李雪寧,趙亞茹
(1.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院,遼寧 沈陽 110004;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院,遼寧 沈陽 110004)
?
【專題研究】
孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親心理健康狀況與應(yīng)對(duì)方式研究
李雪寧1,趙亞茹2
(1.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院,遼寧 沈陽 110004;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院,遼寧 沈陽 110004)
目的 探討孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親的心理健康狀況、應(yīng)對(duì)方式以及兩者的相關(guān)性。方法 2014年8至12月隨機(jī)選擇沈陽市某孤獨(dú)癥訓(xùn)練中心31例孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親及同期就診于中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院發(fā)育兒科的31例正常發(fā)育兒童的母親采用癥狀自評(píng)量表及應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷進(jìn)行評(píng)定,并對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果 孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親癥狀自評(píng)量表的10項(xiàng)各因子分均顯著高于對(duì)照組(t=2.20~4.55,均P<0.05);應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷中解決問題及求助因子分顯著低于對(duì)照組(t值分別為-3.09、-2.04,P<0.05),自責(zé)、幻想因子分顯著高于對(duì)照組(t值分別為2.97、2.70,均P<0.05);研究組應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷中解決問題因子分與癥狀自評(píng)量表中強(qiáng)迫、焦慮、敵對(duì)因子分別呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r值分別為-0.303、-0.332、-0.380,均P<0.05),自責(zé)與癥狀自評(píng)量表中除恐怖外的軀體化、強(qiáng)迫、人際敏感、抑郁、焦慮、敵對(duì)、偏執(zhí)、精神病性及其它因子分均存在明顯的正相關(guān)(r值分別為0.271、0.488、0.559、0.492、0.304、0.556、0.352、0.292、0.467,均P<0.05),幻想與強(qiáng)迫、人際敏感、抑郁、焦慮、敵對(duì)、偏執(zhí)及其他因子分存在正相關(guān)(r值分別為0.313、0.369、0.280、0.256、0.295、0.355、0.275,均P<0.05)。結(jié)論 孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親存在明顯的心理健康問題且多采取消極的應(yīng)對(duì)方式。
孤獨(dú)癥;母親;應(yīng)對(duì)方式;癥狀自評(píng)量表;應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷
兒童孤獨(dú)癥是一種嚴(yán)重的兒童發(fā)育性障礙。由于孤獨(dú)癥發(fā)生于幼兒早期且目前尚無有效的特異性治療方法,孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母往往需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行長期的照顧,期間他們需要面對(duì)如經(jīng)濟(jì)困難、家庭改變以及對(duì)孩子失望等一系列問題。已有研究表明在這些壓力作用下,孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母容易產(chǎn)生焦慮、抑郁等心理健康問題[1],面對(duì)壓力也會(huì)采取不同的應(yīng)對(duì)方式[2-3]。目前對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親的心理健康狀況與應(yīng)對(duì)方式的相關(guān)性研究較少,本文對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親心理健康狀況及應(yīng)對(duì)方式進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,并對(duì)兩者做了相關(guān)性研究,以便為孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親的心理指導(dǎo)提供依據(jù)。
1.1調(diào)查對(duì)象
1.1.1研究組
2014年8至12月隨機(jī)選擇沈陽市某孤獨(dú)癥訓(xùn)練中心兒童孤獨(dú)癥患兒的母親共31例進(jìn)行調(diào)查。孤獨(dú)癥患兒入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合國際疾病與相關(guān)健康問題統(tǒng)計(jì)分類第10版(The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision,ICD-10)兒童孤獨(dú)癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.1.2對(duì)照組
