楊小颯 李培炎 李杰
[摘要] 目的 探討哇巴因(ouabain)對(duì)人膠質(zhì)瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞死亡的影響及具體機(jī)制。 方法 將培養(yǎng)的U87-MG細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照(Control)組和ouabain組,分別加入常規(guī)培養(yǎng)基和不同濃度ouabain(0.05、0.5、2.5、25 μmol/L)干預(yù)24 h,光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察ouabain干預(yù)后24 h細(xì)胞的形態(tài)改變,MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力,免疫印跡法(Western blot)檢測(cè)Akt、p-Akt、mTOR和p-mTOR的表達(dá)變化。 結(jié)果 與Control組比較,ouabain顯著降低U87-MG細(xì)胞活力(均P < 0.01),且呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴性;高濃度ouabain(2.5、25 μmol/L)與Control組相比能夠降低U87-MG細(xì)胞中p-Akt、mTOR和p-mTOR的表達(dá)(均P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 高濃度ouabain可能通過抑制胞內(nèi)Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路,降低腫瘤細(xì)胞活力并最終引起細(xì)胞死亡。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 哇巴因;膠質(zhì)瘤;人膠質(zhì)瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞;Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路
[中圖分類號(hào)] R730.264 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)01(c)-0004-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of ouabain on the human glioma U87-MG cells death and the underlying mechanism. Methods U87-MG cells were randomly divided into control group and ouabain group, which were treated with conventional medium and different concentrations of ouabain (0.05, 0.5, 2.5 and 25 μmol/L) for 24 h, respectively. The morphologic changes induced by ouabain treatment were observed with the light microscope. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assay and Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR. Results Compared to control group, the viability of U87-MG cells treated with ouabain was significantly reduced (all P < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, Western blot indicated that higher concentrations of ouabain (2.5 and 25 μmol/L) downregulated the expression of p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR when compared to control group (all P < 0.01). Conclusion Higher concentrations of ouabain depressed U87-MG cells viability and ultimately induced cell death via suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
[Key words] Ouabain; Glioma; Human glioma U87-MG cells; Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
膠質(zhì)瘤(glioma)是惡性程度最高的常見原發(fā)性腦腫瘤之一,約占中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的80%[1],盡管目前已有多種治療方案,但膠質(zhì)瘤患者的中位生存期僅為14個(gè)月,治療失敗的主要原因是逐漸增強(qiáng)的化、放療抵抗[2],因此亟待發(fā)現(xiàn)新的治療策略以提高膠質(zhì)瘤患者的治療效果。
哇巴因(ouabain)等強(qiáng)心苷類藥物對(duì)心肌收縮力的積極作用源于其對(duì)Na+/K+-ATP酶的高度特異性抑制,在臨床上被用于治療心力衰竭和其他心臟疾病[3]。最新研究表明,ouabain等強(qiáng)心苷類藥物能夠通過調(diào)節(jié)胞內(nèi)多種信號(hào)通路抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,阻斷腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[4]。盡管已有較多的數(shù)據(jù)證明ouabain具有抗癌作用,但具體機(jī)制尚不明確。
Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路是參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、凋亡和細(xì)胞骨架重排的重要胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,在腫瘤形成和和病理進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[5]。作為癌癥中最常見的異常調(diào)節(jié)激酶通路,Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路被證實(shí)是多種癌癥的治療靶點(diǎn)[6]。因此,本文以人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,觀察特異性Na+/K+-ATP酶抑制劑ouabain對(duì)其凋亡的影響,初步探討Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路在其中的作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料與試劑
