龔 靜,陳 鈮,周 橋
(四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院病理科,四川成都 610041)
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·專家論壇·
膀胱尿路上皮癌的病理診斷進(jìn)展
龔靜,陳鈮,周橋
(四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院病理科,四川成都610041)
近年來在尿路上皮癌的診斷病理學(xué)方面取得較大進(jìn)展,包括對浸潤性尿路上皮癌變異型有了更多的認(rèn)識;一些新的免疫組化標(biāo)記在病理診斷中得到應(yīng)用;根據(jù)尿路上皮癌常見染色體改變設(shè)計(jì)的熒光原位雜交探針也已較多地用于尿液細(xì)胞樣本篩查和復(fù)發(fā)監(jiān)測;新的分子標(biāo)記如microRNAs、TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變和FGFR3基因突變檢測等亦開始用于臨床。本文擇要介紹上述幾方面的進(jìn)展。
膀胱尿路上皮癌;病理診斷;變異型;免疫組織化學(xué);熒光原位雜交;microRNAs;TERT啟動(dòng)子突變;FGFR3突變
膀胱癌是泌尿系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,以尿路上皮癌(urothelial carcinoma,UC;或稱移行細(xì)胞癌,TCC)最常見。近年來,對浸潤性尿路上皮癌的多種組織學(xué)變異有許多新的認(rèn)識;尿路上皮癌病理診斷和鑒別診斷中有價(jià)值的免疫標(biāo)記和分子檢測等方面亦有不少的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。本文擇要介紹尿路上皮癌變異型和免疫標(biāo)記/分子標(biāo)記在病理診斷應(yīng)用中的一些進(jìn)展。
浸潤性尿路上皮癌組織學(xué)形態(tài)多樣,除了常見的普通型外,有多種變異型(或亞型)。某些變異型組織學(xué)形態(tài)類似良性病變,病理醫(yī)生需要警惕,避免漏診;某些變異型則需要與其他類型的腫瘤相鑒別;某些變異型侵襲性更高或預(yù)后更差,需要在治療決策與監(jiān)測中予以考慮[1]。
1.1伴鱗狀分化及腺分化的尿路上皮癌(urothelial carcinoma with squamous or glandular differentiation)浸潤性尿路上皮癌最常見的變異型是尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化,其次是伴腺分化。一些研究顯示伴有鱗狀分化或腺分化的尿路上皮癌預(yù)后更差,應(yīng)采取更積極的治療[2]。最近兩個(gè)分別納入了2 444和1 013個(gè)病例的大宗病例研究顯示,與單純尿路上皮癌相比,具有鱗狀或/和腺分化的尿路上皮癌侵襲性更強(qiáng),發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)病理分期常更晚,但根治術(shù)后的預(yù)后與相同分期的單純尿路上皮癌相比未見明顯差異[3-4]。
1.2微乳頭型尿路上皮癌(micropapillary urothelial carcinoma)微乳頭型尿路上皮癌(圖1A)需與伴有微乳頭形態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)移癌相鑒別。該亞型在診斷時(shí)常常已有肌層浸潤,且20%伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,根治標(biāo)本中淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移率可達(dá)64%[5]。不論微乳頭狀成分是局灶還是彌漫分布,均提示預(yù)后較差[6]。一些學(xué)者建議,活檢標(biāo)本在固有層中如有微乳頭成分、但未明確有肌層累及時(shí),應(yīng)再活檢;甚至建議不論是否有肌層浸潤,都應(yīng)早期行膀胱切除術(shù),以提高生存率[7-9]。
1.3巢狀變異型尿路上皮癌(nested urothelial carcinoma)巢狀變異型尿路上皮癌(圖1B)組織形態(tài)可類似旺熾增生的布氏巢,或腺性膀胱炎,故診斷陷阱較大。該亞型侵襲性強(qiáng),70%的患者在TURBT標(biāo)本中即可見固有肌層浸潤;大部分患者在診斷時(shí)即有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,70%的病例于4~40月內(nèi)死于腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。認(rèn)識和治療不足可能是其預(yù)后差的原因之一。但亦有報(bào)道顯示,相同病理分期的巢狀變異型與普通型尿路上皮癌行膀胱根治術(shù)后,無復(fù)發(fā)生存率和腫瘤特異性生存率差異不明顯[11]。
