胡海燕, 徐 蕾, 戚菲菲, 王丹丹, 劉 靜, 曾 勝, 劉北星
(中國醫(yī)科大學基礎醫(yī)學院 免疫學教研室,遼寧 沈陽 110122 )
天然輔助細胞在初次和再次RSV感染所誘發(fā)氣道炎癥反應中的作用
胡海燕, 徐 蕾, 戚菲菲, 王丹丹, 劉 靜, 曾 勝, 劉北星*
(中國醫(yī)科大學基礎醫(yī)學院 免疫學教研室,遼寧 沈陽 110122 )
天然輔助細胞(natural helper cell,NHC)是近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的二型固有淋巴細胞的一種,因其在病毒感染后分泌大量Th2型細胞因子,故在病毒感染所誘發(fā)的氣道炎癥反應中發(fā)揮重要作用。呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV)是最常見的呼吸道病毒,也是一個反復感染的過程。NHC在RSV感染過程發(fā)揮的作用尤其是在再次感染中具體作用尚不清楚,故本研究建立初次及再次感染模型,通過計數(shù)肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中炎性細胞數(shù)量,HE染色觀察肺病理炎癥反應,Real-time RT-PCR法檢測肺組織及NHC內Th1/Th2型細胞因子IFN-γ、IL-5、IL-13mRNA的表達,膜表面染色檢測肺組織內CD45+Lin-ST2+標記的NHC數(shù)量,細胞膜內染色檢測分泌Th1/Th2型細胞因子IFN-γ、 IL-5、IL-13的NHC數(shù)量,探討NHC在初次及再次RSV感染所誘發(fā)導致氣道炎癥反應中的作用。結果顯示與再次RSV感染相比,初次RSV感染引起的肺炎癥反應明顯加重,且肺組織內Th2型細胞因子IL-5、IL-13mRNA表達水平亦明顯增多,提示與再次RSV感染相比,初次RSV感染可能通過誘導機體產(chǎn)生更多的Th2型細胞因子,進而導致較重的氣道炎癥。流式細胞分析術發(fā)現(xiàn)初次RSV感染鼠肺組織內NHC總數(shù)及IL-5+NHC,IL-13+NHC數(shù)量明顯多于再次RSV感染組,提示與再次RSV感染相比,初次RSV感染誘導更多的Th2型NHC進入肺組織,參與氣道炎癥。研究證實NHC通過分泌Th2型細胞因子,尤其是IL-5和IL-13,介導RSV感染所誘發(fā)的氣道炎癥反應。
呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV);天然輔助細胞(NHC);初次RSV感染;再次RSV感染
支氣管哮喘是由多種細胞和多種細胞因子共同參與的慢性氣道炎癥性疾病, 其主要病理改變是慢性氣道炎癥、氣道高反應及氣道重塑[1]。病毒感染是誘發(fā)并加重哮喘的主要原因[2]。呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV)是呼吸道常見微生物,也是誘發(fā)和加重哮喘的主要病毒之一[3]。機體感染RSV可導致與哮喘發(fā)作時相似的炎癥反應,引起氣道高反應,從而導致可逆性氣道阻塞,促進了哮喘的發(fā)展。流行病學證據(jù)顯示,呼吸道病毒感染不僅可促進哮喘急性加重,且可造成或促進機體對過敏原的過敏反應,從而發(fā)展成哮喘[2]。但其中的具體作用機制尚不清楚,有研究認為適應性免疫細胞如CD4+T、CD8+T參與其中,但阻斷T細胞后,因RSV感染導致的氣道炎癥反應依然存在[4],故推測除T細胞以外,其他免疫細胞,特別是固有免疫細胞,可能也參與RSV感染時的氣道炎癥反應。有文獻報道,固有免疫細胞如肥大細胞在RSV感染后通過STAT1途徑調控肺部嗜堿性粒細胞IL-4的表達參與[5]。也有研究認為巨噬細胞在RSV感染階段產(chǎn)生炎性細胞因子,并且通過局部細胞因子和趨化因子的作用促進肺部炎性癥狀[6]。有最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)天然輔助細胞(natural helper cell,NHC)在RSV誘導導致氣道炎癥反應中,通過IL-33/ST2途徑產(chǎn)生IL-13,導致嗜酸性細胞浸潤和氣道的高反應性,加重和誘發(fā)哮喘的發(fā)生[7]。但這些研究大多是針對于初次RSV感染。NHC在初次感染及再次RSV感染所誘發(fā)的不同炎癥反應中作用如何尚無相關報道。故在本研究中,利用初次和再次RSV感染的BALB/c鼠模型,探討NHC介導氣道炎性反應的作用,從NHC這一新視角,揭示初次及再次RSV感染對哮喘發(fā)生發(fā)展的影響作用。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 動物 4周齡雌性BALB/c鼠,SPF級動物飼養(yǎng)室內常規(guī)飼養(yǎng)。
1.1.2 細胞株 人喉癌上皮細胞系Hep-2為本實驗室保存細胞株,用含10%FCS的RPMI-1640常規(guī)傳代培養(yǎng)。
1.1.3 病毒 人類呼吸道合胞病毒A2型(RSV A2),Hep-2細胞增殖病毒,30%蔗糖超速離心法分離病毒粒子,-80 ℃冰箱保存。病毒滴度用組織細胞半數(shù)感染量(50% tissue culture infectio-ns dose,TCID50)表示。
