• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      開菲爾產(chǎn)品微生態(tài)、成分和功能活性的研究進(jìn)展

      2016-05-09 01:48:20高鑫梅俊李博
      食品與發(fā)酵工業(yè) 2016年3期

      高鑫,梅俊,李博*

      1(上海工會管理職業(yè)學(xué)院 健康安全系,上海,201415) 2(上海交通大學(xué) 食品科學(xué)與工程系,上海,200240)

      ?

      開菲爾產(chǎn)品微生態(tài)、成分和功能活性的研究進(jìn)展

      高鑫1,梅俊2,李博1*

      1(上海工會管理職業(yè)學(xué)院 健康安全系,上海,201415)2(上海交通大學(xué) 食品科學(xué)與工程系,上海,200240)

      摘要開菲爾粒是傳統(tǒng)酸奶開菲爾的發(fā)酵劑,其微生物組成較為復(fù)雜,該文對國內(nèi)外研究開菲爾及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行總結(jié),介紹了開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品的微生物多樣性、成分和功能活性。開菲爾粒是一種混菌發(fā)酵體系,其蛋白質(zhì)、多糖構(gòu)成的骨架上棲息著乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌等多種有益微生物。在發(fā)酵牛乳時,能同時進(jìn)行乳酸、醋酸和酒精發(fā)酵,其產(chǎn)物在抗癌、降壓、抑菌、提高免疫力和緩解乳糖不耐癥等功能活性方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。

      關(guān)鍵詞開菲爾;微生物多樣性;成分;功能活性

      開菲爾粒,也稱克菲爾粒,最早起源于高加索地區(qū),主要在前蘇聯(lián)、歐洲、中東等地區(qū)流行。開菲爾粒能夠發(fā)酵牛奶、羊奶等而制得一種含醇、酸及少量CO2的發(fā)酵乳,稱為開菲爾(Kefir)。Kefir來源于土耳其語“Keyif”,有安寧、幸福之意[1]。開菲爾粒在我國主要分布在新疆天山和青藏高原地區(qū),稱之為藏靈菇,或者是西藏雪蓮。開菲爾粒是一種乳白色、膠質(zhì)狀的塊狀物,外形酷似米粒,表面卷曲,多為白色或淺黃色,大小一般在2~3 cm。將開菲爾粒放在牛奶中培養(yǎng),個體會增大[2]。

      開菲爾粒是一種混菌發(fā)酵體系,其蛋白質(zhì)、多糖構(gòu)成的骨架上棲息著乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌等多種有益微生物。在發(fā)酵牛乳時,能同時進(jìn)行乳酸、醋酸和酒精發(fā)酵,從而使制品兼有酸味和醇味[3]。經(jīng)開菲爾粒發(fā)酵的酸奶和市售酸奶有著較大差別,除了具有市售酸奶的酸味、香味外,還有由乳酸、CO2、乙醛、乙偶姻、微量的醇和其他發(fā)酵風(fēng)味產(chǎn)品相互混合得到的特殊風(fēng)味[4]。與此同時,開菲爾粒在發(fā)酵的過程中會產(chǎn)生水溶性多糖,因此,所得到的酸奶比市售酸奶具有更高的黏性[5-6]。袁祎琳等對藏靈菇發(fā)酵純牛奶過程中的物性變化進(jìn)行了分析,并和市售酸奶進(jìn)行了比較。藏靈菇酸奶的黏度曲線基本都呈開口向上的不對稱拋物線狀,且拋物線的最低點接近600 s(轉(zhuǎn)子的剪切速率接近0 s-1)處,同時其微觀結(jié)構(gòu)較市售酸奶致密平整[7]。本文對開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品開菲爾的微生物多樣性、成分及其功能活性進(jìn)行了概括論述。

