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(南華大學(xué)附屬省馬王堆醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,湖南 長沙 410015)
·基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)·
阿托伐他汀對大鼠腦缺血再灌注PERK/elfR2a通路及Caspase-3表達(dá)的影響
彭文娟,楊劍文*,劉湘玉,楊期明
(南華大學(xué)附屬省馬王堆醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,湖南 長沙 410015)
目的研究蛋白激酶R樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶(PERK)/eIFR2a通路及Caspase-3在大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷中的作用機(jī)制及阿托伐他汀對其的影響。方法采用大腦中動脈線栓塞法制作大鼠腦缺血再灌注模型;隨機(jī)分為缺血再灌注組、假手術(shù)組、阿托伐他汀組、阿托伐他汀+Salubrinal抑制劑組,大體標(biāo)本采用TTC染色,釆用Western-blot法檢測PERK、Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)及eIF2a蛋白磷酸化。結(jié)果與假手術(shù)組相比,大鼠缺血再灌注后PERK蛋白表達(dá)及eIF2a 的磷酸化增加, Caspase-3表達(dá)的活性增強(qiáng)(P<0.01);阿托伐他汀干預(yù)可以減輕PERK蛋白表達(dá)及eIF2a蛋白磷酸化(P<0.05)。給予特異性eIF2a磷酸化抑制劑Salubrinal后可抑制eIF2a的磷酸化及Caspase-3表達(dá)的活性(P<0.05),對PERK蛋白表達(dá)無影響。形態(tài)學(xué)上從TTC染色提示:在缺血再灌注組TTC染色可見大片腦梗死組織。Salubrinal抑制劑及阿托伐他汀干預(yù)后腦梗死體積明顯縮小(P<0.05)。結(jié)論內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激通過PERK/eIF2a/Caspase-3途徑促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,阿托伐他汀干預(yù)可以減輕腦缺血再灌注損傷。
蛋白激酶R樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶; eIF2a; 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激; Caspase-3; 局灶性腦缺血再灌注; 阿托伐他汀
腦梗死發(fā)生后出現(xiàn)腦細(xì)胞的壞死,神經(jīng)損傷加重,其損傷的機(jī)制主要與細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān),最近幾年有大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ERS)與細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)是一種細(xì)胞器,參與了蛋白質(zhì)的折疊、穩(wěn)態(tài)和脂質(zhì)合成等過程,多種誘導(dǎo)因素包括氧化應(yīng)激、缺血、電解質(zhì)紊亂等影響內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能,導(dǎo)致非折疊蛋白和錯誤折疊蛋白在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的積聚,觸發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,誘導(dǎo)促凋亡轉(zhuǎn)錄因子C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologousprotein,CHOP),激活C-JNK激酶、分裂凋亡蛋白12及/Caspase-3等,從而啟動細(xì)胞凋亡或死亡,啟動細(xì)胞凋亡信號[1-4]。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激包含蛋白激酶R樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶(protein kinase R-like ER kinase,PERK)、肌醇激酶1(inositol-requiring kinase 1,IRE-l)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子6(transcriptional factor activating transcription factor 6,ATF-6)3條信號通路[5-9]。其中PERK是一種絲氨酸蘇氧酸激酶,在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激啟動后被激活,還能磷酸化翻譯起始因子2a(eIF2a),從而切斷mRNA的翻譯過程。Caspase-3是引起細(xì)胞凋亡的關(guān)鍵酶之一,是執(zhí)行凋亡程序的下游關(guān)鍵因子之一,因而推測缺血再灌注等啟動內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡可能與Caspase-3有關(guān),且PERK/eIF2a/Caspase-3通路是其導(dǎo)致腦組織損傷機(jī)制之一。
