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An Exploration of the Features of the Lantern Festival at Pancun Village, Kaiping

(by SONG Xu-min)

Abstract: The Lantern Festival of Pancun Village, Kaiping, has three functions: representing gods, uniting clans, and demarcating areas by clans. The practice of representing gods with lanterns derived from people’s love and worship of festive lanterns; it is a relic of the local witch culture and developed for the purpose of avoiding the crack down on excessive sacrifices. Uniting clans with lantern parties reflected clan competition and the need to unite clan members. Demarcating areas by clans is the result of the formation of worship circles influenced by the self-sufficient environment. The three functions were designed to achieve timely and geographical advantages and harmony among people and to provide favorable conditions for the development of the clans.

Pancun Village Lantern Festival; representing gods with lanterns; uniting clan members; demarcating areas by clans

The Rise and Fall of Markets in Taishan in the Republic of China Period

(by FENG Qun)

Abstract: The rise of market towns in the four counties in Jiangmen region in the Republic of China period is closely related to the emergence of villages built by overseas Chinese, the economic prosperity and commercial development of the region. Taishan’s markets are a typical example. The buildings in Taishan’s new market towns were different from those of old market towns. A large number of arcade buildings came into being. The rise of large market towns promoted the diversification of the local economy. At present the markets featuring arcade buildings in Taishan are declining and this is related to the change in investment patterns of the era and the political and economic development.

Key words: Taishan; markets; Dingjiang market; arcade buildings; decline; protection

Rural “Civilized Marriage”: Changes in Weddings in Taishan, Guangdong, during the Republic of China Period

(by RAN Yan-jie)

Abstract: During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, the intellectual elite of Taishan, Guangdong, advocated marriage reform. People who had received modern education or were Christians or had come from overseas or were the offspring of overseas Chinese held “Civilized Weddings” in the county seat or villages. Analyzing this phenomenon, exploring the reasons, and investigating the religious faiths of people who held “civilized weddings” can help deepen our understanding of the transformation of the marriage custom in modern China.

Key words: Civilized marriage; Christians; Overseas Chinese

A Poem Not Included inWorksbyChenXianzhang

(by ZHU Zhi-xian)

Abstract: Chen Xianzhang was a famous master of Neo-Confucianism and left behind a large number of articles and poems.WorksbyChenXianzhangcollated by Mr. Sun Haitong is the main source for the study of Chen Xianzhang. After its publication, many scholars have continued to search and find lost works by Chen.CollectionbyMr.Daya, a hand-copied book dating to the Qing Dynasty period housed in Shanghai Library contains a poem by Chen Xianzhang that is not included inWorksbyChenXianzhang. It is of considerable value for the study of Chen’s thought.

Key words: Collection by Mr Daya; Works by Chen Xianzhang; lost works

On ZHAN Ganquan’s Thought on Ridding of Habits

(by MA Ji)

Abstract: Zhan Ganquan was a master Confucian comparable to Wang Yangming. In Zhan’s opinion, only by ridding of undesirable habits could one clear his heart. Thus ridding of undesirable habits was an important of his study of the mind. As people were subjected to habits, they tended to be the slave. In the context of transforming “l(fā)earning”into “consciousness”, Gan stressed transforming habits through learning and borrowed the metallurgy term “melting” to refer to the process.

Key words: Zhan Ganquan; inclinations; learning; melting

On Liang Qichao’s Problem Horizon on Social Morality and Its Contemporary Approach

(by SU Xin-quan)

Abstract: Liang Qichao’s theory of social morality is an important part of his ethical theory, arguing that social morality is relative to private morality and individuals should subject themselves to social norms. The purpose of his theory of social morality was to serve his new citizen theory. But as the bridge between private morality and social morality was not open and the public field as the basis of social morality had not emerged, his theory of social morality faced a double dilemma. Contemporary ethics transforms private virtue into constitutive norms and transforms social morality into normative norms, respectively corresponding to the intuitive processing system and reasoning processing system and thus has resolved the dilemma.

Key words: Liang Qichao; public virtues; private virtues

Qu Dajun and the Agarwood Culture in Dongguan

(by WAN Jing)

Abstract: Qu Dajun’s was a passionate lover of Dongguan’s agarwood and agarwood culture and made a profound study of it. Agarwood fragrance played an important role in his daily life and his poetry and articles not only recorded the thriving of the agarwood culture, the economic value of agarwood fragrance, its variety of purposes and uses, and its appreciation. His works also endowed a variety of cultural connotations to Dongguan’s agarwood culture, and made it a carrier of the spirit and emotional communication of Dongguan people, and a symbol of their spirit and temperament.