      1微生物多樣性

      目前,在對開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品的諸多研究中,最關(guān)注的就是對不同地區(qū)的開菲爾粒微生物多樣性進(jìn)行研究。開菲爾粒及發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品的微生物群落主要是細(xì)菌和酵母,它們之間呈現(xiàn)共生關(guān)系,共生關(guān)系的存在為分離鑒定開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中的微生物組成造成了一些困難。ABRAHAM等認(rèn)為,開菲爾粒在發(fā)酵過程中會有較高的微生物數(shù)量,其質(zhì)量不低于開菲爾總重的0.9%。開菲爾中細(xì)菌的菌落總數(shù)在6.4×104~8.5×108CFU/g之間,而酵母菌落總數(shù)在1.5×105~3.7×108CFU/g之間[8]。IRIGOYEN等人將開菲爾粒發(fā)酵24 h后的微生物進(jìn)行初步分離,得到乳桿菌(108CFU/mL)、乳酸乳球菌(105CFU/mL)、酵母(106CFU/mL)和乙酸菌(106CFU/mL)等[9]。開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品的微生物主要是乳酸菌、乙酸菌和酵母菌類,對于部分文獻(xiàn)中的開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中微生物的分離鑒定進(jìn)行了總結(jié),如表1所示。

      2成分分析

      LOPITZ-OTSOA等報道,開菲爾粒約含有90%水分、3.2%蛋白質(zhì)、0.3%脂類、5.8%非氮類可溶性物和0.7%灰分[34]。從宏觀看,開菲爾粒中微生物聚集在一種膠狀物質(zhì)上,用手觸摸, 具有黏性和彈性。多項研究表明,這些膠狀物質(zhì)主要是多糖和蛋白質(zhì)。

      表1 開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中分離到的微生物總結(jié)

      Table 1 The summary of microora species isolated from kefir grains and their fermented products

      表1 開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中分離到的微生物總結(jié)

      種類來源參考文獻(xiàn)LactobacilliLactobacilluskefiri開菲爾、開菲爾粒、乳清發(fā)酵液等[10-16]Lactobacillussatsumensis開菲爾粒[14]Lactobacilluskefiranofaciens開菲爾、開菲爾粒、Viili發(fā)酵乳、乳清發(fā)酵液等[11,16,17]Lactobacilluskefirgranum開菲爾粒[10,17,18]Lactobacillusparakefir開菲爾、開菲爾粒、乳清發(fā)酵液等[10,16,17]Lactobacillusbrevis開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[11,12,19]Lactobacillusparabuchneri開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[13,17]Lactobacillusplantarum開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[11,15]Lactobacillushelveticus開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[17,18]Lactobacillusacidophilus開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[11,12,17]Lactobacillusdelbrueckii開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[11]Lactobacillusrhamnosus開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[12]Lactobacilluscasei開菲爾、開菲爾粒、開菲爾果汁飲料等[12,20]Lactobacillusparacasei開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[11,13,16]Lactobacillusfructivorans開菲爾粒[21]Lactobacillushilgardii開菲爾粒[21]Lactobacillusfermentum開菲爾粒[12]Lactobacillusviridescens開菲爾粒[12]Lactobacillusgasseri開菲爾粒[12]Lactobacillusfermentum開菲爾粒[22]Lactobacillushordei開菲爾果汁飲料等[20]Lactobacillusnagelii開菲爾果汁飲料等[20]Lactobacillusmesenteroides開菲爾粒[22]Lactobacillus.crispatus開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[17,22]Lactobacillusreuteri開菲爾[17]LactococciLactococcuslactis開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[15]Lactococcusdiacetylactis開菲爾粒[23]StreptococciStreptococcusthermophilus開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[18]Streptococcuscremoris開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[18]Streptococcusdurans開菲爾[19]Leuconostocmesenteroides開菲爾、開菲爾粒、開菲爾果汁飲料等[20]Leuconostoccitreum開菲爾果汁飲料[20]AceticAcidBacteriaAcetobactersp.開菲爾粒[23]Acetobacterpasteurianus開菲爾粒[23]Acetobacteraceti開菲爾[10]Acetobacterlovaniensis開菲爾[13]Gluconobacterjaponicus開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[14]Acetobactersyzygii開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[14]Acetobacterfabarum開菲爾果汁飲料[20]Acetobacterorientalis開菲爾果汁飲料[20]YeastSaccharomycescerevisiae開菲爾、開菲爾粒、乳清發(fā)酵液、開菲爾果汁飲料、干酪等[12,13,15,20,24]Saccharomycesdelbruecki開菲爾[25]Candidakefir開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[12,25,26]Kluyveromyceslactis開菲爾[27]Issatchenkiaorientalis開菲爾[27]Saccaromycesunisporus開菲爾、開菲爾粒、乳清發(fā)酵液等[24,27,28]Saccharomycesexiguus開菲爾[27]Saccharomyceshumaticus開菲爾[27]Kluyveromycesmarxianus開菲爾、開菲爾粒、乳清發(fā)酵液、開菲爾果汁飲料等[28,24,28,29]Torulopsisholmii開菲爾[30]Candidaholmii開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[12,25]Torulosporadelbrueckii開菲爾粒[12]Candidafriedricchi開菲爾粒[12]Candidaalbicans開菲爾粒[12]Issatchenkiaoccidentalis開菲爾粒[24,31]Acetobacterlovaniensis開菲爾、開菲爾粒等[13,32]Lachanceafermentati開菲爾果汁飲料[20]Hanseniaosporavalbyensis開菲爾果汁飲料[20]Kluyveromycesdobzhanskii開菲爾粒[18]Pichiacecembensis開菲爾粒[31]Dekkeraanomala開菲爾粒[32]Dekkerabruxellensis低糖開菲爾[33]