1.1.4 試劑 RNA提取試劑盒、逆轉錄試劑盒和熒光實時定量PCR試劑盒購自TaKaRa生物工程有限公司;FITC anti-mouse lineage、PE anti-mouse McAb、APC anti-mouse CD45購自 Biolegend公司;Percp anti-Mouse ST2(IL-33R)購自 eBioscience公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 感染模型 4周齡雌性BALB/c鼠隨機分成初次感染組和再次感染組。初次感染組為4周齡鼠飼養(yǎng)4周后經(jīng)鼻感染2×105TCID50的RSV病毒;再次感染模型為4周齡鼠經(jīng)鼻感染2×105TCID50RSV病毒,4周后,再次經(jīng)鼻感染相同劑量RSV。二組鼠均在感染后第2天收集相關實驗材料,用于實驗研究。
1.2.2 肺炎性細胞分類計數(shù) 用1 mL PBS沖洗BALB/c鼠肺泡,收集肺泡灌洗液,離心后取細胞懸液做涂片,吉姆薩染色,顯微鏡下隨機選擇視野,計數(shù)200個細胞,分別計數(shù)炎性細胞如嗜酸性粒細胞和中性粒細胞數(shù)量及其百分比。
1.2.3 肺組織病理標本制作及染色 取模型鼠左下肺,制作石蠟切片,常規(guī)HE染色,光學顯微鏡觀察肺組織形態(tài)結構及肺炎癥反應。
1.2.4 Real-time RT-PCR 技術檢測細胞因子mRNA的表達 利用TRIzol試劑盒提取肺組織及NH細胞的RNA, SuperscriptⅡ逆轉錄試劑盒合成cDNA。采用Real-time RT-PCR技術檢測模型鼠肺組織及肺提取的NH細胞的Th1型細胞因子IFN-γ和Th2型細胞因子IL-5、IL-13的mRNA表達水平。引物序列見表1。
表1 引物序列Table 1 The sequences of the PCR amplication primers
1.2.5 肺淋巴細胞的提取 模型鼠深度麻醉后用20 mL PBS經(jīng)心臟灌流去除血管內淋巴細胞。取肺組織,剪碎后用200 μg/mL 膠原蛋白酶D和40 μg/mL DNaseⅠ消化1.5 h,制成單細胞懸液,利用淋巴細胞分離液分離淋巴細胞。
1.2.6 細胞膜表面染色 將肺組織淋巴細胞濃度調整至1×106個/mL。分別加入單克隆抗體(FITC-anti-mouse-lineage,PerCP-anti-mouse-ST2,APC-anti-mouse-CD45),避光冰浴30 min, 表達CD45+Lin-ST2+的細胞為天然輔助細胞。
1.2.7 細胞內染色 肺淋巴細胞加入PMA+ionomycin+BFA刺激培養(yǎng)5 h后,膜表面標記CD45+Lin-ST2+的NHC,然后細胞破膜后加入PE-anti-mouse IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ抗體,避光冰浴30 min,流式細胞儀檢測分析IL-5+的CD45+Lin-ST2+標記的NHC、IL-13+的CD45+Lin-ST2+標記的NHC,IFN-γ+的CD45+Lin-ST2+標記的NHC的數(shù)量。
2.1 初次及再次RSV感染導致不同的肺炎癥反應 如圖1所示,初次和再次RSV感染均導致BALB/c鼠肺泡灌洗液中炎性細胞數(shù)量增多。但與再次RSV感染鼠相比,初次RSV感染鼠誘導更多的炎性細胞,如中性粒細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞和淋巴細胞侵入肺組織。HE染色亦觀察到初次感染組肺組織炎性細胞浸潤明顯,小支氣管和周圍組織有明顯的炎癥細胞浸潤,而再次感染組炎癥反應明顯減輕(圖2)。
圖1 BALB/c鼠感染RSV后肺泡 灌洗液中炎性細胞數(shù)量Fig.1 The number of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluids of BALB/c mice after RSV infection *P<0.05,**P<0.01 與初次感染組對比,下圖同 *P<0.05, **P<0.01, compared with the primary infection
圖2 初次RSV感染及再次感染肺病理改變Fig.2 Primary RSV infection and reinfection of pulmonary pathological changes
2.2 初次及再次感染RSV誘導產(chǎn)生Th1/Th2型細胞因子水平不同
Real-time RT-PCR檢測肺組織內Th1/Th2型細胞因子mRNA的表達水平。結果顯示,對比再次RSV感染組,初次RSV感染鼠肺組織內Th1型細胞因子IFN-γmRNA明顯減少,而Th2型細胞因子IL-5、IL-13mRNA增多,提示Th1/Th2型細胞因子平衡失調可能是導致氣道炎癥反應不同的重要原因(圖3)。
圖3 RSV感染鼠肺組織內Th1/Th2型細胞因子mRNA表達水平Fig.3 The expression of Th1/Th2 cytokine mRNA in the lungs of mice after RSV infection
2.3 NHC參與RSV感染所誘發(fā)的氣道炎癥反應
應用流式細胞術檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),與再次RSV感染組相比,初次RSV感染組BALB/c鼠肺組織內NHC數(shù)量以及分泌Th2型細胞因子IL-5、IL-13的NHC數(shù)量均明顯增多,但分泌Th1型細胞因子IFN-γ的NHC數(shù)量無明顯變化(圖4)。Real-time RT-PCR檢測技術進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)初次感染RSV,肺組織NHC內IL-5、IL-13 mRNA表達水平亦明顯高于再次RSV感染組鼠(圖5),提示RSV初次感染可能通過誘導Th2型NH細胞肺浸潤,加重感染鼠肺局部炎癥。