大巢狀變異型(large nested variant)是最近報(bào)道的一種新的變異型,腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)較溫和,形成大巢浸潤性生長,常浸潤肌層,出現(xiàn)間質(zhì)反應(yīng)(圖1C);但由于癌巢周圍邊界可較光滑,易被誤認(rèn)為非浸潤性尿路上皮腫瘤或病變[12]。2016版WHO泌尿系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類將其列入巢狀變異型尿路上皮癌中[13]。
1.4漿細(xì)胞樣尿路上皮癌(plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma)漿細(xì)胞樣型也是預(yù)后較差的變異型。其形態(tài)學(xué)特點(diǎn)是腫瘤細(xì)胞核偏位,粘附性差,呈漿細(xì)胞樣(圖1D),可表達(dá)CD138,需要與漿細(xì)胞瘤/多發(fā)性骨髓瘤鑒別[14]。膀胱鏡檢時(shí),黏膜表面病變可不顯著,常僅見黏膜水腫,但該亞型侵襲性強(qiáng),很易沿腹膜后間隙浸潤。確診時(shí)多為pT3-4期,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率達(dá)72%,手術(shù)切緣陽性率約40%,高于其他尿路上皮癌亞型[15]。該亞型的治療主要是及時(shí)手術(shù),有些學(xué)者提出應(yīng)采用比普通型尿路上皮癌更激進(jìn)的手術(shù)方案[16]。這一亞型對新輔助化療有一定敏感性,80%患者化療后腫瘤分期有所下降,但易復(fù)發(fā),生存率與單純手術(shù)者無明顯差異,長期生存者罕見[17]。
1.5肉瘤樣尿路上皮癌(sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma)肉瘤樣尿路上皮癌可顯示向上皮及間葉分化的雙相特征,間葉成分可為高級別、未分化的梭形細(xì)胞肉瘤(圖1E),也可為異源性成分,如骨肉瘤、軟骨肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤等。研究顯示癌及肉瘤樣成分具有相同克隆起源[18-19]。該亞型預(yù)后差,初診時(shí)常分期晚,伴有轉(zhuǎn)移,平均生存時(shí)間約14個(gè)月,5年腫瘤特異性生存率約20%,伴有異源性成分時(shí)預(yù)后更差[20-22]。
1.6淋巴上皮瘤樣尿路上皮癌(lymphoepithelioma-like urothelial carcinoma)淋巴上皮瘤樣癌形態(tài)類似鼻咽部非角化性癌,但無EB病毒感染的證據(jù)[23]。該亞型侵襲性強(qiáng),70%以上的患者在診斷時(shí)分期≥pT2。目前最大宗的研究納入了34個(gè)病例,其免疫表型類似于經(jīng)典的高級別尿路上皮癌,但幾乎不表達(dá)CK20;預(yù)后也與經(jīng)典的尿路上皮癌相似。純粹的淋巴上皮瘤樣癌或以該成分為主的尿路上皮癌對化療敏感,預(yù)后比局灶性淋巴上皮瘤樣癌好[23]。
1.7富于脂質(zhì)的尿路上皮癌(lipid-rich urothelial carcinoma)該變異型癌細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)中含有空泡(圖1F),電鏡檢查及新鮮組織脂肪染色證實(shí)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)空泡為脂質(zhì)[24-25],常與普通的高級別尿路上皮癌并存,免疫表型亦相似。病理診斷上需與脂肪肉瘤、印戒細(xì)胞癌等鑒別[24]。該變異型診斷時(shí)常為進(jìn)展期,預(yù)后差,45%患者診斷時(shí)即有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,60%患者在16~58個(gè)月內(nèi)死亡[24]。
圖1浸潤性尿路上皮癌變異型(HE)
A:微乳頭狀型;B:巢狀型;C:大巢狀變異型;D:漿細(xì)胞樣型;E:肉瘤樣型;F:富于脂質(zhì)型。
1.8其他罕見亞型除以上變異型,文獻(xiàn)中還報(bào)道了一些更罕見的變異型,如透明細(xì)胞型、伴有巨細(xì)胞的變異型、伴有大量黏液樣間質(zhì)的變異型[26-27]等,尚需積累更多的資料以了解其生物學(xué)行為。
2.1免疫組化標(biāo)記在診斷中的應(yīng)用大部分尿路上皮病變可通過HE染色切片診斷,部分疑難病例則需借助免疫組化標(biāo)記來幫助判斷。在轉(zhuǎn)移癌的鑒別上,也常需借助免疫組化。尿路上皮可表達(dá)高分子量CK(HMWCK)、CK5/6和p63等常見于鱗狀上皮的標(biāo)記,同時(shí)也表達(dá)部分腺上皮標(biāo)記,如CK7和CK20等。但這些標(biāo)記并非特異的尿路上皮標(biāo)記,需借助其組合輔助診斷和鑒別診斷。尿路上皮癌分化差時(shí),這些標(biāo)記的敏感性也降低,故輔助作用有限。因此,尋找更敏感、更特異的尿路上皮癌標(biāo)記是近年來分子病理研究的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。以下介紹幾種近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的可輔助尿路上皮癌診斷的免疫標(biāo)記。