選取同期于中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院發(fā)育兒科進(jìn)行健康體檢兒童的母親31例進(jìn)行調(diào)查,排除有發(fā)育性及智力問題的兒童。對(duì)照組與研究組患兒及患兒母親年齡、文化程度、家庭結(jié)構(gòu)、職業(yè)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。
1.2調(diào)查方法
調(diào)查形式在安靜環(huán)境下,由受試者自行填寫,測(cè)試前采用統(tǒng)一指導(dǎo)語,向家長說明研究的目的及意義,并承諾信息保密。本次收回問卷對(duì)照組34份,經(jīng)檢查有效答卷31份,有效率為91.2%。研究組收回問卷31份,經(jīng)檢查有效答卷31份,有效率為100%。
問卷包括一般資料調(diào)查表、癥狀自評(píng)量表(SCL-90)和應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷(coping style questionnaire,CSQ)。
1.2.1一般調(diào)查表
由研究者自行設(shè)計(jì),包括患兒家長的年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)、家庭結(jié)構(gòu)類型及患兒基本情況等。
1.2.2癥狀自評(píng)量表
心理健康水平測(cè)查以SCL-90作為測(cè)查工具,該量表共包含90個(gè)項(xiàng)目,總分能反映被試者癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度,10項(xiàng)因子反映被試者在軀體化、強(qiáng)迫等10個(gè)方面的自覺癥狀??偡旨耙蜃拥梅衷礁?,表明心理健康水平越差。
1.2.3應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷
采用應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷(coping style questionnaire,CSQ)評(píng)定兩組被試對(duì)象的應(yīng)對(duì)方式。該量表共包括62個(gè)條目,為自評(píng)式問卷,包括解決問題、自責(zé)、求助、幻想、退避、合理化6種應(yīng)對(duì)方式。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用Epi Data 3.2軟件建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,將數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。應(yīng)用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)對(duì)研究組與對(duì)照組心理健康狀況和應(yīng)對(duì)方式進(jìn)行比較;兩變量采用Pearson進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1兩組癥狀自評(píng)量表各因子評(píng)分情況
研究組各因子分均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05),表明孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親存在較多的心理問題,與發(fā)育正常兒童母親相比容易出現(xiàn)軀體化、強(qiáng)迫、抑郁、焦慮等問題,見表1。
2.2兩組應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷各因子評(píng)分情況
研究組CSQ中解決問題及求助因子分均低于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05);研究組自責(zé)、幻想因子分?jǐn)?shù)均高于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05),見表2。
2.3研究組癥狀自評(píng)量表與應(yīng)對(duì)方式問卷評(píng)分相關(guān)情況
研究組CSQ的解決問題因子分與SCL-90中強(qiáng)迫、焦慮、敵對(duì)因子分別呈負(fù)相關(guān)(均P<0.05);CSQ的自責(zé)與SCL-90中除恐怖外的軀體化、強(qiáng)迫、人際敏感、抑郁、焦慮、敵對(duì)、偏執(zhí)、精神病性及其它因子分均存在明顯的正相關(guān)(均P<0.05);CSQ的幻想與強(qiáng)迫、人際敏感、抑郁、焦慮、敵對(duì)、偏執(zhí)及其他因子分存在正相關(guān)(均P<0.05),見表3。
Table 1 Comparison of the score of each factor in SCL-90 between two ±S)
Table 2 Comparison of the score of each factor in CSQ between two ±S)
表3 研究組CSQ與SCL-90各因子分的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果(r)
注:*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
3.1孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親的心理健康狀況
