高考英語閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置規(guī)律

汪蕾

閱讀理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。近年來隨著高考命題指導(dǎo)思想的發(fā)展，閱讀理解題的命制日趨穩(wěn)定、科學(xué)、合理和成熟。其干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置不僅能檢測(cè)出考生理解、概括、推理等邏輯思維的精準(zhǔn)性、深刻性，而且對(duì)考生個(gè)人心理素質(zhì)是一種檢驗(yàn)。縱觀近幾年的高考閱讀理解試題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置具有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性。針對(duì)這一趨勢(shì)，要全面提高閱讀理解能力，除具備深厚的語言功底，一定的閱讀技巧和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析、意群分析能力外，做題時(shí)了解干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置規(guī)律也至關(guān)重要。以下結(jié)合例題對(duì)常見的干擾方法加以介紹和分析。

一、主題擴(kuò)大

干擾項(xiàng)歸納、概括的范圍過大，太空泛，太籠統(tǒng)，表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章實(shí)際所闡述的內(nèi)容，與主旨大意之間是包含關(guān)系。就像給一個(gè)頭很小的人戴上一頂大帽子，答題者需要認(rèn)清文中討論的主題和放大含義的選項(xiàng)之間的包含關(guān)系，然后進(jìn)行排除。同時(shí)，采用逆推法，假定自己要以選項(xiàng)作為標(biāo)題寫文章，自己會(huì)以什么內(nèi)容為主題。

HOUSTON ——A 10-year-old boy fatally shot his father Friday，as he sat in the front seat of a SUV to pick up the boy from his mothers home for a weekend visit.

The incident happened about 3p.m on a culdesac（死胡同）in the 1700 block of Cedar Cove Court，said Williams of the Harris County Sheriffs Department.

An investigation found that Rick James ，41，was shot by his son，who was sitting in the back seat of the mans Toyota 4-Runner，said Williams.The shooting took place outside the home of Jamesex-wife，where the boy lives with his mother and a 7-year-old brother.

“Were not certain of anything until we finish our investigation”： Williams said.“The information we have at this time is that the 10-year-old did fire the weapon.”

The mother and the 7-year-old were inside the house when the shooting occurred，said Williams.Williams said the gun belonged to the boys mother.After firing shots through the back seat，the boy exited the back of the vehicle and continued to fire at the car.

The man died on the way to Memorial Herman Hospital.

James was a doctor at the University of Texas Medical Branch.

The man and woman shared custody（監(jiān)護(hù)）of the children.

Williams said the mother and the boy were still in the home talking to investigators Friday night.

Neighbors described the family as being quiet and keeping to themselves

1.The best title for the news should be ？搖？搖 ？搖？搖

A.A Boy Shot His Father.

B.Shooting Kill a Father.

C.An Unbelievable Tragedy.（主題擴(kuò)大）

D.A Ten-Year-Old Boys Cruelty.

二、以偏概全

干擾項(xiàng)概括不全面，只闡述了文章的部分內(nèi)容，覆蓋部分段落或幾句話，或干擾項(xiàng)以次要的事實(shí)或者細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。在選項(xiàng)中，就答案本身來看，在短文中均被提及，甚至個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。考生此時(shí)要特別注意整體與部分及全面與片面的包容關(guān)系，防止主次不分，以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏概全。

Most people know that lighthouses help keep ships safe.For hundreds of years，their shining lights have warned people of dangers.However，in many places，lighthouses could not be built at that time，so lightships were used instead.

...Usually，a lightship crew worked on the ship for four months at a time.Their job was to take care of the light.They worked hard to keep it going in bad weather.

The first lightship in the US was put in Chesapeake Bay in Virginia.The year was 1820.Three years later，a lightship was put at New York Harbor...

lightships used different fuels for more than 50 years...

At one time，there were more than 100 lightships in US waters.In 1952，The last new lightship was built.in 1985 the use of lightships ended in the US...

today...the days of working lightships were over.

2.What is the text mainly about？

A.How to build a lightship.

B.The importance of lightships.（以偏概全）

C.People who worked on lightships.（以偏概全）

D.The history of lightships in the US.

三、以假亂真

在各種干擾信息中，偽造信息用得最多，干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句式，保留了原文中的大多數(shù)詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了一個(gè)詞匯，造成了句意的改變（通常在中心詞前面的修飾詞上做文章，名詞前的形容詞、動(dòng)詞，形容詞前的副詞，以及地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方式狀語的程度、范圍與原文不一致等），給考生一種錯(cuò)覺，選項(xiàng)與原文意思差不多，以假亂真，迷惑和干擾考生?？忌诒鎰e選項(xiàng)中的信息時(shí)，粗略一讀，只看到幾個(gè)表面文字與有關(guān)部分相同就妄下結(jié)論。

Safeway Inc started a month-long fund-raising campaign that will bring new hope and opportunities to thousands of people living with disabilities.through cooperation with Easter Sales and Special Olympics，the company announced that it would raise millions of dollars this year to fund theregionalrecovery service programmes，provide money for job training，and train the disabled athletes so they can take part in Special Olympics throughout the country.