近期有研究報(bào)道,氟伐他汀可以抑制缺氧所導(dǎo)致的巨噬細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制與抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激有關(guān),參與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的凋亡[10-11]。而阿托伐他汀與氟伐他汀具有類似的分子結(jié)構(gòu),能競爭性抑制羥甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶(HMG-CoA),因此推測阿托伐他汀也可能通過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激途徑抑制缺氧等所導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡,減輕腦缺血再灌注損傷,從而起到神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。本研究擬探索阿托伐他汀對缺血再灌注損傷內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的作用機(jī)制。
1.1腦缺血再灌注動物模型的建立清潔級健康雄性SD大鼠60只,鼠齡10個(gè)月,體質(zhì)量89±9 g,購自中南大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院動物實(shí)驗(yàn)室(實(shí)驗(yàn)動物許可證號SYXK(湘)2013-001)。大鼠的飼養(yǎng)溫度20~25℃,濕度40%~70%,室內(nèi)風(fēng)速0.1~0.2 m/s,光照時(shí)間為12 h/12 h明暗。實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)本院動物倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)同意。按數(shù)字隨機(jī)法將大鼠分為4組:假手術(shù)組、缺血再灌注組、阿托伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀+Salubrinal抑制劑組(簡稱阿+抑制劑組),每組15只。缺血再灌注組、阿托伐他汀組和阿+抑制劑組大鼠以大腦中動脈閉塞法建立腦缺血再灌注模型,用10%水合氯醛350 mg/kg麻醉。切開頸前正中皮膚,鈍性分離皮下組織,暴露右側(cè)頸總動脈及頸內(nèi)外動脈,在頸總動脈距離頸動脈分叉2 cm處剪一斜口,將標(biāo)記好的栓線通過分叉插向頸內(nèi)動脈,插入深度為18.5±1.0 mm,表明線栓已經(jīng)堵塞大腦中動脈血流,栓塞2 h后再灌注恢復(fù)血流,最后縫合皮膚。假手術(shù)組大鼠暴露右側(cè)頸總動脈。其中阿托伐他汀組及阿+抑制劑組在造模前1天灌胃阿托伐他汀干預(yù)(5 mg/kg,遼寧大連輝瑞制藥有限公司,片劑,用溫開水2 mL溶解灌胃),1次/天,至造模后3天。假手術(shù)組和缺血再灌注組大鼠灌胃2 mL蒸餾水。eIF2a抑制組大鼠在造模前1天灌胃eIF2a酸化特異性抑制劑Salubrinal(11.2 mg/kg,液體針劑,ApexBio Technology LLC公司,Houston,TX,USA)1次/天,至造模后3天[12]。
1.2 TTC染色TTC染色檢測大鼠腦缺血組織體積。造模后3天,將大鼠用10%水合氯醛麻醉,用4%多聚甲醛固定并快速斷頭取腦后,在短暫冰凍后從前至后切成2 mm厚度的腦片,即置于2%TTC 酸鹽緩沖液中37 ℃避光恒溫解育30 min。PBS固定。拍照,用HMIAS-2000高清晰度彩色圖文分析系統(tǒng)(陜西省西安市金馬醫(yī)療器械有限公司)觀察梗死部位,測量梗死體積并計(jì)算腦缺血組織體積(占全腦體積的百分比,%)。
1.3 Western blot檢測Western blot檢測大鼠缺血側(cè)腦組織中PERK、翻譯起始因子2a及Caspase-3的表達(dá)。造模后3天,將大鼠用10%水合氯醛麻醉并處死,然后將缺血腦組織剪碎各加入一定比例改良RIPA裂解液,在冰浴條件下進(jìn)行組織勻漿、離心,棄除沉淀,貯存于-80℃中待用。每份樣品取樣 200 μg,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,電壓積層膠80 V,分離膠120 V。半干法將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上,加入Western封閉液在室溫封閉3 h后,加入—抗兔抗PERK、兔抗eIF2a、兔抗Caspase-3及β-actin多抗(1∶4 000;Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,CA,USA)4℃孵育過夜,封閉液漂洗,再加HRP標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG(1∶2 000;Santa Cruz Biotechnology)室溫下孵育2 h,搖床雜交1 h,漂洗后放射自顯影。測量光密度(OD)值(LS117光密度儀,深圳市金鵬程軟件科技有限公司),目的蛋白的表達(dá)水平以目的蛋白與β-actin的光密度比值表示。
2.1阿托伐他汀增加腦缺血再灌注大鼠腦梗死體積TTC染色結(jié)果顯示,假手術(shù)組大鼠未見腦梗死灶,缺血再灌注組大鼠存在明顯腦梗死現(xiàn)象,而與缺血再灌注組相比,阿托伐他汀組及阿+抑制劑組大鼠腦梗死體積明顯縮小(P<0.05)(圖1)。
圖1 阿托伐他汀對腦缺血再灌注大鼠腦梗死體積的影響大鼠(TTC染色)正常腦組織染成紅色,梗死區(qū)腦組織染成白色.A:假手術(shù)組;B:缺血再灌注組;C:阿托伐他汀+salubrinal抑制劑組;D:阿托伐他汀組;E:大鼠腦梗死體積定量結(jié)果. 與假手術(shù)組比較,*:P<0.05;與缺血再灌注組比較,#:P<0.05