      表1 開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中分離到的微生物總結(jié)

      Pichiacaribbica開菲爾粒[31]Zygosaccharomycesfermentati開菲爾粒[31]

      1967年, RIVIERE等首次對開菲爾粒的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在開菲爾粒上的微生物棲息在由自己產(chǎn)生多糖基質(zhì)上,并將這種多糖命名為Kefiran。開菲爾粒中約有50%的成分是多糖,由1∶1的半乳糖和葡萄糖組成,可作為開菲爾粒的支撐體或微生物棲息場所。WANG等從西藏開菲爾粒中分離到Lb.plantarumKF5,能夠產(chǎn)胞外多糖,該多糖是雜多糖,其組成比例為甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖近似比為1∶4.99∶6.90。利用原子力顯微鏡對不同濃度下的胞外多糖進(jìn)行微觀觀察,在低濃度時,該胞外多糖的水溶液沉積物呈現(xiàn)鏈狀和球狀。利用掃描電鏡進(jìn)行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有相互覆蓋的緊密結(jié)構(gòu)。因此可以判斷,構(gòu)成藏靈菇的微生物所分泌產(chǎn)生的胞外多糖在形成和維持藏靈菇顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)中起著重要作用。同時,WANG等在分離到的Lb.kefiranofaciensZW3菌株產(chǎn)生的胞外多糖進(jìn)行了研究,F(xiàn)T-IR光譜顯示該多糖是一類由羧基、氨基和酰胺基組成典型的雜聚多糖[35]。

      RIMADA等利用開菲爾粒CIDCA AGK1對牛奶和脫蛋白乳清進(jìn)行發(fā)酵,并利用不同方法對多糖的提取率進(jìn)行了對比研究。當(dāng)利用加熱作為提取第一步時,所得到的多糖提取率增加,利用兩步乙醇沉淀法得到的多糖濃度最高[36]。對于開菲爾粒中分離得到的Kefiran多糖利用研究主要集中在可食膜方面,目前,Kefiran多糖在濃度5~10g/kg的時候能夠形成可食膜。Kefiran多糖膜溶液在低濃度時符合流體力學(xué)性質(zhì),而在高濃度時則表現(xiàn)出假塑性,增塑劑甘油的添加并不會改變膜液的流變性能。但是在膜液中不添加甘油所得到的膜具有較高的彈性模量、高拉伸強(qiáng)度值、低斷裂拉伸力,比較脆硬[37]。在Kefiran多糖的醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用上,MAEDA等利用小鼠為模型進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)Kefiran多糖能夠顯著抑制血壓升高和降低膽固醇水平,同時Kefiran多糖也能夠明顯改變小鼠的便秘情況[38]。

      對開菲爾粒中蛋白質(zhì)的研究主要集中在開菲爾粒中的S-layer(Surface proteins)蛋白上,它是覆蓋在細(xì)菌表層形成一層膜結(jié)構(gòu),在體外自發(fā)組裝成重復(fù)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu),在某些開菲爾乳桿菌發(fā)揮益生菌活性、自動聚集凝集和抑制病原菌生長等功能上有著重要作用[39]。