2.1.1GATA3GATA3是GATA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員?;虮磉_(dá)譜篩選發(fā)現(xiàn)GATA3是尿路上皮的分化標(biāo)記[28],表達(dá)于67.0%~91.6%的尿路上皮癌[29-33](圖2A);在非浸潤尿路上皮癌中的陽性率稍高于浸潤性尿路上皮癌[33]。在浸潤性尿路上皮癌及各種變異型中,普通型尿路上皮癌GATA3陽性率最高,其次為微乳頭型和漿細(xì)胞樣型[34-35]。肉瘤樣變異型GATA3陽性率報(bào)道差異較大[20, 34],多形性未分化肉瘤樣區(qū)域或明顯的異源性成份通常為陰性[20]。
在來源未明的轉(zhuǎn)移癌的鑒別診斷中,GATA3陽性提示可能為尿路上皮癌;但應(yīng)注意其他一些腫瘤也可表達(dá)GATA3。陽性率較高的是乳腺癌,浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌陽性率為67%~91%,小葉癌則幾乎100%陽性[29, 36]。其它腫瘤如皮膚基底細(xì)胞癌、鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌、子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌、滋養(yǎng)葉細(xì)胞腫瘤、卵黃囊瘤、間皮瘤、涎腺腫瘤[29],以及副節(jié)瘤(包括發(fā)生在膀胱的)等,也可表達(dá)GATA3[37]。
2.1.2Uroplakin Ⅲ和Uroplakin ⅡUroplakin家族分子包括四個(gè)主要成員: Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱ和Ⅲ,是尿路上皮分化終末階段的標(biāo)記,主要在尿路上皮的傘蓋細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[38]。Uroplakin Ⅲ是最早用于尿路上皮癌診斷的分子(圖2B),也是特異性最高的一個(gè)標(biāo)記,文獻(xiàn)中尚未見其他腫瘤表達(dá)的報(bào)道;但其敏感性隨腫瘤級別增高明顯降低[39],實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值有限。
Uroplakin Ⅱ也是判斷尿路上皮分化的標(biāo)記[40](圖2C),其敏感性高于Uroplakin Ⅲ,漿細(xì)胞樣型和巢狀型尿路上皮癌中陽性率幾乎100%,轉(zhuǎn)移性尿路上皮癌中陽性率也較高[40]。Uroplakin Ⅱ也具有較好的特異性,其他部位如呼吸道、消化道、乳腺等部位的多種腫瘤都未見Uroplakin Ⅱ的表達(dá)[33, 40-42],但尚需積累更多數(shù)據(jù)。
2.1.3S100PS100P(胎盤S100)在普通尿路上皮癌和各種尿路上皮癌變異型中陽性率均較高[28, 32, 43],總體陽性率甚至高于GATA3[35]。但S100P除了在尿路上皮中表達(dá)外,在胎盤、胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌、膽管癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌和前列腺癌等組織中也有表達(dá)[44]。
2.2熒光原位雜交在尿液細(xì)胞學(xué)中的診斷價(jià)值通過尿脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查篩查膀胱癌,具有無創(chuàng)、易行、快速等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但敏感性不高。近年來,尿液細(xì)胞樣本的熒光原位雜交(FISH)檢查得到較廣泛應(yīng)用(圖2D)。UroVysion是美國FDA批準(zhǔn)使用的一組熒光原位雜交探針組合,用于患者尿液標(biāo)本監(jiān)測腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),或?qū)σ郧皼]有尿路上皮癌病史、出現(xiàn)肉眼或鏡下血尿的患者進(jìn)行尿路上皮癌篩查。UroVysion探針組合包含4種熒光標(biāo)記DNA探針的混合物,分別是位于9號染色體的9p21位點(diǎn)特異性探針和3號、7號、17號染色體著絲粒探針。檢測的敏感性和特異性均高于尿脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)[45]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道3號、7號、17號染色體著絲粒探針對尿路上皮癌的敏感性分別為73.7%,76.2%和61.9%;9p21純合子缺失對尿路上皮癌的敏感性為28.6%[46]。UroVysion的檢測方法是基于這些探針的組合,與常規(guī)尿脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)相結(jié)合,其敏感性和特異性分別可達(dá)到69%~87%和89%~96%[45]。國內(nèi)亦有商品化試劑,研究顯示其敏感性可達(dá)94.3%,特異性可達(dá)81.3%[47]。但應(yīng)注意膀胱的炎性病變可干擾檢測結(jié)果的評價(jià)。