2.2阿托伐他汀減少腦缺血再灌注大鼠梗死側(cè)腦組織中PERK、Caspase-3和eIF2a表達(dá)的變化Western Blot結(jié)果顯示,與假手術(shù)組相比,大鼠缺血再灌注后誘導(dǎo)大量PERK蛋白的表達(dá)、Caspase-3活性明顯增強(qiáng)及eIF2a蛋白顯著磷酸化 (P<0.01)。但阿托伐他汀干預(yù)后,缺血再灌注大鼠腦組織中PERK蛋白表達(dá)、Caspase-3活性及eIF2a蛋白磷酸化程度明顯降低(P<0.05)。而特異性eIF2a酸化抑制劑Salubrinal能顯著抑制缺血再灌注大鼠腦組織中eIF2a蛋白磷酸化及Caspase-3活性(P<0.05),但對PERK蛋白表達(dá)沒有影響(P>0.05,圖2)。
圖2 阿托伐他汀對腦缺血再灌注大鼠腦組織中PERK、Caspase-3和eIF2a蛋白表達(dá)的影響 蛋白表達(dá)水平以其與與β-actin光密度比值表示. 1:假手術(shù)組;2:阿托伐他汀+salubrinal抑制組;3:缺血再灌注組;4:阿托伐他汀組. 與假手術(shù)組比較,*:P<0.05;與缺血再灌注組比較,#:P<0.05
蛋白激酶R樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶是一種絲氨酸蘇氨酸激酶,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)發(fā)生應(yīng)激后,它磷酸化eIF2a[13],從而切斷mRNA的翻譯,包括ATF4,同時(shí)也能誘導(dǎo)UPR相關(guān)的基因,降低未折疊蛋白水平。在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激中Caspase-12的過程已有報(bào)道[14],導(dǎo)致Caspase-12前體的裂解和激活,進(jìn)一步激化Caspase-3等因子導(dǎo)致線粒體依賴的細(xì)胞死亡,Caspase-3是細(xì)胞凋亡關(guān)鍵酶之一,但不能通過自催化或自剪接的方式激活,因而被認(rèn)為是執(zhí)行凋亡程序的下游關(guān)鍵因子之一,但具體的PERK/ eIF2a/ Caspase-3通路研究不多。在本研究中TTC染色結(jié)果提示缺血再灌注后大鼠存在明顯腦梗死現(xiàn)象,阿托伐他汀及Salubrinal干預(yù)后大鼠腦梗死體積明顯縮小,同時(shí)Western Blot測定PERK蛋白的表達(dá)增強(qiáng)、eIF2a 明顯去磷酸化及Caspase-3活性增加,說明細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡、壞死時(shí)激動內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,激活了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶之一的PERK,也同時(shí)使具有mRNA的翻譯功能的eIF2a磷酸化加強(qiáng),切斷了蛋白質(zhì)的翻譯過程,并啟動了凋亡因子Caspase-3。腦缺血再灌注發(fā)生后內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激、eIF2a磷酸化及凋亡因子Caspase-3啟動三者之間是否有一內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系,值得探討,本實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)計(jì)了eIF2a磷酸化特異性抑制劑Salubrinal組,經(jīng)Salubrinal抑制后,Caspase-3活性明顯下降,從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,而PERK無影響,推測PERK/eIF2a/Caspase-3通路參與了細(xì)胞凋亡途徑[15-17]。C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)是在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)觸發(fā)的凋亡信號中研究最為清楚的分子之一。CHOP抗凋亡主要是ATF4和ATF6依賴的途徑調(diào)控[18],其另一個(gè)重要途徑是CHOP介導(dǎo)Bcl-2家族蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制及激活,從而抑制抗凋亡Bcl-2蛋白的表達(dá)[19]。有研究報(bào)道PERK/eIF2a/ArF4是CHOP蛋白表達(dá)所必需的,PERK信號通路的激活在ERS早期通過抑制蛋白質(zhì)的合成對細(xì)胞起保護(hù)作用、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的生存,隨著ERS時(shí)間的延長,PERK通過誘導(dǎo)CHOP的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的凋亡[20-24]。這些前期的研究支持內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)相關(guān)的激酶在細(xì)胞凋亡中起重要作用,因而內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡的途徑和因子可能很多,本研究認(rèn)為內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激通過了PERK/ eIF2a/ Caspase-3通路參與了細(xì)胞凋亡途徑。
