[摘 要] 目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)代謝綜合征與肝膽惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性。方法:檢索中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版總庫(kù)和中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CBM)、Pubmed、EMbase,收集有關(guān)代謝綜合征與肝癌、膽囊癌、膽管癌關(guān)系的文獻(xiàn),檢索時(shí)限均為從建庫(kù)至2015年6月。由2名研究者根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn),提取資料,并在評(píng)價(jià)納入文獻(xiàn)方法學(xué)質(zhì)量后,用Stata 11.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:納入8篇文獻(xiàn)(5篇隊(duì)列研究和3篇病例對(duì)照研究)Meta分析結(jié)果顯示:代謝綜合征患者的肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)生率高[RR=1.71,95%CI(1.42-2.06),P=0.000];分層分析發(fā)現(xiàn),男性人群中,代謝綜合征肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)生率高于對(duì)照組[RR=1.55,95%CI:(1.21,1.99),P=0.001],女性人群中,其合并效應(yīng)量為[RR=1.48,95%CI(0.73,3.01),P=0.282),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:代謝綜合征是肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,且存在性別差異。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 代謝綜合征;肝癌;膽囊癌;膽管癌;Meta分析
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R735 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2016)02-001-04
[Abstract] Objective:To evaluate the correlation between metabolic syndrome and hepatobiliary malignancy. Methods:Chinese Academic Journal Web Publishing Pool, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), PubMed and EMbase were searched, literature about the relationship between metabolic syndrome and liver cancer, gallbladder, and bile duct carcinoma were collected, and the retrieval time were all from building the database to June 2015. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 researchers screened the literatures independently, extracted data and evaluated methodological quality of the included studies, and used software of Stata 11.0 for Meta-analysis. Results:Eight documents were included (five cohort studies and 3 case-control studies), and the results of meta analysis showed that: Metabolic syndrome in patients with high incidence of liver cancer and gallbladder carcinoma [RR=1.71,95% CI (1.42-2.06), P=0.000]; stratified analysis found that, the incidence of liver cancer and gallbladder carcinoma of metabolic syndrome was higher than that of control group in the male[RR=1.55, 95% CI:(1.21,1.99),P=0.001], and that in the female was combined effect amount [RR=1.48,95% CI(0.73,3.01),P=0.282), and the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions:The metabolic syndrome is one of the risk factors for liver and gallbladder malignancy, and there were gender differences.
[Key words] metabolic syndrome;liver cancer;gallbladder carcinoma;cholangiocarcinoma;meta
analysis
代謝綜合征(Metabolic Syndrome,MS)是包括肥胖、糖耐量受損、血脂異常、高血壓等一組高危因素的集合[1],是導(dǎo)致糖尿病、心腦血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素[2]。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外研究報(bào)道[3-6],MS與乳腺癌、前列腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、胰腺癌、肝膽惡性腫瘤等惡性腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)。本研究將2015年6月之前中、英文文獻(xiàn)中進(jìn)行MS與肝癌、膽囊癌、膽管癌發(fā)病關(guān)系的對(duì)照研究及隊(duì)列研究進(jìn)行薈萃分析,為肝膽惡性腫瘤防控提供依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1)研究類(lèi)型:病例對(duì)照研究及隊(duì)列研究。2)研究對(duì)象:MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合公認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);隊(duì)列研究的研究人群必須是自然人群;病例對(duì)照研究病例組為肝膽惡性腫瘤患者,對(duì)照組為正常人群。3)暴露因素:MS。4)結(jié)局指標(biāo):研究人群隨訪(fǎng)期間肝膽惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生情況。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)動(dòng)物研究、綜述、信息數(shù)據(jù)不全的文獻(xiàn)、未設(shè)置對(duì)照組的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 檢索策略
以MSAND(肝癌OR膽管癌OR膽囊癌)檢索中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版總庫(kù)和中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CBM),以(metabolic abnormalities OR metabolic syndrome)AND(cholangiocarcinoma OR hepatocellular carcinoma OR gallbladder carcinoma OR biliary tract cancer OR liver cancer)檢索Pubmed、EMbase。所有檢索策略通過(guò)預(yù)檢索后確定,檢索時(shí)間均為從建庫(kù)至2015年6月,文獻(xiàn)語(yǔ)種限定為中文和英文。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取
