濃縮味精廢液作為高溫堆肥調(diào)酸保氮?jiǎng)┑倪m宜添加時(shí)間研究

孔海民， 劉麗， 李田宇， 汪繼兵， 方萍,*

(1.浙江大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院，污染環(huán)境修復(fù)與生態(tài)健康教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，杭州 310058；2.浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心，杭州 310020；3.貴州大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境系，貴陽(yáng) 550025；4.浙江大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院，浙江省亞熱帶土壤與植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)重點(diǎn)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室，杭州 310058)

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濃縮味精廢液作為高溫堆肥調(diào)酸保氮?jiǎng)┑倪m宜添加時(shí)間研究

孔海民1,2， 劉麗1,3， 李田宇1， 汪繼兵4， 方萍1,4*

(1.浙江大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院，污染環(huán)境修復(fù)與生態(tài)健康教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，杭州 310058；2.浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心，杭州 310020；3.貴州大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境系，貴陽(yáng) 550025；4.浙江大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院，浙江省亞熱帶土壤與植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)重點(diǎn)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室，杭州 310058)

濃縮味精廢液； 豬糞； 高溫堆肥； pH； 氮素?fù)p失

Summary The pH rise of the compost mixture is one of the main causes for nitrogen volatilization loss in the composting process. As a consequence of organic degradation, accumulated ammonium nitrogen will trigger pH rise spontaneously. It is generally believed that ammonia nitrogen (NH3) will volatilize once the pH of compost mixture exceeds 8.0. And the higher the pH is, the more the NH3volatilization will be. In this way, the pH rise of mixture will result in substandard compost products, not only because its pH is out of the upper limit (pH=8.5) of the NY 525—2012 standard, but also significant decline of nutrition content due to NH3volatilization. Hence, adjusting the pH of materials to control nitrogen loss becomes one of the hot issues in the organic fertilizer industry. A lot of chemical agents have been applied to adjust the pH in composting. However, most of them are difficult to implement efficiency and decrease production cost, let alone the dilution effects and imbalance of nutrition. The concentrated monosodium glutamate wastewater (CMGW) is an evaporative and concentrated liquid waste from discharged organic water in production of monosodium glutamate, characterized by rich nutrients and free heavy metal pollution. Previous studies have indicated that CMGW is a promising conditioning agent to adjust acidity and reduce NH3volatilization for composting, and the suggested optimum dosage is 2% of the mixture in mass.

The appropriate adding time of CMGW for adjusting pH and decreasing nitrogen loss due to NH3volatilization in composting was further discussed in present study by a compost simulation experiment. The simulation experiment took place in a composting device (patent number: ZL 201010589910X) with the mixture of fresh pig manure and mushroom residues at a ratio of 3∶1 in mass, as well as 1% fermentation bacterial agent of the mixture. Three treatments were conducted as follows: 1) M1, application of 2% CMGW before composting; 2) M2, application of 2% CMGW at the 5th day of composting; 3) CK, control group without CMGW.

高溫堆肥是實(shí)現(xiàn)畜禽養(yǎng)殖廢棄物無(wú)害化、資源化最為有效的途徑[1]，但在堆肥升溫和高溫階段，由于微生物大量繁殖，有機(jī)物加速分解，大量銨態(tài)氮在堆體中積聚，使物料pH值升高，引起氮素中的NH3揮發(fā)損失[2]，不僅會(huì)加劇堆肥場(chǎng)的惡臭，降低肥料中的養(yǎng)分含量，也常常導(dǎo)致堆肥產(chǎn)品pH超標(biāo)[3]，達(dá)不到農(nóng)業(yè)部有機(jī)肥行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NY 525—2012規(guī)定的酸堿度(pH 5.5～8.5)的要求。如何調(diào)節(jié)物料pH值來(lái)控制氮素?fù)p失已成為有機(jī)肥行業(yè)關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。目前，用于堆肥物料調(diào)酸保氮的物質(zhì)主要有磷酸、硫酸鋁[4]、氫氧化鎂[5]、硫酸亞鐵、過(guò)磷酸鈣[6-7]、草炭和沸石[8]等，但是這些調(diào)理劑必須達(dá)到足夠的添加量才能發(fā)揮作用。據(jù)王秀娟等[9]報(bào)道，在雞糞堆肥中添加3%硫酸亞鐵、10%過(guò)磷酸鈣、9%草炭才能達(dá)到良好的保氮效果。然而，大量添加硫酸亞鐵、氫氧化鎂和沸石等化學(xué)調(diào)理劑不僅增加了有機(jī)肥的生產(chǎn)成本，還因稀釋效應(yīng)使產(chǎn)品的養(yǎng)分含量降低；同時(shí)，大量添加磷酸或過(guò)磷酸鈣作為調(diào)酸保氮?jiǎng)?huì)造成堆肥產(chǎn)品含磷量過(guò)高，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致有機(jī)肥氮磷鉀3要素配比失衡，在實(shí)踐中難以被有機(jī)肥生產(chǎn)企業(yè)廣泛接受。為此，尋找價(jià)廉質(zhì)優(yōu)、資源豐富的堆肥物料的調(diào)酸保氮材料是提高有機(jī)肥品質(zhì)、拓展有機(jī)肥市場(chǎng)的有效保障。