2.3微小RNA(miRNAs)檢測在膀胱癌診斷中的應(yīng)用微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)這一類非編碼RNA分子在腫瘤進(jìn)展中的重要作用近年來得到廣泛和深入的研究。一些miRNAs的異常不僅在腫瘤組織中存在,也能在血液、尿液中檢測到,尤其尿液中miRNAs的檢測具有無創(chuàng)、便捷的特點(diǎn),有很好的臨床診斷應(yīng)用前景。利用尿液miRNAs檢測診斷泌尿系統(tǒng)腫瘤如膀胱癌、腎癌、前列腺癌是近年來研究的熱點(diǎn)。在膀胱癌患者尿液中發(fā)現(xiàn)有異常表達(dá)的多種miRNAs,如下調(diào)的miR-125b、miR145、miR192、miR200a等和上調(diào)的miR-96、miR126、135b、miR-182、miR-183等[48-49]。對多組尿液miRNAs診斷研究數(shù)據(jù)的Meta分析顯示,miRNAs對膀胱癌診斷的總體敏感性和特異性分別為74.8%和74.2%,miRNAs分子組合優(yōu)于單一miRNA,尿液離心后上清液miRNAs的檢測優(yōu)于尿沉渣[48-49]。尿液miRNAs分子檢測可望成為膀胱尿路上皮癌無創(chuàng)性診斷的新方法。
2.4TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變的診斷應(yīng)用端粒酶調(diào)節(jié)染色體端粒的長度,是決定細(xì)胞進(jìn)入復(fù)制、衰老還是永生化狀態(tài)的重要因素。正常體細(xì)胞中其活性幾乎不能檢測到,而惡性黑色素瘤、膀胱癌、膠質(zhì)瘤等多種腫瘤中有端粒酶的表達(dá)/活性。端粒逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(TERT,telomerase reverse transcriptase)基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域的激活突變可能是其主要機(jī)制[50]。
TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變是尿路上皮癌中常見的突變,最常見的突變位點(diǎn)是C228T,其次是C250T[51]。膀胱尿路上皮癌中TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變率為47%~85%[52],特異性為73%~90%[51],且可通過尿液樣本檢測。非浸潤性與浸潤性尿路上皮癌中TERT基因啟動(dòng)子的突變率相似,新診斷病例與復(fù)發(fā)病例中檢出率無明顯差別。在容易誤診為良性病變的巢狀變異型、大巢狀變異型尿路上皮癌和內(nèi)翻性生長的尿路上皮癌中也有較高的突變檢出率[53],可輔助尿路上皮癌的鑒別診斷,但需注意少部分內(nèi)翻性乳頭狀瘤亦能檢出TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變[54]。TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變與膀胱癌的分級、分期及患者預(yù)后是否相關(guān)尚有爭議[52]。有研究顯示TERT mRNA高表達(dá)的患者預(yù)后更差[55]。
2.5成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體3突變在尿路上皮癌中的診斷意義成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體3(fibroblast growth factor 3,FGFR3)基因突變是乳頭狀尿路上皮癌發(fā)生的主要機(jī)制之一,常見于低級別乳頭狀、非肌層浸潤性尿路上皮癌[56]。60%非肌層浸潤性尿路上皮癌具有FGFR3的活化性點(diǎn)突變,低級別和高級別尿路上皮癌中突變率分別為73%和32%[57]。近年來尿液脫落細(xì)胞FGFR3突變檢測應(yīng)用于膀胱癌的早期診斷和術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)監(jiān)測得到了較多關(guān)注[58, 59];聯(lián)合TERT基因啟動(dòng)子突變檢測可增加敏感性[51]。具有FGFR3突變的非肌層浸潤性癌復(fù)發(fā)率更高,復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間也更短[58]。