由2名研究者對(duì)納入資料獨(dú)立進(jìn)行資料提取和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),然后交叉核對(duì),如果遇到分歧則討論解決或?qū)で蟮?人幫助。資料提取包括研究者姓名,研究發(fā)表年限,研究類(lèi)型,病例特點(diǎn),診斷,RR值或者OR值及95%CI。病例對(duì)照研究中的OR值用RR值表示[7]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用Stata11.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)或比值比(OR),效應(yīng)量采用95%CI表示。進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),若α≥0.10,I2<50%采用固定效應(yīng)模型,若α<0.10,I2≥50%時(shí)選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,通過(guò)敏感性分析及亞組分析探討異質(zhì)性來(lái)源。Egger's檢驗(yàn)、Begg's檢驗(yàn)納入文獻(xiàn)是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果及納入研究的基本特征
初檢出相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)1119篇,經(jīng)閱讀文題和摘要,排除重復(fù)、非臨床研究及無(wú)對(duì)照組研究,初篩獲得49篇文獻(xiàn),進(jìn)一步閱讀全文,最終納入8篇研究[8-15](包括5篇隊(duì)列研究[8,12-15]及3篇病例對(duì)照研究[9-11],其中Russo[8]對(duì)肝癌、膽囊癌與MS的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了逐一描述,elzel[11]分肝細(xì)胞癌和膽管細(xì)胞癌分別對(duì)肝癌進(jìn)行了描述。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 納入研究的基本特征及方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
各納入研究的基本特征見(jiàn)表 1,采用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[16]對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。總分大于或等于5分者,認(rèn)為質(zhì)量可靠。有3篇[9,10,13]評(píng)分在6分,5篇[8,11,12,14,15]7分。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 MS與肝膽惡性腫瘤關(guān)系 納入的8篇文獻(xiàn)存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2 =78.7%,P=0.000),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示(圖2)MS是肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素[(RR=1.71,95%CI(1.42,2.06),P=0.000]。
2.3.2 性別、地域與肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 根據(jù)研究人群特點(diǎn),進(jìn)行分層分析,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。按性別分組,亞組分析結(jié)果顯示:男性人群肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RR=1.55,女性發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RR=1.48。按地域分組分析結(jié)果顯示:歐美人群RR=1.65,亞洲人群RR=1.92。
2.4 敏感性分析
將納入的8篇文獻(xiàn),按性別、地域的不同,分亞組進(jìn)行分析后,各亞組內(nèi)異質(zhì)性仍明顯(見(jiàn)表2)。故采用逐一排除方法進(jìn)行敏感性分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)剔除Welzel[11]的研究后行Meta分析提示 [RR=1.45,95%CI(1.33,1.67)P=0.000],與剔除前結(jié)果相似。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)提示異質(zhì)性明顯下降(I2=49.5,P=0.07),上述結(jié)果表明本研究分析結(jié)果較為穩(wěn)定可靠。
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚分析
用Stata軟件漏斗圖對(duì)稱(chēng)性檢驗(yàn)對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果顯示:Begg's test z=0.62,P=0.537(continuity coRRected),Egger's test t=-0.77,P=0.461。納入文獻(xiàn)不存在明顯的發(fā)表偏倚。
3 討論
MS聚集了多種心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素[17-19],流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示[20],在美國(guó)成人中MS發(fā)病率高達(dá)25%,在中國(guó)發(fā)病率約為14%。MS發(fā)病基礎(chǔ)是胰島素抵抗,代謝異??赡軐?dǎo)致一系列細(xì)胞因子變化,促使腫瘤細(xì)胞形成及發(fā)展。
本研究結(jié)果亦顯示:MS為發(fā)生肝膽惡性腫瘤危險(xiǎn)因素。肝膽惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生是一個(gè)多步驟復(fù)雜過(guò)程。中國(guó)是乙肝流行大國(guó),肝炎病毒感染、肝硬化是肝癌發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素,但是很多患者并無(wú)感染史、飲酒史,卻有MS的典型癥狀非酒精性脂肪肝。MS促進(jìn)肝膽惡性腫瘤的機(jī)制可能與以下幾個(gè)方面有關(guān):1)胰島素抵抗和高胰島素血癥:有研究指出胰島素抵抗和高胰島素血癥是肝膽惡性腫瘤發(fā)生的重要因素。胰島素和胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子-1(IGF-1)可以激活胰島素受體、IGF-1受體,誘發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[21]。2)低脂聯(lián)素血癥:脂聯(lián)素主要由脂肪組織分泌,具有增強(qiáng)胰島素敏感性、抗炎癥、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等多種作用,脂聯(lián)素可通過(guò)多條信號(hào)通路抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖、誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡。研究證實(shí)[22]脂聯(lián)素可以抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖。3)膽囊腫瘤發(fā)生同膽結(jié)石密切相關(guān):文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道MS中肥胖、糖耐量受損、高脂血癥等均為膽結(jié)石形成的危險(xiǎn)因素[23-25]。故MS可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)膽結(jié)石的形成,對(duì)肝膽惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生產(chǎn)生影響。4)炎癥因子的異常調(diào)節(jié):MS患者IL-6、TNF-α、瘦素蛋白等調(diào)節(jié)異常[26],實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,上述炎癥介質(zhì)可以作用于肝、膽細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生[27]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)男性與女性,歐美人群與亞洲人群MS者肝膽惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生率存在差異,但進(jìn)一步研究需更多高質(zhì)量的文獻(xiàn)支持。
控制MS有預(yù)防和控制肝膽惡性腫瘤作用,進(jìn)一步明確機(jī)制,尋找有效靶點(diǎn)有助于降低MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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