      而對于開菲爾粒發(fā)酵酸奶開菲爾來講,不同地區(qū)的原奶經(jīng)過發(fā)酵后得到的開菲爾成分不同。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)開菲爾在成分上的差異主要是由于原料奶的成分差異,開菲爾粒微生物多樣性不同,以及制作開菲爾的習(xí)慣和工藝不同。在開菲爾中,市售酸奶的所有重要營養(yǎng)成分都能夠找得到。其中,水分含量最多,其次是乳糖、蛋白、脂肪和灰分,還含有少量的乙醇、乳酸和CO2[40]。CO2的含量取決于開菲爾粒的添加量,開菲爾粒越多,CO2的含量也就越高。一般來講,在開菲爾中理想的CO2濃度應(yīng)該不超過1.98 g/L[41]。發(fā)酵過程中產(chǎn)物,如乳酸、乙酸、丙酮酸、馬尿酸、丙酸、丁酸、雙乙酰、乙醛等,會增加開菲爾的風(fēng)味和香氣。雙乙酰和乙醛是開菲爾中的主要風(fēng)味成分[4]。與市售普通酸奶相比,開菲爾含有1/2乳酸,2倍丙酮酸,9倍乙酸。同時,存放條件也會影響開菲爾的成分,在4 ℃下存放會降低乙醇、乙醛和乙偶姻的濃度,但雙乙酰的濃度不會下降[42]。此外,開菲爾中也存在相當(dāng)數(shù)量的維生素和微量元素。乙酸菌在開菲爾制作過程中會合成維生素B2和尼克酸,酵母菌在發(fā)酵過程中會合成維生素B1、維生素B2和維生素B12,丙酸菌的代謝能提高B族維生素的含量,其中維生素B12和葉酸的含量比普通酸奶高4~5倍[43]。實際上,開菲爾的高營養(yǎng)價值要歸結(jié)于含量平衡的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。

      3開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品的功能活性

      開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品自身的多樣微生物和豐富的營養(yǎng)成分使其具有很高的功能活性,如抑菌性、改善腸道健康、抗癌、降低血糖和膽固醇、增強(qiáng)免疫力等。開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中的成分與功能活性之間的關(guān)系簡要總結(jié)如表2。

      3.1抗癌活性

      開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品在抗癌性活性方面的研究已經(jīng)開展很長時間,抗癌活性與開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中的蛋白質(zhì)和多糖有關(guān)。蛋白質(zhì)和多糖可以將致癌物前體在轉(zhuǎn)化為致癌物過程中產(chǎn)生作用,使致癌物前體轉(zhuǎn)化為失活物質(zhì)(圖1)。蛋白質(zhì)也可以抑制致癌物對基因的損壞和由基因損壞導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的萌生。開菲爾含有中等量的四碳雙羧酸,可在有機(jī)體內(nèi)溶解癌細(xì)胞。同時,開菲爾也可以增強(qiáng)人體的免疫系統(tǒng),通過對體液免疫和細(xì)胞免疫的調(diào)節(jié)作用,能夠增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞能力和自然殺傷細(xì)胞的活力,清除異常突變細(xì)胞,也可以起到防癌和抗癌的功效[60]。

      3.2降壓活性

      開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品在降血壓方面的作用主要是能夠抑制血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶(ACE)的活性,ACE可以將血管緊張素(AT)I轉(zhuǎn)化成AT II,AT II是一種強(qiáng)效血管收縮劑,可以刺激腎臟中的醛固酮分泌,能使腎臟保留更多的液體在體內(nèi),從而升高血壓(圖2)。開菲爾中的某些肽可以作為ACE的抑制劑,阻止AT I轉(zhuǎn)化成AT II,從而調(diào)節(jié)血壓[60]。

      表2 開菲爾粒及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品中的功能活性[44]

      3.3抑菌活性

      研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)開菲爾中的乳桿菌會產(chǎn)生一些抑菌性化合物,如有機(jī)酸、過氧化氫、乙醛、CO2和細(xì)菌素等,在一定程度上能夠抑制病原微生物的生長繁殖[11]。一般情況下,開菲爾對革蘭氏陽性菌的抑菌效果要比陰性菌要好。MARQUINA等經(jīng)過動物實驗對比發(fā)現(xiàn),在小鼠模型中使用開菲爾會使得腸道中的乳酸菌數(shù)量增加,而腸桿菌和梭狀芽胞桿菌的數(shù)目減少[49]。