孤獨(dú)癥目前尚無快速有效的治療方法,最主要的治療是功能訓(xùn)練。訓(xùn)練的長期性常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)過重,影響工作,有時(shí)甚至出現(xiàn)家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。在面對(duì)來自各方面持續(xù)的應(yīng)激下,孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母承受著較大的壓力[4-8]。為適應(yīng)兒童和整個(gè)生活的需要,孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母需要付出更多的努力去調(diào)整自己的心理狀況。既往的研究表明,與正常兒童父母及其它發(fā)育障礙兒童父母相比,孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母存在較多的心理健康問題[4、9-10],特別是孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親,在撫養(yǎng)孤獨(dú)癥兒童過程中要比父親面臨更多的問題,承受更大的壓力[11-12]。本研究通過對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SCL-90中各因子分均明顯高于對(duì)照組,提示孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親存在較多的心理健康問題,容易出現(xiàn)抑郁、焦慮、人際敏感等問題,與既往[11、13]研究基本相符。
3.2孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親的應(yīng)對(duì)方式評(píng)價(jià)
應(yīng)對(duì)方式的準(zhǔn)確評(píng)價(jià)可以幫助了解行為在應(yīng)激條件下的心理適應(yīng)意義,并為心理健康教育和治療干預(yù)指明方向。積極成熟的應(yīng)對(duì)方式(解決問題、求助)有助于保持良好的心態(tài)和健康的心理狀況,消極不成熟的應(yīng)對(duì)方式(退避、自責(zé)、幻想)則與之相反。本資料中研究組的解決問題、求助因子分低于對(duì)照組;自責(zé)、幻想因子分高于對(duì)照組,表明孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親多采取消極不成熟(自責(zé)、幻想)的應(yīng)對(duì)方式。本研究結(jié)果與周長虹等[2]的研究結(jié)果基本相同,而與張軼杰等[3]的研究結(jié)果卻恰恰相反,其認(rèn)為孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親多采取積極的應(yīng)對(duì)方式。研究結(jié)果的明顯差異可能是隨著時(shí)間的變化,父母對(duì)孩子理解能力的提高及期望值的降低,發(fā)展出了更多成功應(yīng)對(duì)的方式[14]。
3.3孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親的心理健康狀況與應(yīng)對(duì)方式的關(guān)系
通過對(duì)研究組應(yīng)對(duì)方式與心理健康狀況相關(guān)性的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親采取的應(yīng)對(duì)方式與心理健康存在一定的聯(lián)系,采取積極應(yīng)對(duì)方式(解決問題)的孤獨(dú)癥患兒母親較少產(chǎn)生焦慮、強(qiáng)迫等心理問題,而采取消極應(yīng)對(duì)方式(如自責(zé)、幻想)的家長容易產(chǎn)生抑郁、焦慮等諸多的心理問題,此結(jié)果與國內(nèi)一些研究[3]基本相同。相關(guān)性研究同時(shí)也提示目前孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親這種消極不成熟的應(yīng)對(duì)方式對(duì)心理健康極為不利。
根據(jù)目前的研究,孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親心理健康狀況與應(yīng)對(duì)方式等問題必須予以重視。由于父母在孩子的孤獨(dú)癥治療過程中起關(guān)鍵作用[15],因此給予相應(yīng)的心理指導(dǎo)及社會(huì)支持,使孤獨(dú)癥兒童母親發(fā)展更多積極成熟的應(yīng)對(duì)方式,不僅能夠使其保持良好的心態(tài)和健康的心理狀況,提高生活質(zhì)量,同時(shí)也將有助于改善孤獨(dú)癥兒童訓(xùn)練的預(yù)后[16]。
[1]Al-Farsi O A, Al-Farsi Y M, Al-Sharbati M M,etal.Stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Oman:a case-control study[J].Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat,2016,12:1943-1951.
[2]周長虹,鄒華,衡中玉,等.孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母的生活質(zhì)量與應(yīng)對(duì)方式相關(guān)性研究[J].中華行為醫(yī)學(xué)與腦科學(xué)雜志,2010,19(12):1113-1115.
[3]張軼杰,楊麗,雷杰鵬,等.孤獨(dú)癥患兒父母的精神癥狀與應(yīng)付方式[J].中國心理衛(wèi)生雜志,2012,26(10):771-774.
[4]陳夏堯,李丹,劉榮蓮,等.智力障礙、孤獨(dú)癥兒童家長心理壓力及相關(guān)因素對(duì)比研究[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2013,19(6):572-574.
[5]Bluth K, Roberson P N, Billen R M,etal.A stress model for couples parenting children with autism spectrum disorders and the introduction of a mindfulness intervention[J].J Fam Theory Rev,2013,5(3):194-213.
[6]Aman M G, McDougle C J, Scahill L,etal.Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems:results from a randomized clinical trial[J].J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2009,48(12):1143-1154.