3.According to the text this year，Safeway Inc will？搖？搖 ？搖？搖

A.fund job training for the disabled.

B.conduct national recovery programmes.

C.raise $100 million to help the disabled.

D.set up a local disability center.

四、常識(shí)臆斷

干擾項(xiàng)通常是基本常識(shí)或普遍存在的觀點(diǎn)，但在原文中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐。考生往往根據(jù)“潛意識(shí)”的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見解。這類選項(xiàng)之所以能起干擾作用，就是因?yàn)榭此坪虾跚槔淼男畔⒉⒎俏恼滤峒?，是考生潛意識(shí)里的“想當(dāng)然”選項(xiàng)，即文中未提，主觀想象。因此，要謹(jǐn)防先入為主，誤導(dǎo)了判斷，忽略了要從原文中驗(yàn)證。

There is no association between the amount of homework one does and the amount of knowledge one gathers.In fact，a research by Australian experts shows that the result is exactly the opposite： the more hours students spend doing homework，the less effective they will be in gaining knowledge.

The United States is one of the countries where students do little homework，but that has not damaged the countrys academic status in the world.So，its time Chinese schools understood this fact and freed students of the unnecessary burden of homework.

4.The author compared China with the USA in order to？搖 ？搖.

A.emphasize that American education is more advanced than China（常識(shí)臆斷）

B.state the Chinese students are more stupid than those in America（常識(shí)臆斷）

C.attract more Chinese students to go further study abroad（常識(shí)臆斷）

D. imply that how much homework has little to do with learning

五、時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換

干擾項(xiàng)針對(duì)文中某一細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)置選項(xiàng)，改變?cè)摷?xì)節(jié)的時(shí)態(tài)，已然未然有意混淆，即干擾項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容一致，只是改變了謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)?？忌谧鲱}時(shí)，只注意干擾項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的語意含義，未從時(shí)態(tài)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念上理解選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。

Now hes expecting one million people worldwide to take part in the One Day Without Shoes event——spending a day without shoes to have a better understanding of those who do not have a choice.

5.Which of the following is TRUE about the One Day Without Shoes event？

A.It is part of the One for One business model.

B.It is held in South America and Africa every year.

C.It makes people experience what its like not wearing shoes.

D.One million people around the world have already taken part in it.（時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換）

六、語氣轉(zhuǎn)換

干擾項(xiàng)通常包含有表示程度、范圍等絕對(duì)語氣的表達(dá)，如：must，always，never，most，all，every，any，completely，only等。正確選項(xiàng)常含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá)，如：sometimes，probably，possibly，may，usually，might，relatively，be likely to，tend to，其語氣平和、委婉、留有余地。

The company processes an average of 30 million ducks every year，and nearly 60 percent of those poultry products are sold to markets in the Yangtze River Delta region，where the current bird flu cases are from. The company is now losing nearly 1 million yuan a day，he said.of course，Zhaos company is not alone in suffering because of the recent H7N9 outbreak.

“It is a certainty that the industry will shrink this year. Now I am also quite worried that many farmers may give up poultry farming in the future，since there are so many risks in the poultry farming”： Zhao said.

6.According to zhao，which of the following statements is true？

A.Many farmers may not raise poultry in the future.

B.The company is suffering nearly 1 million dollars loss every day.

C.The company is suffering the biggest loss because of the bird flu.

D.All of the companys ducks are sold to markets in the Yangtze River Delta region.

七、強(qiáng)加因果關(guān)系

干擾項(xiàng)把并不存在因果關(guān)系的兩處內(nèi)容以事理邏輯連接在一起，形成一個(gè)看上去很像原文內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)，但原文當(dāng)中并沒有類似的因果關(guān)系。尤其是對(duì)于那些本身就靠“朦朧法”做題的考生來說，這種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)很隱蔽，具有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性。

Now that Harrie was free，she did not forget the hundreds of other slaves back in Maryland. Harriet travelled back and forth eighteen times，helping about 300 slaves escape into free territory.She became an expert at hiding from slave hunters.The people she helped called her Moses...

After the fighting ended，Harriet Tubman returned to Auburn，New York. She kept working. She travelled and gave speeches to raise money for better education for black children. She also worked for womens rights and housing. Harriet Tubman died in 1913.She was about 93 years old. By that time，she was recognized as an American hero. The United States government gave a funeral with military honours for the woman known as Moses.

7.According to the text，we know that ？搖？搖 ？搖？搖.

A.slavery was banned in all the states in America before the Civil War.

B.Harriet Tubman raised money for better education for white children.

C.The government gave her a funeral because she was Moses（強(qiáng)加因果關(guān)系）

D.Harriet Tubman still worked for black people after the Civil war.

綜上所述，無論閱讀理解題目的設(shè)置形式如何變化，其選項(xiàng)的命制原則基本保持不變，閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置有一定的規(guī)律可循。如果做題時(shí)能夠把握干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置特點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)確捕捉選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤信息或不合題目要求的信息，就必將提高考生理解的準(zhǔn)確率，起到事半功倍的作用。