Key words: Qu Dajun; agarwood culture; cultural connotation

Research on Henry Fok Ying Tung’s Sports Thought

(by HU Hong-dong, LIN You-biao)

Abstract: Mr. Henry Fok considered sports as a great matter which could revitalize the Chinese nation and make it stand rock-firm in the family of nations. He made painstaking efforts for and enduring contributions to China’s sports. Studying his sports thought, summarizing his outstanding contributions, and evaluating his influence and value are of important illuminating implication and reference value to the current sports theory development and practice and to promoting the building of China into a sports power.

Key words: Henry Fok; sports thought; practice; contributions; influence; value

On the Artistic Connotation of Guo Dushi’s Poems

(by HUANG Chun-mei)

Abstract: Guo Dushi was a famous poet of east Guangdong and also a renowned artist. His poems inscribed on his paintings expressed his sentiments and his aesthetic views and were unique. His poems were closely related to the paintings and in the meantime expressed his subjective life experiences and insights, integrating poetic and artistic realms and greatly expanding the paintings’ artistic conception and connotation. His works are of high artistic attainment and are examples of poetry and painting reinforcing each other.

Key words: poems on paintings; Guo Dushi; connotation; characteristics

Research on Li Maoying’sWenXiCiand His Historical Status in the History of Ci-poetry

(by WU Hao)

Abstract: Li Maoying’sWenXiCifeatures praises of objects and responses in poetry to friends’ poems. Many of his works expressed his wild abandoned passion. Though flowery language is occasionally used, his poetry was mostly characterized by a bold and grand style, carrying forward the styles of Su Shi and Xin Qiji.WenXiCi’srich language and natural made it unique in the realm of ci poetry during the Southern Song dynasty. It is outstanding in the history of ci and deserves the title of “Giant in Guangdong and Unique in Lingnan School.”

Key words: Li Maoying;WenXiCi; place in the history of ci

On the Acceptance of Tao Yuanming by the Lingnan School during the Early Ming Period

(by WANG Zheng)

Abstract: The Lingnan School litterateurs had overall formed wild and unorthodox mentality in the late Yuan Dynasty and it was difficult for them to adapt to the cruel and oppressive rule of the Hongwu period at the beginning of the dynasty. They showed great enthusiasm for Tao Yuanming the recluse poet. The hermit mentality can be traced in all their works and Tao poetry images and stories were frequently employed in their poetic creations. Their poetic style is also simple and unadorned.

Key words: the early Ming period; Lingnan Poetry School; hermit mentality; Tao Yuanming; acceptance

Wang Chuanshan’s Poetic Discourse on the Poetry of the Four Periods of the Tang Dynasty

(by ZHU Xin-liang)

Abstract: Wang Chuanshan’sTangShiPingXuanepitomizes his view on the Tang poetry. Overall, he was fond of the poetry of the beginning period of the Dynasty for its excellence at describing objects and its spirit and ethereality; he admired the fusion of feelings with natural settings in the poetry of the Tang at its prosperous stage; he criticized the crafted arrangements, fragmentation, sluggishness and miscellaneousness of the ten famous poets of the Dali reign period, of the Han Yu and Meng Jiao School and the Yuan Zhen and Baijuyi School; and he condemned the lavish diction and poor composition of the late Tang poetry. Overall, Wang esteemed the early and height-period Tang poetry and belittled the late Tang Dynasty poetry.

Key words: Wang Chuanshan;TangShiPingXuan; the four stages of the Tang Dynasty

On the Number and Purpose of Cattle during the Qin and Han Dynasties

(by GUO Jun-ran)

Abstract: There were a large number of cattle in the Han Dynasty, but their number could decrease dramatically during war or natural disasters. Cattle were used mainly for tilling land and pulling carts. Farming with cattle was widespread in the Han Dynasty, and the advanced farming technique of “one person-one cattle-three plows” had emerged. The Qin and Han governments owned a large number of bullock-carts and formulated specific and strict management regulations regarding them. In addition, cattle were used for husking grain and fighting in wars. The Qin and Han governments attached considerable importance to the protection of farming cattle with a view to protecting the agricultural production.

Key words: cattle; bullock-carts; the Qin and Han dynasties; farming with cattle

The Miners Problem on the Sino-Vietnamese Border as Reflected in the Songxing Silver Mine Incident in Vietnam

(by PING Zhao-long)

Abstract: During the Qing Dynasty, many Chinese people entered Vietnam resulting in the border miners-related problem haunting both China and Vietnam. The Songxing Silver Mine was the largest silver mine in Vietnam and employed a large number of Chinese. Because of the two large-scale brawls among Chinese miners during the Qianlong reign period, the Chinese and Vietnamese governments jointly rectified miners in the border areas and caused large numbers of Chinese miners to flee back to China. As a result, the Vietnam mining industry previously staffed by Chinese miners began to decline. At the same time, driven by the supremacy of national interests, the Nguyen dynasty nationalized mines and Songxing Silver Mine started to decline. The two countries’ approach to dealing with brawls among Chinese miners reflected the interaction between the two countries in border management, and also shows that the legitimate interests of overseas Chinese miners were not be protected.