      3.4提高免疫活性

      食物的營養(yǎng)和免疫活性之間有著直接關(guān)系,開菲爾中的乳酸菌及其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)物能明顯提高特異性或非特異性免疫應(yīng)答。通過食用開菲爾,肺及腹腔中的巨噬細(xì)胞能夠降低致病菌的活性,從而影響身體各部位的黏膜應(yīng)答。開菲爾中發(fā)微生物也改變了外來微生物細(xì)胞因子的響應(yīng),提高了先天免疫能力。VINDEROLA等發(fā)現(xiàn)開菲爾可以誘導(dǎo)黏膜應(yīng)答提高免疫力,從而維持腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定[61]。IRAPORDA等在研究開菲爾奶酒時將提高免疫活性的原因歸結(jié)于代謝過程中產(chǎn)生的乳酸鹽,在一定濃度下能夠抑制由白介素-1β、腫瘤壞死因子-α和鞭毛蛋白引起腸道上皮細(xì)胞的激活[62]。

      圖1 體內(nèi)腫瘤形成和開菲爾的作用部位[60]Fig.1 Tumor formation in body and proposed sites of action of kefir

      圖2 開菲爾調(diào)節(jié)血壓的作用示意圖[60]Fig.2 Role of kefir in regulating blood pressure

      3.5緩解乳糖不耐癥

      乳糖不耐癥的發(fā)生是由于腸道中沒有足夠的β-半乳糖苷酶或者是活性不足,β-半乳糖苷酶可以講解乳糖生成葡萄糖和半乳糖。如果β-半乳糖苷酶活性不足,乳糖到腸道內(nèi)后會被大腸中的細(xì)菌消化產(chǎn)生CO2,從而引起胃腸道不適。發(fā)酵乳制品是目前唯一能夠緩解乳糖不耐癥的解決方法,開菲爾粒中的一些微生物如Lb.delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricus和S.salivariussubsp.thermophilus可以產(chǎn)生β-半乳糖苷酶發(fā)酵乳糖[63]。

      4結(jié)論

      目前,對開菲爾的研究取得了一定的進(jìn)展,但是還有許多問題亟待解決。開菲爾粒中微生物多樣性較為復(fù)雜,微生物之間的共生關(guān)系和比例組成并不是一成不變,隨氣候和培養(yǎng)基等變化,對于大規(guī)模商業(yè)化生成來講難以得到合適的發(fā)酵劑。同時在發(fā)酵過后開菲爾粒的回收、清洗等工作存在著感染雜菌的風(fēng)險。因此,研究如何獲得合適的凍干粉發(fā)酵劑是今后研究的熱點之一。同時,開菲爾產(chǎn)品的口味應(yīng)當(dāng)多樣化,以滿足不同人群的需要。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1]SABIR F,BEYATLI Y,COKMUS C,et al. Assessment of potential probiotic properties ofLactobacillusspp.,Lactococcusspp.,andPediococcusspp. strains isolated from kefir[J]. Journal of Food Science,2010,75(9):M568-M573.

      [2]LIKOTRAFITI E,VALAVANI P,ARGIRIOU A,et al.Invitroevaluation of potential antimicrobial synbiotics usingLactobacilluskefiri isolated from kefir grains[J]. International Dairy Journal,2015,45:23-30.

      [3]HAMET MF,PIERMARIA JA,ABRAHAM AG. Selection of EPS-producingLactobacillusstrains isolated from kefir grains and rheological characterization of the fermented milks[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology,2015,63(1):129-135.

      [4]周傳云,唐書澤,聶明,等. 利用開菲爾粒制備酸豆乳酒的最佳發(fā)酵條件[J]. 食品與發(fā)酵工業(yè),2004,30(3):33-35.

      [6]SERAFINI F,TURRONI F,RUAS-MADIEDO P,et al. Kefir fermented milk and kefiran promote growth ofBifidobacteriumbifidum PRL2010 and modulate its gene expression[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology,2014,178:50-59.

      [7]袁祎琳,李云飛,梅俊,等. 藏靈菇發(fā)酵純牛奶過程中的物性變化[J]. 食品工業(yè)科技,2013,34(10):208-211.

