,徐洪濤
目的 觀察在低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)是否達標的高血壓患者中血漿脂蛋白(a)[lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)]的濃度,及其與頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成的相關性。方法 入選高血壓病史5年以上的高血壓患者530例,按照LDL-C達標與否進行分層,再將每層按照有無頸動脈斑塊進行分組,分為LDL-C達標有斑塊組(A組)、LDL-C達標無斑塊組(B組)、LDL-C未達標有斑塊組(C組)和LDL-C未達標無斑塊組(D組),觀察各組Lp(a)的濃度。結(jié)果 (1)LDL-C達標組患者的Lp(a)濃度低于LDL-C未達標組,其差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01);(2)在LDL-C達標組中,A組患者Lp(a)濃度大于B組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);在LDL-C未達標組中,C組患者Lp(a)濃度大于D組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 對于入院時LDL-C已達標的患者,基線Lp(a)濃度與頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊發(fā)生無明顯相關。然而,對于入院時LDL-C未達標的患者,基線Lp(a)濃度升高可能是頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成的預測因素。
低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;脂蛋白(a);頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊
1963年Berg分離血漿脂蛋白時發(fā)現(xiàn)脂蛋白(a)[lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)],由載脂蛋白(a)[Apo(a)]和低密度脂蛋白中載脂蛋白B100(ApoB100)通過二硫鍵連接而成[1]。眾多研究提示Lp(a)是動脈粥樣硬化形成的獨立危險因素,且獨立于膽固醇等傳統(tǒng)的危險因子[2-5];但較少報道在低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)達標與否的高血壓患者中,其濃度與頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成的關系。
1.1 病例選擇 選擇2012年9月至2016年9月在我院心內(nèi)科住院的高血壓病史5年及以上患者作為研究對象,共530例,其中男298例,女232例,年齡37~88歲,平均(62.88±8.70)歲,所有患者均符合衛(wèi)生部2010年《高血壓防治指南》中高血壓診斷標準,既往未規(guī)律使用他汀類藥物;所有患者排除繼發(fā)性高血壓、家族性高膽固醇血癥、糖尿病、肝腎功能明顯異常、甲狀腺功能異常。
1.2 研究分組 首先按患者基線LDL-C是否達標將患者分層,再按有無頸動脈斑塊形成將患者分為以下4組:LDL-C達標有斑塊組(A組)、LDL-C達標無斑塊形成組(B組)、LDL-C未達標有斑塊形成組(C組)、LDL-C未達標無斑塊形成組(D組)。LDL-C是否達標定義:根據(jù)2007年中國成人血脂異常防治指南[6],其中高血壓未合并動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病者LDL-C濃度<2.6 mmol/L定義為達標;高血壓合并動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病者LDL-C濃度<1.8 mmol/L定義為達標。LDL-C達標合并斑塊組122例,LDL-C達標無斑塊形成組131例;LDL-C未達標合并斑塊組137例;LDL-C未達標無斑塊形成組140例。各組之間基本資料情況見表1。
表1 各組患者基本資料比較(x±s)
注:HDL-C為高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,LDL-C為低密度脂蛋白膽固醇
1.3 相關生化指標的采集 入選的所有患者抽血前夜禁食至少12 h,取同側(cè)肘靜脈血2 ml,送我院檢驗科采用BECKMAN產(chǎn)DXC800全自動生化分析儀,2 h內(nèi)完成三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、LDL-C、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、Lp(a)、肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)的測定,其中血漿Lp(a)濃度的測定采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附自動乳膠增強免疫測定法[Quantia Lp(a)試劑盒]。
1.4 頸動脈粥樣硬化的診斷標準及分類 采用Prosounda10型彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀器,UST-5411高頻線陣探頭頻率為5~13 MHz,逐次檢測雙側(cè)頸總動脈及分叉處、頸內(nèi)、外動脈顱內(nèi)段縱橫軸實時二維圖像,觀察每一段的內(nèi)-中膜厚度(IMT),有無粥樣硬化斑塊及斑塊形態(tài)特點。當管壁平整光滑,IMT<0.9 mm時,即視為正常;如發(fā)現(xiàn)任意一個血管節(jié)段突入管腔,并形成回聲結(jié)構,表面粗糙或局部IMT≥1.3 mm時,即視為頸動脈斑塊。根據(jù)頸動脈內(nèi)-中膜厚度分為頸動脈無斑塊形成(IMT<0.9 mm)和頸動脈斑塊形成(IMT≥1.3 mm)2類。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學處理 應用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示;應用獨立樣本t檢驗對各組計量資料進行統(tǒng)計學處理,P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 LDL-C達標組與非達標組中Lp(a)的血漿濃度 LDL-C達標組與非達標組中Lp(a)血漿濃度分別為(125.5±11.34)mg/L、(223.4±23.92)mg/L,達標組血漿Lp(a)濃度低于非達標組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 各組Lp(a)血漿濃度水平 各組Lp(a)血漿濃度分別為:A組:(114.1±16.13)g/L、B組:(139±15.61)g/L、C組:(128.5±31.09)g/L、D組:(289.5±27.09)g/L;其中LDL-C達標組中,有頸動脈斑塊組其Lp(a)血漿濃度高于無頸動脈斑塊組,但差異不具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);未達標組中,有頸動脈斑塊組其Lp(a)血漿濃度高于無頸動脈斑塊組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。