人膠質(zhì)瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞(中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院細(xì)胞資源中心),ouabain(美國(guó)Sigma公司),DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清和胰蛋白酶(美國(guó)Gibco公司),四甲基偶氮唑鹽(MTT)(美國(guó)Promega公司),兔抗人一抗Akt、p-Akt、mTOR、p-mTOR、β-actin(美國(guó)Abcam公司),辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記羊抗兔二抗(美國(guó)KPL公司),Amersham Imager 600化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)GE公司)。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
U87-MG細(xì)胞使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基,置于37℃培養(yǎng)箱(5% CO2)常規(guī)培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)90%后消化傳代,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)7 d后進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。將U87-MG細(xì)胞分為正常對(duì)照(Control)組和ouabain(0.05、0.5、2.5、25 μmol/L)組。Control組不進(jìn)行ouabain干預(yù)。
1.3 MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞存活率
U87-MG細(xì)胞以5×104個(gè)/mL的密度接種于96孔板中,每孔100 μL。常規(guī)培養(yǎng)24 h后,ouabain組細(xì)胞加入含不同濃度ouabain的培養(yǎng)基,Control組加入等體積的常規(guī)培養(yǎng)基,空白孔單加培養(yǎng)基,每組設(shè)5個(gè)復(fù)孔,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。之后每孔加入20% MTT,置于37℃培養(yǎng)箱孵育2 h,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定490 nm處的OD值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞活力。細(xì)胞活力=(OD實(shí)驗(yàn)孔-OD空白孔)/(OD對(duì)照孔-OD空白孔)×100%,使用GraphPad Prism 6.0軟件制作統(tǒng)計(jì)圖。
1.4 Western blot檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá)量
U87-MG細(xì)胞經(jīng)不同濃度ouabain干預(yù)24 h后,PBS漂洗3次,加入RIPA蛋白裂解液和PMSF蛋白酶抑制劑,將細(xì)胞收集至1.5 mL離心管,使用組織破碎儀3000次/min破碎3 min,12000 r/min離心取上清,-80℃保存待用。將各組的蛋白樣品進(jìn)行聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜后使用5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h,一抗(Akt、p-Akt、mTOR、p-mTOR,1∶1000稀釋)4℃孵育過夜,相應(yīng)二抗(1∶5000稀釋)室溫孵育1 h,TBST充分洗膜。滴加ECL顯影液,放入Amersham Imager 600中進(jìn)行顯影。采用Image J灰度分析軟件測(cè)定蛋白條帶灰度值,目的蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量以目的蛋白與β-actin的蛋白條帶灰度值之比表示。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 ouabain對(duì)U87-MG細(xì)胞活力的影響
ouabain干預(yù)24 h后,U87-MG細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)形態(tài)不規(guī)則、折光度變差、皺縮甚至漂浮,隨著ouabain濃度的增加,死細(xì)胞數(shù)量逐漸增多(圖1)。MTT結(jié)果顯示,ouabain處理24 h后U87-MG細(xì)胞活力與Control組比較均顯著降低(均P < 0.01),且呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴性(圖2)。
2.2 ouabain對(duì)U87-MG細(xì)胞Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響
與Control組比較,0.05 μmol/L ouabain組p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)量上升(P < 0.01),而mTOR和p-mTOR下降(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。與Control組相比,0.5 μmol/L ouabain僅降低p-Akt表達(dá)(P < 0.01)。另外,較高濃度ouabain(2.5、25 μmol/L)與Control組相比均能降低p-Akt、mTOR和p-mTOR表達(dá)(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。然而,不同濃度ouabain對(duì)Akt表達(dá)無顯著影響(P > 0.05)(圖3)。
3 討論
膠質(zhì)瘤是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,臨床預(yù)后較差,因而關(guān)于其治療策略的研究成為近年來的焦點(diǎn)[7]。由于人膠質(zhì)瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞對(duì)強(qiáng)心苷類藥物較為敏感,而且ouabain作為一種液態(tài)、可溶的強(qiáng)心苷類藥物可通過血腦屏障[8],因此本文采用ouabain干預(yù)U87-MG細(xì)胞,開展膠質(zhì)瘤治療的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
在膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生過程中,Na+/K+-ATP酶不僅能夠穩(wěn)定離子平衡,更在腫瘤進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[9]。Ahmed等[10]研究表明,抑制Na+/K+-ATP酶活性可影響細(xì)胞黏附和遷移功能,并阻斷胞內(nèi)PKC、NF-κB等信號(hào)通路,從而引起腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。ouabain等強(qiáng)心苷類藥物是Na+/K+-ATP酶的天然抑制劑,在其α亞基上有多個(gè)強(qiáng)心苷類藥物的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)[11]。Lin等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ouabain能降低Na+/K+-ATP酶α亞基的含量,抑制其活性,減弱腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)能力,從而引起腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡。Trenti等[13]研究表明,ouabain通過調(diào)控Na+/K+-ATP酶的反向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)功能以及下調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過不同濃度ouabain干預(yù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),U87-MG細(xì)胞活力較Control組明顯降低,并呈濃度依賴性,這提示ouabain能促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞凋亡,可能與改變胞內(nèi)某些信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
研究表明,Na+/K+-ATP酶可在Akt/mTOR、Ras和PKC等多種信號(hào)通路中發(fā)揮作用[14],促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,其中Akt/mTOR通路對(duì)于膠質(zhì)瘤等多種腫瘤的病理進(jìn)展至關(guān)重要[15]。Akt、mTOR以及磷酸化蛋白的上調(diào)表達(dá),可直接或間接抑制Bax、caspase-9等凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的磷酸化,降低細(xì)胞凋亡,從而引起正常生理功能的惡化[16]。另外,mTOR被證實(shí)其磷酸化激活受到AMPK等其他通路的抑制,而AMPK/mTOR通路參與細(xì)胞自噬的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié),由于細(xì)胞自噬能夠促進(jìn)藥物對(duì)腫瘤的抑制,因此該通路可促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[17]。Liu等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Akt/mTOR通路抑制膠質(zhì)瘤中的細(xì)胞凋亡,藥物抑制Akt/mTOR通路以及Akt、mTOR的磷酸化可上調(diào)下游凋亡相關(guān)蛋白,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的大量凋亡。研究表明,ouabain能夠通過調(diào)節(jié)PI3K、Ras和PKC等信號(hào)通路,降低Akt、mTOR的磷酸化,減弱細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)能力,從而引起腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[19]。Wang等[20]研究表明,ouabain和地高辛等強(qiáng)心苷類藥物能夠增強(qiáng)AMPK的磷酸化激活從而降低mTOR磷酸化水平,并通過調(diào)節(jié)ERK1/2和AMPK/mTOR等胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路引起細(xì)胞自噬,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Western blot結(jié)果顯示,0.05 μmol/L ouabain導(dǎo)致p-Akt表達(dá)升高而mTOR和p-mTOR表達(dá)下降,可能是由于低濃度ouabain對(duì)Na+/K+-ATP酶的輕度抑制,刺激了細(xì)胞內(nèi)Akt等信號(hào)通路的活化,從而導(dǎo)致Akt的磷酸化活性形式p-Akt有所增加,而mTOR可能受到AMPK信號(hào)通路的調(diào)控導(dǎo)致其自身以及磷酸化活性形式p-mTOR都有所下降;當(dāng)ouabain濃度增加至0.5 μmol/L時(shí),Akt的磷酸化激活由于ouabain的濃度增加而有所降低,但mTOR可能受到Akt通路的磷酸化激活同時(shí)又被AMPK通路所抑制,因而其磷酸化水平未發(fā)生變化;高濃度ouabain(2.5、25 μmol/L)能夠降低Akt和mTOR的磷酸化水平,同時(shí)U87-MG細(xì)胞活力受到抑制,且形態(tài)學(xué)也顯示了嚴(yán)重的細(xì)胞死亡。上述結(jié)果表明,高濃度的ouabain可能通過抑制胞內(nèi)Akt/mTOR通路,抑制U87-MG細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)進(jìn)而引起細(xì)胞死亡,發(fā)揮抗膠質(zhì)瘤作用。
綜上所述,本文采用不同濃度ouabain干預(yù)人膠質(zhì)瘤U87-MG細(xì)胞后發(fā)現(xiàn),高濃度ouabain通過下調(diào)Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白,抑制U87-MG細(xì)胞活力,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡,這為ouabain抗腫瘤特性的機(jī)制研究提供了更多的數(shù)據(jù)支撐,更提示ouabain可作為膠質(zhì)瘤治療的潛在用藥。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-12 本文編輯:程 銘)