FGFR3突變與增殖指數(shù)Ki-67(MIB-1)、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控分子p53,聯(lián)合歐洲癌癥研究與治療組織(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer,EORTC)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評分用于膀胱尿路上皮癌患者復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展情況的預(yù)測,也優(yōu)于單純的EORTC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估[59]。
圖2尿路上皮癌的免疫組織化學(xué)染色與熒光原位雜交檢測(A~C:免疫組織化學(xué)染色,D:熒光原位雜交)
A:GATA3細(xì)胞核陽性;B:Uroplakin Ⅲ細(xì)胞膜陽性;C:Uroplakin Ⅱ細(xì)胞質(zhì)陽性;D:3號和7號染色體為多體(綠色:3號染色體;紅色:7號染色體)。
尿路上皮癌組織學(xué)形態(tài)多變,病理醫(yī)生需要仔細(xì)識別各種變異型。臨床醫(yī)生了解各種變異型的生物學(xué)行為特點(diǎn),有助于制定更準(zhǔn)確和個(gè)性化的治療、監(jiān)測方案。尿路上皮癌免疫組化標(biāo)記的進(jìn)展為尿路上皮癌組織的病理學(xué)診斷提供了較大幫助;基于染色體、基因異常的分子檢測,為尿路上皮癌的分子病理診斷和臨床監(jiān)測提供了許多新的信息和更多方案的選擇,將較廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床實(shí)踐。
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(編輯王瑋)
Advances in diagnostic pathology of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder
GONG Jing, CHEN Ni, ZHOU Qiao
(Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
Many advances in diagnostic pathology of urothelial carcinoma have been made in recent years. Better understanding of the morphological heterogeneity of invasive urothelial carcinoma has led to the recognition of many variants of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma. New immunohistochemical markers have been used for the diagnosis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has been used for urine cytological screening with probes based on chromosome changes of urothelial carcinoma for the early diagnosis and surveillance. Changes in microRNAs, TERT promoter mutation and FGFR3 mutation are promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. These advances are briefly reviewed in this article.
urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder; pathologic diagnosis; variants; immunohistochemistry; fluorescence in situ hybridization; microRNAs; TERT mutation; FGFR3 mutation
2016-05-26
2016-07-25
國家自然科學(xué)基金(No.81272820,81272848,81572540)
周橋,教授. E-mail:zhou_qiao@hotmail.com
龔靜(1978-),女(漢族),博士,講師.研究方向:泌尿與男生殖系統(tǒng)病理學(xué).E-mail:gongjingpath@163.com
陳鈮(1978-),女(漢族),博士,副教授.E-mail:chennil@163.com.系共同第一作者.
R365
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2016.09.002