Lp(a)是與LDL-C類似的顆粒,是動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病的獨立于其他已知危險因素的預測因子。本研究LDL-C達標組Lp(a)濃度低于未達標組,Lp(a)與LDL-C相似的生理功能未被廣大臨床醫(yī)生所重視。關于Lp(a)促進血管粥樣硬化斑塊形成的可能機制,Sotiriou等[7]認為,Lp(a)和載脂蛋白(a)作為配體與巨噬細胞1的β2整合蛋白結(jié)合,激發(fā)炎癥細胞容易聚集到動脈粥樣硬化的斑塊周圍,激發(fā)炎癥級聯(lián)反應,從而促進動脈粥樣硬化的形成,并進一步促進斑塊的發(fā)展。亦有部分學者認為,活化的轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(TGF-β1)的生理功能可以減少平滑肌細胞的增殖,同時抑制其遷移,Lp(a)在血管壁積聚后,TGF-β1的激活受阻,進而平滑肌細胞的過度增殖、遷移,血管粥樣硬化病變逐漸形成[8]。除上述兩種機制以外,有實驗表明Lp(a)在血管壁與LDL-C形成具有高度致動脈粥樣硬化的復合物,增加氧化率,攝取并貯留LDL-C[9]。在本研究中,當LDL-C控制達標后,即入院時LDL-C已達標的患者,有頸動脈斑塊組其Lp(a)的血漿濃度高于無頸動脈斑塊組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。然而,對于入院時LDL-C濃度未達標的患者,有頸動脈斑塊組其Lp(a)血漿濃度高于無頸動脈斑塊組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。有學者用“血脂假說”解釋上述現(xiàn)象,認為動脈粥樣硬化形成的主要因素是膽固醇,尤其是LDL-C,降低LDL-C使得動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成率減低,已為大量的臨床試驗所支持。臨床研究表明,使用較大劑量他汀類藥物將LDL-C降低超過基線50%以上,可以使原來已經(jīng)形成的動脈粥樣硬化斑塊逆轉(zhuǎn)[10-11]。LDL-C達標的患者在他汀藥物治療過程中,動脈粥樣硬化進程得到延緩、甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)。此時,Lp(a)濃度升高在動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮作用有限。但是本研究只是依據(jù)入院時LDL-C水平,并沒有對患者既往LDL-C水平進行回顧性分析,尚不能知道LDL-C降幅對頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成的影響。
綜上所述,對于入院時LDL-C未達標的高血壓患者,基線Lp(a)濃度升高可能是頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成的預測因素,可以指導臨床上是否有必要進一步行頸動脈血管超聲檢查,以更好地對動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)進行一級和(或)二級預防治療。
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(本文編輯:甘輝亮)
Relationship between the level of lipoprotein(a)and carotid atherosclerotic plaques in patients with high blood pressure
YangYing,LianShijie,ZhangBaohe,XuHongtao
(DepartmentofCadreHealthCare,NavyGeneralHospital,Beijing100048,China)
Objective To observe the serum level of lipoprotein(a)in high blood pressure patients with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) standards and its association with carotid atherosclerotic plaques.Methods Five hundred and thirty patients with history of hypertension for over 5 years were recruited for the study. They were stratified by depending on whether or not they reached the LDL-C standards. Then, by depending on whether there was presence of carotid plaques in each layer, they were divided into 4 groups: Group A with LDL-C standards and plaques, Group B with LDL-C standards but without plaques, Group C without LDL-C standards but with plaques, Group D without LDL-C standards but without plaques. Close observations were made on the levels of Lp(a)in each groups.Results (1) The Lp (a) levels of the groups with LDL-C standards were lower than those of the groups without LDL-C standards. Statistical significance could be noticed when comparisons were made between them(P<0.01). (2) In the group with LDL-C standards, the Lp (a) level in the patients of Group A was higher than that in the patients of Group B, but there was no statistical significance when comparisons were made between them(P>0.05). In the group without LDL-C standards, the Lp (a) level in the patients of Group C was higher than that in the patients of Group D, with statistical significance(P<0.01).Conclusion For the patients with LDL- C level reaching the required standards at the admission, baseline level of Lp (a) seemed to have no obvious correlation with carotid atherosclerotic plaques. However, for the patients without LDL-C level reaching the required standards at the admission, elevated baseline LDL-C level might be a predicting factor in the formation of carotid atherosclerotic plaques.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lipoprotei(a); Carotid atherosclerotic plaque
海軍后勤科研項目(CHJ12L024)
100048 北京,海軍總醫(yī)院干部保健科(楊瑩、連士杰、張寶和),院辦 (徐洪濤)
徐洪濤,電子信箱:laohushanshang@163.com
R543
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-0754.2017.03.015
2016-11-23)