掌握七大考點(diǎn)，玩轉(zhuǎn)定語(yǔ)從句

胡瑞明

定語(yǔ)從句是在主句中作定語(yǔ)，緊跟在先行詞（被修飾的名詞）之后的從句。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性的定語(yǔ)從句（從句在句中是不可缺少的部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）和非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句（從句是對(duì)主句的先行詞的補(bǔ)充和說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有從句不影響主句的意思完整。主句和從句之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）。定語(yǔ)從句一直是高考考查的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。

[關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇]

定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇主要根據(jù)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謥?lái)決定。如果它在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞who（m），that，which，as，whose；如果作狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系副詞when，where，why。比較如下：

who 指代人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，間或作賓語(yǔ)。

which 指代物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

關(guān)系代詞

that 可用于指代人，也可以用于指代物；在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

whose 表示所屬關(guān)系，用于指代人或物，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。

when 表示時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

關(guān)系副詞

where 表示地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

why 表示原因，在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. Much to her relief，the research she had been devoted to in the past 20 years proved to be a great success and earned her many awards.

2. Finally he reached a lonely island ______ was cut off from the outside world.

3. George Orwell， real name was Eric Arthur，wrote many political novels and essays.

4. He was born in the year the Anti-Japanese War broke out.

5. There were dirty marks on her trousers ， she had wiped her hands.

答案 1. （that/which） 2. which/that 3. whose 4. when 5. where

[that與which，who，whom的用法區(qū)別]

1. 只能用關(guān)系代詞that的情況

當(dāng)先行詞為all，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，等不定代詞時(shí)；

當(dāng)先行詞被all，any，every，each，much，little，no，some，few等修飾時(shí)；

當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)；

當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)；

當(dāng)先行詞被the only，the very修飾時(shí)；

當(dāng)句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)。

2. 只用which，who，whom的情況

在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人；

在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人；

當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which，當(dāng)先行詞為those，one，he時(shí)多用who。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever visited.

2. Who has ever worked together with him doesnt admire him？

3. This is the very book Im looking for.

4. They are talking of the heroines and their deeds interest them.

答案 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. that

[特殊先行詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句]

1. 英語(yǔ)中一些特殊的先行詞，如：case，degree，stage，point，position，situation，activity，business，family等，表示“情況、方面或處境”等含義時(shí)，而且關(guān)系詞在從句中作抽象意義上的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，意思是“到了某種地步，在某種境況中”，此時(shí)用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

2. 當(dāng)先行詞occasion，point，stage表示“時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段”，且其后的關(guān)系詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

3. 當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，若在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示“用這或那種方式/方法（=in this/that way）”時(shí)，通常不用關(guān)系詞，偶爾用that，在較正式的文體里才用in which。若在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用which或that。

4. 當(dāng)先行詞為reason時(shí)，若在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。若在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用which或that。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity eyesight matters more than hearing.

2. After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do.

3. Occasions are quite rare I have the time to spend a day with my kids.

答案 1. where 2. where 3. when

[“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句]

用于這種情況的關(guān)系代詞一般是whom（指人、賓語(yǔ)），which（指物，賓語(yǔ)），whose（指人或物，定語(yǔ)），不可用that或who。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞的選擇遵循以下四個(gè)原則：

1. 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞確定介詞，該動(dòng)詞與介詞搭配，構(gòu)成固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。

2. 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的形容詞確定介詞，該形容詞與介詞搭配，構(gòu)成固定的形容詞短語(yǔ)。

3. 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞確定介詞，這些名詞往往表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方法、工具等，它們與介詞有一定的聯(lián)系。當(dāng)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可分別用when，where和why替換。

4. 根據(jù)句意確定介詞。有些句子的先行詞完全一樣，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是由固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，這時(shí)，要根據(jù)句子要表達(dá)的意思，選用不同的介詞。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. I have forgotten the exact date which this country became independent.

2. He made a few friends soon after he transferred to the new school， _ whose help he had no difficulty in fitting in.

3. American women usually identify their best friend as someone with they can talk frequently.

4. His head soon appeared out of the window， where he saw nothing but trees.

答案 1. on 2. with 3. whom 4. from

[which和as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句]

關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，除了指物外，更多的是指整個(gè)句子或主句的部分內(nèi)容，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)。which引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句中或句末，譯作“這，這一點(diǎn)”。

as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以置于主句之前、之后或期間，用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，譯作“正如……”。常用形式有：

as we can see 正如我們所看到的

as we had expected 正如我們所預(yù)料的

as is shown in the figure 如圖所示

as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還用于固定搭配，先行詞與as，so，such，the same連用。如：

There is so warm a house as we want to live in.

She will marry as rich a man as she can find.

注意 the same ... that ...表示“同一物”；the same ... as ...表示“同類人/物（另一個(gè)）”。如：

This is the same pen that I lost.

這就是我丟失的那支鋼筆。

This is the same pen as I lost.

這是和我丟失的那支鋼筆一模一樣的鋼筆。

such ... as ...引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，意為“像……那樣”；such ... that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“如此……以致……”。如：

This is such an easy question as I can answer.

這是一個(gè)我都能回答的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題。（定語(yǔ)從句）

This is such an easy question that I can answer it.

這個(gè)問(wèn)題如此簡(jiǎn)單，我都能回答。（狀語(yǔ)從句）

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. Yeats once said，“Education is not a filling of a pail， but a lighting of a fire.”

2. The Amazon Rainforest is named after the Amazon River， is the second longest in the world.

3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant， greatly upsets me.

4. Light travels much faster than sound， ，we all know.

5. is announced in the papers，our country has launched another man-made satellite.

6. Such books you want are sold out.

答案 1. As 2. which 3. which 4. as 5. As

[定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別]

定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)很相似，但它們有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其前的先行詞起修飾或限制的作用，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其前的名詞起解釋、說(shuō)明的作用，引導(dǎo)詞that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不作任何成分，只起引導(dǎo)詞的作用。如：

We heard of the news that he didnt want to tell us. （定語(yǔ)從句）

We heard the news that our team had won the game. （同位語(yǔ)從句）

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. The news ________ we had won the first place was true.

2. The news ________ she told me yesterday was very important.

3. The fact ________ the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

4. I can understand their eagerness ________ you should be the main speaker.

答案 1. that 2. which/that 3. that 4. that

[考查定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別]

where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句也很容易混淆。where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句其前必須有一個(gè)表示地點(diǎn)的名詞或代詞充當(dāng)先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)該名詞或代詞起修飾或限制的作用，where也可換成“介詞+which”的形式。where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句其前沒(méi)有表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句，where也不能換成“介詞+which”的形式。如：

A new school building will be put up in the place where/in which there used to be a temple. （定語(yǔ)從句）

A new school building will be put up where there used to be a temple. （狀語(yǔ)從句）

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. He wrote a letter _______ he explained what had happened in the accident.

2. Youd better make a mark _______ you have any questions.

3. Life is like a long race _______ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.

4. The church was built _______ there had once been a Roman temple.

答案

1. where

2. Where

3. where

4. where