張志英
閱讀教學(xué)是英語教學(xué)的重要組成部分,是“提高學(xué)生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題、解決問題的能力”的主要途經(jīng)。教師應(yīng)該教會學(xué)生使用正確的閱讀策略以幫助學(xué)生更好的提升閱讀能力。本文擬以北師大版英語高一教材中的閱讀文本為例,闡述閱讀策略在各個閱讀教學(xué)過程中的有效滲透。
一、閱讀前策略
閱讀前(pre-reading)是閱讀課的第一步,在這一階段中,教師可先巧妙處理課文的單詞,再引導(dǎo)學(xué)生仔細觀察課文的標(biāo)題、插圖及圖表等,并對此進行看圖說話之類的活動,讓學(xué)生利用已有的知識結(jié)構(gòu)、生活經(jīng)歷對課文內(nèi)容進行預(yù)測。Module 3 Unit 7 Lesson 1 “The Spirit of Explorers”一課中,筆者處理完單詞并給學(xué)生展示了Scandinavia的地圖后,讓學(xué)生通過文章的標(biāo)題“Viking Voyages to America”及地圖,對文章的體裁和主要內(nèi)容進行推測,并說出他們推測的理由,接著回答下面這個問題:
Which of the following people do you think arrived in America first?
A. Christopher Columbus
B. Ancient Greeks
C. Chinese Sailors
D. Vikings
二、閱讀階段的策略
1. 略讀
略讀方法包括:通讀文章的起始段和結(jié)尾段;閱讀標(biāo)題或次標(biāo)題;讀各段段首句和尾句;找出其他位置的段落主題句;關(guān)注主題句中的核心詞;從圖片和圖表中獲取有用信息。Module 2 Unit 6 Lesson 3“Chinese Paper Art” Reading一課,學(xué)生對課文內(nèi)容進行猜測后,我布置任務(wù):根據(jù)標(biāo)題和各段段首句和尾句,Read the text quickly and try to decide which of the following are talked about in the text. (多選題)
A. The history of paper cuts
B. The types of paper cuts
C. The sales of paper cuts
D. The customs of paper cuts
2. 文章的體裁意識
不同體裁的語篇在長期的使用過程中會形成一種特定的語篇模式,如果理解了文章模式圖式,就能對文章做出正確的理解和預(yù)測,并提高閱讀速度。
說明文模式: Explaining or giving answers to questions: What, how, what is it— definition; What function does it have—Usage; How it is made—process; How it is used—Method.因此,教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生按照Topic Sentence—Further Explanation—Examples的寫作特點和規(guī)律進行說明文的閱讀,從而迅速理解文章的主旨和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)。Module 2 Unit 4 Lesson 4 “Auckland. New Zealand”的教學(xué)中,筆者列表,給出Population,Location,History,F(xiàn)amous sights,Climate等項,讓學(xué)生一一找出具體信息。這樣,學(xué)生對課文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容就一目了然了。
教師讓學(xué)生把主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞找出來, 記敘文模式: Telling a story & Setting episodes:5W+H(when, where, who, what, why, how);Beginning—Developing—Ending.在Module 3 Unit 7 Lesson 1,筆者讓學(xué)生分析5W+H,完成填寫表格的任務(wù)。
論述類文本的基本結(jié)構(gòu)基本是“三段式”,即提出問題、分析問題、解決問題。解讀此類文本應(yīng)從以下幾個方面入手:引導(dǎo)學(xué)生概括歸納論點;引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把握論點與論據(jù)之間的關(guān)系;引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注作者的思想情感以及觀點;引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注作者嚴密的邏輯和準確的語言。Module 2 Lesson 1“The Future of Cyberspace”Reading,體裁分析如下:
Background (背景):The internet has grown rapidly.
Topic sentence(主題句):Some experts are pessimistic about the future. (One worry is…terrorists may “attack” the worlds computers...)
However, many people are optimistic about the future of the internet (examples).
Some experts see our future in virtual reality.
3. 文章的邏輯關(guān)系
邏輯關(guān)系是指文章或句子中表達前后句間或上下文語段間邏輯關(guān)系的詞匯,包括連詞、副詞和介詞短語等。邏輯關(guān)系包括因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列等。閱讀中教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會識別文章中的各種邏輯關(guān)系的詞語。
因果關(guān)系,如:because, since, so, therefore, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result, be due to.
并列關(guān)系,如:first, second, third; firstly, secondly, thirdly; first, next, then.
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,如:however, nevertheless, though, yet, in spite of, in any case, on the contrary, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison.
層遞關(guān)系,如:also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, too, not only…but also.
責(zé)任編輯魏文琦