濃縮味精廢液是在味精生產(chǎn)中產(chǎn)生的離交尾液的蒸發(fā)濃縮液，具有營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(主要為菌體蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、還原糖、N、P、K及微量元素等)豐富、pH低、無(wú)重金屬超標(biāo)等特性，可望用作堆肥物料的調(diào)理劑解決堆肥過(guò)程中產(chǎn)品pH超標(biāo)及其造成的氮素?fù)]發(fā)損失等問(wèn)題。本課題組前期已通過(guò)不同濃縮味精廢液添加量的堆肥物料高溫培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)對(duì)此進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證，結(jié)果[10]表明，添加濃縮味精廢液可以降低堆肥物料的pH和NH3揮發(fā)量，其添加量為堆肥物料質(zhì)量1%和3%處理的NH3日揮發(fā)量比對(duì)照分別降低了22.8%～39.7%和65.3%～78.9%；相繼3次每隔3 d添加1%和2%濃縮味精廢液處理的10 d累積NH3揮發(fā)總量分別比對(duì)照降低了15%和71%，培養(yǎng)25 d后堆肥物料pH分別從對(duì)照的9.1降至8.5和7.7。本文擬進(jìn)一步通過(guò)堆肥模擬試驗(yàn)，研究堆肥過(guò)程中濃縮味精廢液添加時(shí)間對(duì)其調(diào)酸保氮效果的影響。

1　材料與方法

1.1供試材料

新鮮豬糞取自浙江大學(xué)華家池校區(qū)牧場(chǎng)；經(jīng)風(fēng)干粉碎后的菇渣取自浙江省金華市豐源農(nóng)業(yè)科技有限公司；濃縮味精廢液由安徽環(huán)宇肥料有限公司提供；發(fā)酵菌劑是由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室自行研發(fā)制備的混合菌劑；用于發(fā)芽指數(shù)測(cè)定的黃瓜種子購(gòu)自浙江省勿忘農(nóng)種業(yè)有限公司。供試原料的基本理化性質(zhì)見(jiàn)表1。

表1　供試原料的基本理化性質(zhì)

CMGW: Concentrated monosodium glutamate wastewater.

1.2試驗(yàn)方法

試驗(yàn)采用的模擬堆肥裝置由本課題組設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明(專(zhuān)利號(hào)：ZL 201010589910X)。將新鮮豬糞和菇渣按質(zhì)量比3∶1混合，添加混合物質(zhì)量1%的發(fā)酵菌劑進(jìn)行堆置。分別在堆置前和堆置5 d時(shí)添加堆肥物料質(zhì)量2%的濃縮味精廢液，并設(shè)不添加的為對(duì)照，共3個(gè)處理，分別記作M1、M2和CK。將物料與濃縮味精廢液充分混勻，調(diào)節(jié)堆肥物料含水率至62%左右，裝入模擬堆肥裝置中，7.5 kg/桶，各處理重復(fù)3桶。試驗(yàn)第1周每隔2 h用氣泵對(duì)物料強(qiáng)制通氣30 min，通氣量為25 L/min，第2周停止通氣。每5 d翻堆一次并取樣，樣品分為鮮樣和烘干樣，分別進(jìn)行理化性質(zhì)測(cè)定。

1.3測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法

堆肥物料的腐熟程度由物料鮮樣的種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)[12]。種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)測(cè)定過(guò)程：在直徑9 cm的培養(yǎng)皿內(nèi)先墊1張濾紙，均勻放入20顆黃瓜種子后加入發(fā)酵物料的浸提液(在10 g物料新鮮樣品中加入100 mL蒸餾水，攪拌浸泡30 min)5.0 mL，于25 ℃黑暗培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)48 h后測(cè)定發(fā)芽率和根長(zhǎng)，每個(gè)樣品重復(fù)3次，同時(shí)用蒸餾水作為對(duì)照。