氟伐他汀抑制缺氧所導(dǎo)致的巨噬細(xì)胞凋亡的機(jī)制與N-末端糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(GRP78)有關(guān),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激后PERK通過與GRP78的結(jié)合而失去活性[25-27],阿托伐他汀具有調(diào)脂、抗炎、抗氧化等作用,顯著降低腦血管疾病發(fā)生率以及死亡率,阻斷HMG-CoA還原成甲基經(jīng)戊酸(MVA)有關(guān),MVA是焦磷酸攏牛兒酷(GGPP)和焦磷酸法尼醋(FPP)合成的前體,后兩者與免疫調(diào)節(jié)、凋亡有關(guān)[28-29]。因而推測阿托伐他汀可能干預(yù)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的凋亡,在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)計(jì)了阿托伐他汀組,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)阿托伐他汀干預(yù)后,PERK蛋白的表達(dá)、eIF2a 去磷酸化程度及Caspase-3活性均降低。以往的研究多集中在阿托伐他汀僅通過調(diào)脂、抗炎等防止動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展等[30-31],在抗凋亡,保護(hù)缺血誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡研究不多,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿托伐他汀可能通過抗凋亡,減輕神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷,其機(jī)制可能是通過PERK/ eIF2a/ Caspase-3通路參與了細(xì)胞凋亡途徑。
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TheStudyofPERK/eIF2aPathwayandtheExpressionofCaspase-3inIschemia-reperfusionRatsandAtorvastatinIntervention
PENG Wenjuan,YANG Jianwen,LIU Xiangyu,et al
(MawangduiHospitalAffilatedtoUniversityofSouthChina,Changsha,Hunan410015,China)
ObjectiveTo study the PERK/eIF2a pathways and Caspase 3 in the mechanism of action of ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and the effect of atorvastatin.MethodsProduce the ischemia reperfusion model rats by Middle cerebral artery embolism method which were divided into the ischemia reperfusion group,control group,atorvastatin intervention group and eIF2a suppression group.To observe the changes of ischemic brain,specimens were treated with TTC staining,the PERK,Caspase-3 protein expression and protein phosphorylation eIF2a were detected by western-blot.Results
Compared with the control group,after ischemia reperfusion,PERK protein expression and protein phosphorylation eIF2a increased,the expression of Caspase 3 was enhanced,and the expression of PERK protein and phosphorylation eIF2a was relieved after atorvastatin intervention.The expression of Caspase-3 and phosphorylation eIF2a was inhibited by inhibitor Salubrinal,which had no effect no PERK.Large cerebral infarction in ischemia reperfusion group was visible by TTC staining after ischemia reperfusion.Cerebral infarction volume was significantly narrowed by atorvastatin intervention or inhibitor Salubrinal.ConclusionCell apoptosis was related to the PERK/ eIF2a /Caspase 3 pathways after endoplasmic reticulum stress,atorvastatin can reduce the damage of cerebral ischemia reperfusion.
protein kinase-like ER kinase; EIF2a; endoplasmic reticulum stress; Caspase-3; ischemia reperfusion; atorvastatin
R743.3
A
10.15972/j.cnki.43-1509/r.2016.01.005
2015-10-08;
2015-11-26
湖南省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委資助項(xiàng)目(B2015-73).
*通訊作者,E-mail:csyang904@126.com.
朱雯霞)