圖4 肺組織NHC的絕對數(shù)量及產(chǎn)生IL-5/IL-13 NHC數(shù)量Fig.4 The absoulute number of NHC as well as IL-5/IL-13-producing NHC in the lungs
圖5 肺NHC IL-5/IL-13mRNA表達水平Fig.5 The expression of IL-5/IL-13mRNA in pulmonary NHC
RSV感染不能建立較長久的免疫記憶和免疫保護,故RSV反復感染的情況極為常見。但機體初次及再次感染RSV時會出現(xiàn)不同的免疫學反應。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當 BALB/c鼠初次感染RSV時引發(fā)氣道高反應性,肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中炎性細胞增多(圖1),HE染色時肺組織病理反應明顯(圖2)。RSV感染致氣道淋巴細胞聚集,產(chǎn)生多種細胞因子,并促使炎性介質釋放,加速嗜酸粒細胞成熟、活化和氣道浸潤,導致肺出現(xiàn)炎性癥狀[8]。與初次RSV感染組相比,再次RSV感染時BALB/c鼠肺泡灌洗液中炎性細胞數(shù)量減少,且肺組織的病理反應減輕(圖2),提示再次RSV感染可能通過誘導免疫保護,從而降低氣道高反應性,減少嗜酸粒細胞肺浸潤及氣道黏液分泌[9]。研究顯示,機體感染RSV時,表現(xiàn)為Th2型細胞因子分泌增加,誘導機體產(chǎn)生更多的IgE類抗體,導致氣道炎癥反應加重,誘發(fā)哮喘的發(fā)生及加重[10]。Th2型細胞因子的主要代表為IL-5、IL-13,在RSV感染誘導的哮喘中發(fā)揮重要作用。當機體感染RSV后,IL-5分泌增加導致氣道重塑及氣道上皮下纖維增生,尤其是對嗜酸性細胞的成熟、分化、激活發(fā)揮重要作用。嗜酸性細胞的增多導致肺浸潤加重,誘發(fā)及加重哮喘的發(fā)生[11]。而IL-13過度表達促進氣道黏液分泌、刺激氣道上皮細胞釋放嗜酸粒細胞趨化因子,誘導氣道高反應性及IgE合成,同時導致杯狀細胞增生和上皮的纖維化,并刺激肺成纖維細胞增殖,參與氣道重建,對哮喘的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有重要作用[12-13]。本研究顯示,初次RSV感染可誘導產(chǎn)生更多的Th2型細胞因子。感染鼠肺組織內IL-5、IL-13mRNA表達水平增多,Th1型細胞因子IFN-γmRNA表達水平明顯減少。與此相反,當再次感染發(fā)生時,肺組織內Th2型細胞因子分泌減少,而Th1型細胞因子分泌增多(圖3),提示再次感染可能通過提高機體Th1型應答,下調Th2型應答,從而減輕RSV感染所導致的氣道炎癥病變。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與再次RSV感染組相比,初次RSV感染組誘導肺組織局部浸潤更多地表達CD45+Lin-ST2+的炎性細胞,即天然輔助細胞(圖4),提示NHC可能在介導RSV誘發(fā)的氣道炎癥發(fā)生方面發(fā)揮重要作用。NHC屬于固有淋巴細胞家族,其區(qū)別于T、B、NK細胞[14],可在IL-25、IL-33刺激下分泌IL-5與IL-13等Th2型細胞因子[15-16]。NHC分泌Th2型細胞因子IL-5與IL-13,進而促進嗜酸性粒細胞與杯狀細胞增生,引起呼吸道粘液分泌、平滑肌收縮,導致氣道的炎癥反應及氣道高反應[17-19]。在病毒誘導的氣道炎癥反應中,NHC是Th2型細胞因子的重要來源[20]。有文獻報道,由流感病毒(IVA)感染所引起的呼吸道炎癥反應主要是肺部NHC發(fā)揮作用。流感病毒(H3N1)感染誘導NHC產(chǎn)生Th2型細胞因子IL-5和IL-13,介導氣道高反應性[21-22]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)初次感染RSV明顯增加BALB/c鼠肺淋巴細胞NHC總數(shù),且IL-5+NHC、IL-13+NHC數(shù)量也明顯增多(圖4)。病毒感染誘導NHC分泌更多的Th2型細胞因子如IL-5、IL-13(圖5),提示NHC在RSV感染導致氣道炎癥反應的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中起促進作用。最新研究顯示,在BALB/c鼠初次感染RSV時,肺NHC產(chǎn)生大量的IL-13,誘發(fā)嗜酸細胞肺浸潤[8],進一步證實,NHC參與RSV感染所誘發(fā)氣道炎癥反應。
哮喘的發(fā)生與發(fā)展與眾多因素相關。有大量研究證實呼吸道病毒感染與哮喘發(fā)作密切相關,但其在誘發(fā)哮喘中的具體作用機制尚未清楚,還需要更多的資料和實驗來證實。本研究從固有免疫細胞天然輔助細胞的角度研究其中的作用,為提示兩者間的相關性提供進一步的佐證。
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The Role of Natural Helper Cells Play in Airway Inflammation Induced by Primary and Secondary RSV Infection
HU Hai-yan, XU Lei, QI Fei-fei, WANG Dan-dan, LIU Jing, ZENG Sheng, LIU Bei-xing
(Teach. &Res.Div.ofImmunol.,Schl.ofBasicMed.Sci.,ChinaMed.Uni.,Shenyang110122)
