以“和（and）”為貴

張順均+吳榮華

并列連詞and 是在高考試題中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的一個詞，其結(jié)構(gòu)為A and B 或A ， B and C，其中，字母A、B、C代表同類的詞或短語，即A、B、C的詞性相同，若是動詞，其時態(tài)和非謂語動詞形式也要一致，即“并列一致”。and是答題的關(guān)鍵依據(jù)，它涉及所有的題型，尤其是語法填空和短文改錯。因此，備考中要以和（and）為貴，重點關(guān)注。

一、語法填空

[例1]（2016全國III卷） Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ________ （be） too violent for use at the table.

答案：were

解析：believed后跟一個賓語從句，and連接了從句中兩個并列的謂語，主語knives是復數(shù)，would 是過去時，根據(jù)and的并列一致原則，這里也用過去時，故填were。

[例2]（2016全國III卷）In much of Asia， especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China， Japan， Korea， ________ Vietnam， food is usually eaten with chopsticks.

答案：and

解析：根據(jù)and的并列一致原則，China， Japan， Korea 和Vietnam都是國家名，故填and。

[例3]（2016全國II卷）If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work， you should take a step back and identify（識別）those of ________ （great） and less importance.

答案：greater

解析：less是形容詞的比較級形式，根據(jù)and并列一致原則，great 也需要使用比較級形式，故填greater。

[例4] （2014遼寧卷） Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches， naturally and________（soft）.

答案：softly

解析：根據(jù)and并列一致原則，soft也應(yīng)同naturally一樣，用副詞。意為：要很自然柔和地彎曲膝蓋，伸展胳膊。

[例5]（2016廣州二模） He found a job， ________（rent） a house and quit drinking alcohol afterwards.

答案：rented

解析：根據(jù)and并列一致原則，found a job， rented a house， quit drinking alcohol三個動詞短語形式應(yīng)一致，由found可知是一般過去時，可知rent也應(yīng)為一般過去式，故填rented。

[例6]（2016湛江二模）This removes mental blocks and ________ （allow） you to use all of your brain power to better understand yourself， others， and the world around you.

答案：allows

解析：根據(jù)and并列一致原則， removes 和allows并列，所以填allows。

二、短文改錯

[例1]5（2016全國Ⅱ卷）We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.

答案：take→taking

解析：由and可知，staying at home與taking a trip構(gòu)成動名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)，作介詞between的賓語。

[例2]（2015全國II 卷）A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.

答案：telling →told

解析：形式上看，and前后連接的都是ing形式。但根據(jù)句意和邏輯判斷，saw him crying 和told him to wait outside the shop并列，也就是說told和saw都用一般過去式，故改telling 為 told。

[例3]（2014全國I 卷）The fruits are small in size， but juicy and taste.

答案：taste→tasty

解析：根據(jù)and并列一致原則，juicy是形容詞作表語，tasty要和juciy詞性一致，所以改taste為tasty。

[例4]（2014全國II卷）The teachers here are kind and helpfully.

答案：helpfully→helpful

解析：根據(jù)and并列一致原則，kind是形容詞作表語，helpful要和kind在詞性上要一致，所以改helpfully為helpful。

[例5]（2016全國III卷）The teenage years from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life.

答案：worse→worst

解析：根據(jù)and并列原則，主語they是三者以上，best是最高級，worst要和best都應(yīng)用最高級，故改worse為worst。

[例6] （2014全國Ⅱ卷）We can lie on the grass for a rest， or sat by the lake listening to music.

答案：sat→sit

解析：連詞or連接兩個并列謂語，sat應(yīng)與lie一致。

綜上所述，連詞and雖小，可在試題中往往起著關(guān)鍵作用。從and 出發(fā)解題，既快又準。每遇到它都不要輕易放過，都要認真分析誰和誰并列，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，找準and所真正連接的成分。

此外，前后平行一致的并列連詞，除了and外，還有or（或者） ，but，as well as（和）， rather than（而不）， both... and（既……又）能，not...but（不是……而是），not only...but （also）（不但……而且）， either...or（或者……或者）， neither...nor（既不……也不）， whether...or（不論……還是）等。這些平行結(jié)構(gòu)也是常考點。

三、鞏固練習

語法填空

1. （2014全國I卷） But the river wasnt changed in a few days ______even a few months.

2. （2014廣東卷） We were told that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week， _____ for the week after.

3. （2014遼寧卷） It asks you to act like water： to be flexible as well _____strong.

4. （2013廣東卷） So Nick called to his son， “Go to the village and buy some salt， but pay a fair price for it： neither too much ______ too little.”

5. （2011廣東卷） I got on the bus and found a seat near the back， and then I noticed a man sit at the front. He_______ （pretend） that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.

6. （2009廣東卷） People stepped on your feet or ______（push） you with their elbows（肘部），hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.

短文改錯

7. （2016浙江卷）Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.

8. （2014四川卷）Dont panic or get out of line， and trying to remain quiet and calm.

9.（2014全國大綱卷）The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.

10. （2012全國Ⅰ卷）I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.

11. （2012全國II卷）We， as well as animals， cannot live without water and neither agriculture or industry can go without it.

12. （2012全國大綱卷）Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home.

13. （2012全國大綱卷）For example， how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on when no one else was there？

14. （2012四川卷）Thank you so much for not only giving me life， but also teach me how to be a good person.

15. （2011浙江卷）I guessed， even at that age， I would never be able to enjoy playing with the toy or faced my cousin again.

參考答案

1. or 因 in a few days 與even a few months并列，在否定句中并列，用or，表示“或者”。

2. but 因not...but（不是……而是）是固定搭配。

3. as 因as well as（和，也）是固定搭配。

4. nor 因neither...nor（既不也不）是固定搭配。

5. was pretending 由后面的and giving it a voice可知，必有動詞的-ing形式與之并列，pretend是謂語動詞，前句謂語動詞又是一般過去時，可想到此處用過去進行時。

6. pushed 與stepped并列，也用一般過去時。

7. 去掉had 因and連接兩個平行的句子。根據(jù)后句would talk可知，前句謂語應(yīng)為would have。

8. trying改為try 因為連詞and連接的是兩個同樣性質(zhì)的內(nèi)容，前面是一個祈使句，后面也應(yīng)該是一個祈使句，祈使句以動詞原形開頭，故使用try。

9. trust 因and trusting應(yīng)與have 一致，在賓語從句中作并列謂語。

10. little改為less 因and little aggressive應(yīng)與前面的more patient一致，都有比較級。

11. or改為nor 因neither... nor ...是固定句型。

12. electric改為electricity 因and electric應(yīng)與前面的water詞性一致，為名詞，一起作介詞of的賓語。

13. leave改為left 因and連接walked和left，兩者要一致，都用過去分詞。

14. teach改為teaching 因not only...but also連接的動詞形式要一致，一起作介詞for的賓語，都用動名詞。

15. faced改為face 因or faced應(yīng)與be一致，都用原形，與would一起構(gòu)成謂語。

責任編輯 蔣小青