[7]Weiss J A, Cappadocia M C, MacMullin J A,etal.The impact of child problem behaviors of children with ASD on parent mental health: the mediating role of acceptance and empowerment[J].Autism,2012,16(3):261-274.
[8]Ayuda-Pascual R, Llorente-Comi M, Martos-Pérez J,etal.Measurements of stress and family impact in the parents of children with autism spectrum disorders before and after taking part in a training programme[J].Rev Neurol,2012,54(Suppl 1):S73-S80.
[9]彭鈴武,陳小燕.孤獨(dú)癥患兒父母的心理特性及社會(huì)支持系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查研究[J].中國實(shí)用醫(yī)藥,2015,10(1):259-260.
[10]Karst J S, Van Hecke A V.Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders:a review and proposed model for intervention evaluation[J].Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev,2012,15(3):247-277.
[11]Rezendes D L, Scarpa A.Associations between parental anxiety/depression and child behavior problems related to autism spectrum disorders: the roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy[J].Autism Res Treat,2011,2011:395190.
[12]Cox C R, Eaton S, Ekas N V,etal.Death concerns and psychological well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder[J].Res Dev Disabil,2015,45-46:229-238.
[13]Rivard M, Terroux A, Parent-Boursier C,etal.Determinants of stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders[J].J Autism Dev Disord,2014,44(7):1609-1620.
[14]Bekhet A K, Johnson N L, Zauszniewski J A.Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder:a review of the literature[J].Issues Ment Health Nurs,2012,33(10):650-656.
[15]Flippin M, Crais E R.The need for more effective father involvement in early autism intervention:a systematic review and recommendations[J].J Early Interv,2011,33(1):24-50.
[16]黃燕霞,高成閣,趙小艷.心理干預(yù)對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥兒童父母情緒及兒童康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的影響[J].中國婦幼健康研究,2014,25(1):19-22.
[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯: 韓 蓁]
Mental health and coping styles of mothers of children with autism
LI Xue-ning1, ZHAO Ya-ru2
(1.The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Shenyang 110004, China;2.ShengjingHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,LiaoningShenyang110004,China)
Objective To explore the mental health and coping styles of mothers of children with autism and investigate the relationship between them. Methods Totally 31 mothers of children with autism (study group) were selected randomly from an autism training center in Shenyang during August to December in 2014. And 31 mothers of normal children (control group) who were treated in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University during the same period were selected randomly. They were evaluated by symptom check list 90 (SCL-90) and coping style questionnaires (CSQ). The results were analyzed. Results The 10 factor scores of SCL-90 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (tvalue ranged 2.20 to 4.55, allP<0.05). The scores of problem-solving and recourse factors of CSQ in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (tvalue was -3.09 and -2.04, respectively, bothP<0.05). The scores of self-reproach and fancy factors in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (tvalue was 2.97 and 2.70, respectively, bothP<0.05). In CSQ of the study group, the problem-solving score was negatively correlated with scores of compulsion, anxiety and hostility in SCL-90 (rvalue was -0.303, -0.332 and -0.380, respectively, allP<0.05). The self-reproach scores was significantly positively correlated with those of the factors of SCL-90 except for terror, such as somatization, compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid and other factors (rvalue was 0.271, 0.488, 0.559, 0.492, 0.304, 0.556, 0.352, 0.292 and 0.467, respectively, allP<0.05). The fancy score was positively correlated with that of compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid and other factors (rvalue was 0.313, 0.369, 0.280, 0.256, 0.295, 0.355 and 0.275, respectively, allP<0.05). Conclusion Mothers of children with autism present obvious mental problems, and most of them adopt negative coping style.
autism; mothers; coping styles; symptom check list 90 (SCL-90); coping style questionnaires (CSQ)
2016-05-29
李雪寧(1988-),男,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事兒童生長發(fā)育的研究。
趙亞茹,教授/博士生導(dǎo)師。
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2016.12.001
R395.9
A
1673-5293(2016)12-1431-03