      [8]WITTHUHN RC,SCHOEMAN T,BRITZ TJ. Isolation and characterization of the microbial population of different South African kefir grains[J]. International Journal of Dairy Technology,2004,57(1):33-37.

      [9]IRIGOYEN A,ARANA I,CASTIELLA M,et al. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of kefir during storage[J]. Food Chemistry,2005,90(4):613-620.

      [10]TAKIZAWA S,KOJIMA S,TAMURA S,et al.Lactobacilluskefirgranumsp. nov. andLactobacillusparakefirsp. nov.,two new species from kefir grains[J]. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology,1994,44(3):435-439.

      [11]SANTOS A,SAN MAURO M,SANCHEZ A,et al. The antimicrobial properties of different strains ofLactobacillusspp. isolated from kefir[J]. Systematic and Applied Microbiology,2003,26(3):434-437.

      [12]ANGULO L,LOPEZ E,LEMA C. Microflora present in kefir grains of the Galician region (North-West of Spain) [J]. Journal of Dairy Research,1993,60(2):263-267.

      [13]MAGALH?ES KT,PEREIRA GVM,DIAS DR,et al. Microbial communities and chemical changes during fermentation of sugary Brazilian kefir[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2010,26(7):1 241-1 250.

      [14]MIGUEL MGCP,CARDOSO PG,DE ASSIS L L,et al. Diversity of bacteria present in milk kefir grains using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods[J]. Food Research International,2010,43(5):1 523-1 528.

      [15]BOLLAPA,de LOS Angeles Serradell M,de URRAZA PJ,et al. Effect of freeze-drying on viability andinvitroprobiotic properties of a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolated from kefir[J]. Journal of Dairy Research,2011,78(1):15-22.

      [16]HAMET MF,LONDERO A,MEDRANO M,et al. Application of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods for the identification ofLactobacilluskefiranofaciensin microbial consortia present in kefir grains[J]. Food Microbiology,2013,36(2):327-334.

      [17]DOBSON A,O'SULLIVAN O,COTTER P D,et al. High-throughput sequence-based analysis of the bacterial composition of kefir and an associated kefir grain[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters,2011,320(1):56-62.

      [19]DENG Y,MAN C,F(xiàn)AN Y,et al. Preparation of elemental selenium-enriched fermented milk by newly isolatedLactobacillusbrevisfrom kefir grains[J]. International Dairy Journal,2015,44:31-36.

      [20]GULITZ A,STADIE J,WENNING M,et al. The microbial diversity of water kefir[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology,2011,151(3):284-288.

      [21]YOSHIDA Y,YOKOI W,OHISHI K,et al. Effects of the cell wall ofKluyveromycesmarxianusYIT 8292 on the plasma cholesterol and fecal sterol excretion in rats fed on a high-cholesterol diet[J]. Bioscience,Biotechnology,and Biochemistry,2005,69(4):714-723.

      [22]GARBERS I,BRITZ T,WITTHUHN R. PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoretictypification and identification of the microbial consortium present in kefir grains[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2004, 20(7):687-693.

      [23]GARROTE G L,ABRAHAM A G,De ANTONI G L. Chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains[J]. Journal of Dairy Research,2001. 68(4):639-652.

      [24]DIOSMA G,ROMANIN D E,REY-BURUSCO M F,et al. Yeasts from kefir grains:isolation,identification,and probiotic characterization[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2014,30(1):43-53.

      [25]MARSHALL V M. Starter cultures for milk fermentation and their characteristics[J]. International Journal of Dairy Technology,1993,46(2):49-56.

      [26]LATORRE-GARCA L,del CASTILLO-AGUDO L,POLAINA J. Taxonomical classification of yeasts isolated from kefir based on the sequence of their ribosomal RNA genes[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2007,23(6):785-791.

      [27]MARSH A J,O'SULLIVAN O,HILL C,et al. Sequencing-based analysis of the bacterial and fungal composition of kefir grains and milks from multiple sources[J]. PloS One,2013,8(7):e69371.

      [28]IWASAWA S,UEDA M,MIYATA N,et al. Identification and fermentation character of kefir yeast[J]. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry,1982,46(11):2 631-2 636.

      [29]DIOSMA G,ROMANIN D E,REY-BURUSCO M F,et al. Yeasts from kefir grains:isolation,identification,and probiotic characterization[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2014,30(1):43-53.