種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)/%=(處理發(fā)芽率×處理根長(zhǎng))/(空白發(fā)芽率×空白根長(zhǎng))×100。

1.4數(shù)據(jù)分析

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2007整理及作圖，利用DPS V14.50軟件[13]進(jìn)行方差分析和最小顯著差異法多重比較。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1堆體中心溫度的變化動(dòng)態(tài)

由圖1可見(jiàn)，在整個(gè)堆肥過(guò)程中堆肥物料溫度高于環(huán)境溫度，堆肥伊始堆體中心溫度急劇上升，至第3天升至50 ℃，至第4天高達(dá)55 ℃以上，隨后除了因每隔5 d翻堆取樣時(shí)溫度有所降低外，直至第15天基本保持在50 ℃以上，此后逐步回落至45 ℃以至35 ℃。3個(gè)處理間的差異并不明顯。說(shuō)明添加濃縮味精廢液對(duì)堆肥物料升溫?zé)o明顯影響。

CK:未添加濃縮味精廢液；M1：堆肥開(kāi)始前添加物料質(zhì)量2%的濃縮味精廢液；M2：堆肥啟動(dòng)后5 d添加物料質(zhì)量2%的濃縮味精廢液；AT:環(huán)境溫度。CK: Without concentrated monosodium glutamate wastewater (CMGW); M1: Application of 2% CMGW before composting; M2: Application of 2% CMGW at the 5th day of composting; AT: Environmental temperature.圖1　不同處理堆體中心溫度變化動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.1　Change dynamic of central temperature of compost matrix under different treatments

2.2堆肥物料pH變化動(dòng)態(tài)

圖2顯示：堆肥起始第1天處理M1的物料pH顯著低于此時(shí)尚未添加濃縮味精廢液的處理M2和對(duì)照CK；此后的整個(gè)堆肥過(guò)程中CK的物料pH不僅顯著高于M1和M2，而且都超過(guò)8.5，最終高達(dá)8.9，超出NY 525—2012規(guī)定的有機(jī)肥酸堿度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的上限8.5；此外，M1處理的物料pH始終低于M2。說(shuō)明在堆肥升溫前添加濃縮味精廢液對(duì)物料的調(diào)酸效果優(yōu)于升溫后添加。

2.3堆肥物料含水率變化動(dòng)態(tài)

圖3表明：堆肥物料的含水率在堆肥起始的前5 d急劇下降，至第10天略有回升，隨后又緩慢下降；在整個(gè)堆肥過(guò)程中，M1的含水率始終低于CK和M2，并與CK的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)；M2的變化曲線也一直位于CK之下，第10天、15天和25天均與CK差異達(dá)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的顯著水平(P<0.05)。說(shuō)明添加濃縮味精廢液有利于堆肥物料的水分散失，且堆肥開(kāi)始前添加的效果比物料升溫后添加更為明顯。

各處理符號(hào)表示的含義詳見(jiàn)圖1注。圖上不同小寫(xiě)字母表示在同一堆肥時(shí)間下不同處理間在P<0.05水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Please see footnote of Fig.1 for details of each treatment. Different lowercase letters mean statistically significant differences among different treatments at the same composting time at the 0.05 probability level.圖2　不同處理堆肥物料pH值變化動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.2　Change dynamic of the pH value of compost mixture under different treatments

各處理符號(hào)表示的含義詳見(jiàn)圖1注。圖上不同小寫(xiě)字母表示在同一堆肥時(shí)間下不同處理間在P<0.05水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Please see footnote of Fig.1 for details of each treatment. Different lowercase letters mean statistically significant differences among different treatments at the same composting time at the 0.05 probability level.圖3　不同處理堆肥物料含水率變化動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.3　Change dynamic of moisture content of compost mixture under different treatments

各處理符號(hào)表示的含義詳見(jiàn)圖1注。圖上不同小寫(xiě)字母表示在同一堆肥時(shí)間下不同處理間在P<0.05水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Please see footnote of Fig.1 for details of each treatment. Different lowercase letters mean statistically significant differences among different treatments at the same composting time at the 0.05 probability level.圖4　不同處理堆肥物料-N含量變化動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.4　Change dynamic of -N content of compost mixture under different treatments

