雷元歌
“with/ without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”是英語復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的一種,在文學(xué)作品和中學(xué)英語教材中這個結(jié)構(gòu)也屢見不鮮。因此,了解、掌握它的用法,探討結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系,對英語學(xué)習(xí)者準(zhǔn)確理解教材,提高寫作和閱讀能力大有裨益。
1. 基本構(gòu)成及特點(diǎn)
with/without+復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu),復(fù)合賓語的第一部分作介詞with/without的賓語,由名詞或代詞構(gòu)成,第二部分是賓語補(bǔ)足語,由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞以及非謂語動詞構(gòu)成。該結(jié)構(gòu)有以下三個特點(diǎn):(1)邏輯主語(with/without 之后的名詞或代詞)與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在;(2)名詞或代詞與后面的名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞以及非謂語動詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系;(3)常用逗號與主句分開,對主句的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充或者描述。
2. 基本形式
(1) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ 名詞。With Mr. Smith our group leader,we arrived at the destination as planned.
(2) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ 形容詞。Lenin fell asleep with the door open.
(3) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ 副詞。The naughty boy stood before his father,with his head down.
(4) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ 介詞短語。With the children at home, the parents cant take our holiday when they want to.
(5) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ V-ing。With prices going up so rapidly, people cant afford the luxuries.
(6) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ V-ed。She sat in her room for a few seconds with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
(7) with/without + 名詞(代詞)+ to do。With no man to talk to, the poor old John felt miserable.
3. 基本用法
此結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在描繪性的文字中,主要說明、補(bǔ)充謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、方式、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句或并列句。
(1) 作時間狀語。With winter coming on (=When winter comes), it is getting colder and colder.
(2) 方式狀語。The professor sat in the front building, her mouth half open (= and her mouth was half open).
(3) 原因狀語。With a lot of work to do (=Because a lot of work is to be done), we werent allowed to go out.
(4) 伴隨狀語。The captain was lying on the floor, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).
(5) 補(bǔ)充、說明。The workers redoubled their efforts, each man working like two.
4. 幾點(diǎn)說明
(1) “介詞with/without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”,也可以去掉介詞with,此結(jié)構(gòu)也可以叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。即當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不一致時,即可用此結(jié)構(gòu),但不能再使用連詞。例如:When the lecture came to an end, the audience left the hall.= With the lecture coming to an end, the audience left the hall. = The lecture coming to an end, the audience left the hall.
(2) 在下面情況下,結(jié)構(gòu)中的being/ having done不能省略。
1) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語為代詞時:It being Valentines Day, all the flowers in the store were sold out.
2) “There being + 名詞”時: There being a public bus service is a great convenience to people. Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the class.
3)在去掉with/without 的“名詞(代詞)+ 介詞短語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞短語中一般不用冠詞和形容詞性物主代詞。例如:Doctor Jackson entered the operation-room, first-aid kit in hand. 比較帶有with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):Doctor Jackson entered the operation-room, with a first-aid kit in his hand.
4)with/without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))沒有所有格形式。例如:
The minister arriving, we felt surprised. 比較動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): The ministers arriving made us very surprised.
5)此結(jié)構(gòu)作時間或原因狀語時,可與現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時連用,表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。例如:The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
5. “with/ without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”、獨(dú)立主格和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
(1) “with/ without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”、獨(dú)立主格作狀語時,結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的名詞和代詞就是后面分詞、介詞短語的邏輯主語,即與主句主語不一致。比較:(With)An important meeting to be held tomorrow (=As an important meeting will be held tomorrow), the boss has to stay up late into the night. 此句中to be held的邏輯主語是An important meeting,而本句的主語是the boss. Sitting in the dark light, she found it difficult to read.此句中sitting的邏輯主語就是本句的主語she。
(2) 在使用“with/ without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”、獨(dú)立主格和分詞句子中作狀語時,要注意:它們與主句之間不應(yīng)有從屬連詞(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列連詞(如and, but, or, so等)。
_______, the teacher told the class to go through the text.
A. Checking the answers
B. Checking the answers and
C. When checking the answers and
D. all the above
因?yàn)閏heck的邏輯主語就是句子主語,又跟the teacher構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系,所以直接用分詞作狀語,表示時間,選A。
(3) 在使用“with/ without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”、獨(dú)立主格和分詞句子中作狀語時,一定要注意句子主語同這些結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系。
1)當(dāng)句子主語與該狀語內(nèi)部動詞之間有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系時,該狀語可用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)或從句表示。
_______, the teacher told the class to go through the text.
A. Checking the answers
B. Checking the answers and
C. When checking the answers and
D. all the above
因?yàn)閏heck的邏輯主語就是句子主語,又跟the teacher構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系,所以直接用分詞作狀語,表示時間,選A,Checking the answers就相當(dāng)于When the teacher checked the answers。
2)若句子主語與狀語內(nèi)動詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系且狀語內(nèi)有自已的邏輯主語。則該狀語不能用分詞結(jié)構(gòu),只能用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、with +復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)或從句。
The boy is doing his homework attentively _______.
A. with the candle burning
B. burning the candle
C. when he was burning the candle
D. when burning the candle
因?yàn)閎urning的邏輯主語是它前面的名詞the candle,不是本句的主語the boy,所以此處只能用with +復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu),選A。
6. 結(jié)語
理解 “with/ without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”關(guān)鍵是抓住語法結(jié)構(gòu),理清邏輯關(guān)系,把握句子脈絡(luò),就能觸類旁通,靈活應(yīng)用。
(作者單位:陜西省西安中學(xué))