      [30]LEITE A M O,LEITE D C A,DEL AGUILA E M,et al. Microbiological and chemical characteristics of Brazilian kefir during fermentation and storage processes[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(7):4 149-4 159.

      [31]da CP MIGUEL M G,CARDOSO P G,MAGALHES K T,et al. Profile of microbial communities present in tibico (sugary kefir) grains from different Brazilian States[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2011,27(8):1 875-1 884.

      [33]LAUREYS D,DE VUYST L. Water kefir as a promising low-sugar probiotic fermented beverage[J]. Archives of Public Health,2014,72(1):1.

      [34]LOPITZ-OTSOA F,REMENTERIA A,ELGUEZABAL N,et al. Kefir:una comunidad simbiótica de bacterias y levaduras con propiedades saludables[J]. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología,2006,23(2):67-74.

      [35]WANG Y,AHMED Z,F(xiàn)ENG W,et al. Physicochemical properties of exopolysaccharide produced byLactobacilluskefiranofaciensZW3 isolated from Tibet kefir[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2008,43(3):283-288.

      [36]RIMADA P S,ABRAHAM A G. Comparative study of different methodologies to determine the exopolysaccharide produced by kefir grains in milk and whey[J]. Le Lait,2003,83(1):79-87.

      [37]GHASEMLOU M,KHODAIYAN F,OROMIEHIE A,et al. Development and characterisation of a new biodegradable edible film made from kefiran,an exopolysaccharide obtained from kefir grains[J]. Food Chemistry,2011,127(4):1 496-1 502.

      [38]MAEDA H,ZHU X,OMURA K,et al. Effects of an exopolysaccharide (kefiran) on lipids,blood pressure,blood glucose,and constipation[J]. Biofactors,2004,22(1):197-200.

      [39]KESMEN Z,KACMAZ N. Determination of lactic microflora of kefir grains and kefir beverage by using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods[J]. Journal of Food Science,2011,76(5):M276-M283.

      [40]WONG N P. Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry[M]. Berlin:Springer Science & Business Media,2012.

      [41]GARROTE G L,ABRAHAM A G,DE ANTONI G L. Inhibitory power of kefir:the role of organic acids[J]. Journal of Food Protection,2000,63(3):364-369.

      [42]KLYAVINYA L. Department for dairy products for children[J]. Molochnaya Promyshlennost,1980,3:11-12.

      [43]金世琳. 古老而新型的酒精性發(fā)酵乳飲料——開菲爾[J]. 中國乳品工業(yè),1999,27(2):18-23.

      [44]GUZEL-SEYDIM ZB,KOK-TAS T,GREENE AK,et al. Review:functional properties of kefir[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2011,51(3):261-268.

      [45]VINDEROLA C G,DUARTE J,THANGAVEL D,et al. Immunomodulating capacity of kefir[J]. Journal of Dairy Research,2005,72(2):195-202.

      [46]HONG W S,CHEN H C,CHEN Y P,et al. Effects of kefir supernatant and lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir grain on cytokine production by macrophage[J]. International Dairy Journal,2009,19(4):244-251.

      [47]URDANETA E,BARRENETXE J,ARANGUREN P,et al. Intestinal beneficial effects of kefir-supplemented diet in rats[J]. Nutrition Research,2007,27(10):653-658.

      [48]LIU J R,WANG S Y,CHEN M J,et al. The anti-allergenic properties of milk kefir and soymilk kefir and their beneficial effects on the intestinal microflora[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2006,86(15):2 527-2 533.

      [49]MARQUINA D,SANTOS A,CORPAS I,et al. Dietary influence of kefir on microbial activities in the mouse bowel[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology,2002,35(2):136-140.

      [50]De VRESE M,KELLER B,BARTH C A. Enhancement of intestinal hydrolysis of lactose by microbial b-galactosidase (EC 3.2. 1.23) of kefir[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,1992,67(1):67-75.

      [51]GARROTE G L,DELFEDERICO L,BIBILONI R,et al. Lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains:evidence of the presence of S-layer proteins[J]. Journal of Dairy Research,2004,71(2):222-230.

      [52]LIU J R,CHEN M J,LIN C W. Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(7):2 467-2 474.