各處理符號(hào)表示的含義詳見(jiàn)圖1注。圖上不同大寫(xiě)字母表示在同一堆肥時(shí)間下不同處理間在P<0.01水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Please see footnote of Fig.1 for details of each treatment. Different capital letters mean statistically significant differences among different treatments at the same composting time at the 0.01 probability level.圖5　不同處理堆肥物料-N含量變化動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.5　Change dynamic of -N content of compost mixture under different treatments

2.5堆肥前后物料理化性質(zhì)變化

堆肥開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí)物料pH、電導(dǎo)率、全氮含量和種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)如表2所示。堆肥開(kāi)始時(shí)，添加濃縮味精廢液處理M1的pH顯著低于未添加的2個(gè)處理CK和M2；M1的電導(dǎo)率顯著高于M2和CK；M1的全氮含量略高于M2和CK；3個(gè)處理的種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)均低于60%，表明都尚未腐熟。經(jīng)25 d堆置后，即堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)3個(gè)處理物料的4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)都有不同程度的上升，其中pH以CK高達(dá)8.9而明顯超標(biāo)，M2為8.7，顯著低于CK但仍超標(biāo)，M1最低(7.6)，已經(jīng)達(dá)標(biāo)；電導(dǎo)率為M1>M2>CK，差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)；M1的全氮含量最高，顯著高于M2，極顯著高于CK；3個(gè)處理的種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)均超過(guò)110%，說(shuō)明均已腐熟。

表2堆肥前后物料pH值、電導(dǎo)率(EC)、全氮(TN)及種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)(GI)的變化

Table 2Change of compost mixture pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN) content and seed germination index (GI) under different treatments before and after composting

處理Treatments 0d 25d pHEC mS cm w TN g kg GI %pHEC mS cm w TN g kg GI %CK8 5aA1 81bB18 32ab55 0a8 9A1 93C27 96bB121 6aM17 0bB3 08aA19 11a48 0a7 6C3 67A29 02aA114 2aM28 2aA1 78bB18 03b52 0a8 7B2 32B28 12bAB114 5a

同列數(shù)據(jù)后的不同小寫(xiě)或大寫(xiě)字母分別表示在P<0.05或P<0.01水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

The values followed by different lowercase or capital letters in the same column mean statistically significant differences at the 0.05 or 0.01 probability level, respectively.

3　討論

[1]程紹明,馬楊暉,姜雄暉.我國(guó)畜禽糞便處理利用現(xiàn)狀及展望.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究,2009,31(2):222-224.

CHENG S M, MA Y H, JIANG X H. Comprehensive utilization technologies of livestock manure.JournalofAgriculturalMechanizationResearch, 2009,31(2):222-224. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[2]李順義,張紅娟,郭夏麗,等.畜禽糞便堆肥過(guò)程中氨揮發(fā)及調(diào)控措施.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究,2010,32(1):13-17.

LI S Y, ZHANG H J, GUO X L,etal. Ammonia volatilization and the regulation measures in the livestock manure compost.JournalofAgriculturalMechanizationResearch, 2010,32(1):13-17. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[3]李帆,朱宏斌,郭熙盛,等.畜禽糞便高溫堆肥過(guò)程中氨揮發(fā)的機(jī)制及控制.安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2008,36(25):10996-10997.

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Appropriate adding time of concentrated monosodium glutamate wastewater as acidity adjusting and nitrogen loss control agent in high temperature composting.JournalofZhejiangUniversity(Agric. &LifeSci.), 2016,42(4):495-501

KONG Haiming1,2, LIU Li1,3, LI Tianyu1, WANG Jibing4, FANG Ping1,4*

(1.KeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentRemediationandEcologicalHealthoftheMinistryofEducation,CollegeofEnvironmentalandResourceSciences,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310058,China; 2.AgriculturalTechnologyPopularizationCenterofZhejiangProvince,Hangzhou310020,China; 3.DepartmentofAgriculturalResourceandEnvironment,CollegeofAgriculture,GuizhouUniversity,Guiyang550025,China; 4.ZhejiangProvincialKeyLaboratoryofSubtropicalSoilandPlantNutrition,CollegeofEnvironmentalandResourceSciences,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310058,China)

concentrated monosodium glutamate wastewater; pig manure; high temperature compost; pH; nitrogen loss

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31272242).

Corresponding author)：方萍(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7784-7873)，Tel:+86-571-88982480,E-mail:pfang@zju.edu.cn

聯(lián)系方式：孔海民(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-426X)，E-mail:konghaimin2004@163.com

2015-08-13；接受日期(Accepted)：2015-11-27；網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期(Published online)：2016-04-12

S-3； X 703

A

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20160412.1447.002.html