Key words: border areas; overseas Chinese miners; Songxing Silver Mine; Sino-Vietnamese Relations

A Study of the Effects on the Real Estate Industry by Replacing Business Tax with Value-added Tax

(by ZHU Lan-fang，HUANG Li-qing)

Abstract: Replacing the business tax with value-added tax is an important measure to implement structural tax reduction in China; it is conducive to promoting the adjustment of industrial structure and to reduce the burden on enterprises. However, compared with the tax burden reduction effect on the manufacturing industry and the modern service industry, the effect is not reflected in the real estate industry. Meanwhile, as the policy stipulates all immovables newly acquired by enterprises can be included in the scope of tax deduction, it will help stimulate corporate purchases of real estate in the production process, and this can help to expand real estate enterprises’ development space. The positive role of the shift from business tax to value-added tax coupled with local governments’ boosting of the real estate market and many other factors, contributed to the rapid expansion of the real estate market in 2016.

Key words: shifting from business tax to value-added tax; real estate industry; value added tax; local fiscal revenue

On the Immediate Contract

(by HU Li-ming)

Abstract: Immediate Contract(IC)is a product of the information technology age, and it is suitable for micro transactions. It features physical media (magcard) as the means of transaction without subsequent collateral obligation. Its core characteristic is “immediateness” and focuses on “at that time” and “on the spot”, and the “behavior mode” is immediate settlement; therefore it belongs in essence in the category of “contract”. The simplicity of IC fits in with development of times; it implicitly recognizes mutual agreement and reveals the legal essence. It takes social benefit as its historical mission, unilateral choice as its characteristics of voluntariness, repeated transactions as elements of appearance, and commercial convenience as its core value.

Key words: contracts; IC; repeated transactions; transaction convenience; implicit recognition of meeting of the minds; social benefit

A Study of the Thought of Chuang-tzu’s Inner Chapters

(by HU Xue-ping, LU Xiu-wei, ZHU Jing-xian)

Abstract: The Inner Chapters ofChuang-tzuhave unique insights into the construction of relationship between people and nature, between people and society, and between people and individuals, and provide discourse resources and ideological reference for the contemporary society. Chuang-tzu’s ideas of a holistic universe like the unity of heaven and earth and the unity of all things, his life outlook of “hide and accumulate energy and then fly”, and his idea of “overcome things without hurting oneself” are all inspirational to the ideological and political education work at colleges and universities.

Key words:Chuang-tzu:InnerChapters; the holistic view of the universe; outlook on life; values; view on talent

On the Development of Youth Movements in Macao since 2010 and the Countermeasures

(by LIN Wei)

Abstract：Since 2010, Macau’s youth movements have undergone three cycles of ups and downs, and the frequency, scale, and voluntariness of participation are ever increasing. The rapid development of Macao’s youth movements is related to the elaborate promotion of the opposition, the negative impact of Taiwan’s street movements, the hostile pervasion of Hong Kong’s radical opposition forces, Macao youth’s aspiration for better life and democracy, and the lack of effective channels of expression within the establishment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the patriotic and Macao-loving youth societies, improve the Macao Special Administrative Region government’s administration, correctly handle the patriotic and Macao-loving youth societies’ entry into the establishment and supervision of the government, cultivate patriotic and Macao-loving youth leaders, and guide Macao’s youth to rationally express their demands.

Key words：Macau youth; mass organizations in Macau; social movements in Macau

A Study of the Characteristics of Chinese characters at Various Stages and Their Application

(by HE Shan)

Abstract: Chinese characters took on some stage-based and regular characteristics in form and shape in the course of development, variation and use. The form and shape of Chinese characters have specific meaning in terms of periods, universality, particularity, transition conditions, and influence factors. The characteristics of Chinese characters in various stages are of different application value in research on them, in literature interpretation and archaeological studies.

Key words: Chinese characters; characteristics in different stages; connotation; application

Research on the Strategy of Public Opinion Guidance in Crisis Communication at Colleges and Universities

(by ZENG Yan)

Abstract: With deepening of reform and opening up, China has entered a period of social transition and various social contradictions and sensitive issues take on multiple trends. In the process of dealing with crisis communication, the effectiveness of the guidance of public opinion is not only essential to the development of these colleges and universities, but also relates to the harmony and stability of the whole society. Colleges and universities should adhere to the “people-oriented” principle correctly and effectively guide public opinion, turning “danger” to “opportunity” through improving the mechanism of public opinion guidance, constructing an interactive mode of public opinion, and creating a harmonious and inclusive public opinion environment.

Key words: colleges and universities; crisis communication; public opinion guidance