      [53]SVENSSON M,SABHARWAL H,H?KANSSON A,et al. Molecular characterization of α-lactalbumin folding variants that induce apoptosis in tumor cells[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1999,274(10):6 388-6 396.

      [54]TOPUZ E,DERIN D,CAN G,et al. Effect of oral administration of kefir on serum proinflammatory cytokines on 5-FU induced oral mucositis in patients with colorectal cancer[J]. Investigational New Drugs,2008,26(6):567-572.

      [55]NAGIRA T,NARISAWA J,KUSUMOTO K,et al. Protection of human melanoma cells from UV damage by a fermented milk,Kefir[J]. Animal Cell Technology,1999,10:369-374.

      [56]LIU J R,WANG S Y,LIN Y Y,et al. Antitumor activity of milk kefir and soy milk kefir in tumor-bearing mice[J]. Nutrition and Cancer,2002,44(2):183-187.

      [57]LIU J R,WANG S Y,CHEN M J,et al. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of milk-kefir and soyamilk-kefir in cholesterol-fed hamsters[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2006,95(5):939-946.

      [58]MOREIRA M E C,SANTOS M H D,ZOLINI G P P,et al. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of a carbohydrate fraction isolated from sugary kefir[J]. Journal of Medicinal Food,2008,11(2):356-361.

      [59]GUZEL-SEYDIM Z,SEYDIM A,GREENE A. Comparison of amino acid profiles of milk,yogurt and Turkish kefir[J]. Milchwissenschaft,2003,58(3-4):158-160.

      [60]AHMED Z,WANG Y,AHMAD A,et al. Kefir and health:a contemporary perspective[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2013,53(5):422-434.

      [61]VINDEROLA G,PERDIGN G,DUARTE J,et al. Effects of the oral administration of the products derived from milk fermentation by kefir microflora on immune stimulation[J]. Journal of Dairy Research,2006,73(4):472-479.

      [62]IRAPORDA C,ROMANIN D E,RUMBO M,et al. The role of lactate on the immunomodulatory properties of the nonbacterial fraction of kefir[J]. Food Research International,2014,62:247-253.

      [63]LEITE A M O,MIGUEL M A L,PEIXOTO R S,et al. Probiotic potential of selected lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from Brazilian kefir grains[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(6):3 622-3 632.

      Research on microbial diversities, chemical composition and functional activities of kefir grains and their fermented products

      GAO Xin1, MEI Jun2, LI Bo1*

      1(Department of Health and security, Shanghai Vocational Management College of Trade Union, Shanghai 201415, China)2(Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

      ABSTRACTKefir grains is a starter in the traditional yoghourt “kefir” and the microbial components is very complicated. In the text, some literature about kefir grains and their fermented products were summarized and the microbial diversity, composition and functional activity were introduced. Kefir grains is a kind of mixed bacteria fermentation system, and lactic acid bacteria, yeast and acetic acid bacteria inhabit on its skeleton composed by protein and polysaccharide. When the milk is fermented with kefir grains, the lactic acid, alcohol and acetic acid fermentation can simultaneously be carried out. The products play an important role in anticancer activities, antihypertensive activities, antibacterial activities, enhancing immunity, and reducing lactose intolerance, which provide theoretical basis for use of kefir grains and their fermented products as functional foods.

      Key wordskefir grain; microbial diversities; composition; functional activity

      收稿日期:2015-08-03,改回日期:2015-09-10

      基金項目:上海市高校選拔培訓(xùn)優(yōu)秀青年教師科研專項基金資助項目(ghz09005)

      DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.201603043

      第一作者:碩士,講師(李博為通訊作者,E-mail:hellob1101@163.com)。

      宝鸡市| 牙克石市| 泉州市| 内丘县| 邵阳县| 天镇县| 凤阳县| 神农架林区| 旬邑县| 固安县| 嘉定区| 开封县| 钟山县| 汽车| 神木县| 盐亭县| 安阳市| 南京市| 固安县| 兴山县| 东台市| 台北市| 南和县| 石门县| 九江市| 新巴尔虎左旗| 景宁| 兴安县| 古交市| 灵台县| 长宁区| 隆子县| 讷河市| 贺兰县| 杭州市| 宜丰县| 共和县| 满洲里市| 铜山县| 泰兴市| 兴安盟|