Natural helper cells (NHC) are ones of the type 2 innate lymphocytes found recently. It has been reported that NHC can secret large amounts of cytokine type Th2, therefore, they play important role during the airway inflammation induced by viral infection. RSV is the most common respiratory virus, it is also a process of repeated infection. NHC may play an important role in RSV-induced airway inflammation. However, the role of NHC play in RSV infection, particularly in secondary infection is still unclear. Therefore, in this study a model of primary and secondary infection was constructed, and the role of NHC in RSV-induced airway inflammation has been observed. By using BALB/c mice that were infected intranasally with RSV, the number of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluids was counted. Lung histopathology was determined by HE staining. The expression of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13 mRNA in lung tissue are determined and NHC by RT-PCR. The number of CD45+Lin-ST2+marked NHC and IL-5+NH cells, IL-13+NHC on membrane surface in lung tissue, the number of NHC of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13 type Th1/Th2 cytokine were determined by intracellular membrane staining, to investigate the role of NHC in RSV induced by primary and secondary infections. The results showed that as compared with the secondary RSV infection, the lung inflammation reaction caused by RSV infection was worsened significantly, moreover, the expression level of cytokine IL-5, IL-13mRNA type Th2 increased significantly, suggested that as compared with the secondary infection, the primary RSV infection might induce the organism to produce more cytokine Th2, and caused the airway inflammation to worsen. Flow cytometry analysis has found that the total number of NHC in mice lung tissue during RSV primary infection as well as the number of IL-5+NHC, IL-13+NHC were more than the secondary infection group, suggested that as compared with the secondary infection, the RSV primary infection induce more NHC of type Th2 to enter into lung tissue and take part the airway inflammation. The study has proved that NHC intermediately induce airway inflammation through secretion of cytokine of type Th2, particularly IL-5 and IL-13.
RSV; natural helper cells (NHC); RSV primary and secondary infection
國家自然科學基金項目(81273239/H1005 )
胡海燕 女,碩士研究生。主要從事病毒與哮喘研究。E-mail:hyhu1821@aliyun.com
* 通訊作者。女,教授,博士生導師。主要從事病毒與哮喘方面的研究。E-mail:bxliu@mail.cmu.edu.cn
2015-08-10;
2015-09-20
Q939.93;R392.1
A
1005-7021(2016)05-0038-06
10.3969/j.issn.1005-7021.2016.05.007