運(yùn)動(dòng)行為領(lǐng)域中的調(diào)節(jié)匹配*

苗秀影 遲立忠

(北京體育大學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)人體科學(xué)學(xué)院運(yùn)動(dòng)心理學(xué)教研室, 北京 100084)

1 引言

調(diào)節(jié)定向理論(regulatory focus)認(rèn)為, 個(gè)體具有促進(jìn)定向(promotion focus)和防御定向(prevention focus)兩種定向方式。促進(jìn)定向的個(gè)體更渴望“獲得成功”, 在目標(biāo)達(dá)成的過程中多采用較為積極的行為策略; 防御定向的個(gè)體更傾向于“避免失敗”, 在目標(biāo)達(dá)成的過程中多采用更為保守的行為策略(Fuglestad, Rothman, & Jeffery, 2013;Higgins, 2000; Higgins, Idson, Freitas, Spiegel, &Molden, 2003; Kao, 2012; Keller & Bless, 2006;Scott, Sereno, & O'Donnell, 2012; Worthy, Maddox,& Markman, 2007)。當(dāng)不同調(diào)節(jié)定向的個(gè)體采用符合自身定向方式的策略時(shí), 就達(dá)成了調(diào)節(jié)匹配(regulatory fit)。處于匹配狀態(tài)時(shí), 個(gè)體的行為表現(xiàn)會(huì)更好并且更愿意堅(jiān)持與自身定向方式一致的行為策略, 此即調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)(段錦云, 周冉, 陸文娟, 李晶, 朱宜超, 2013; Chatterjee, Roy, &Malshe, 2011; Park, van Dyne, & Ilgen, 2013; Vaughn,2010)。

通過梳理運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的提高、運(yùn)動(dòng)決策的改善以及鍛煉行為的維持均具有積極的影響, 運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域中對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究顯示出了較好的理論與應(yīng)用價(jià)值(Daryanto, de Ruyter, Wetzels, & Patterson, 2010;Debanne, Angel, & Fontayne, 2014; Plessner,Unkelbach, Memmert, Baltes, & Kolb, 2009)。教練員和運(yùn)動(dòng)員可以參照調(diào)節(jié)匹配理論合理地選擇比賽策略, 例如對(duì)于促進(jìn)定向的運(yùn)動(dòng)員, 可通過激發(fā)其“獲勝動(dòng)機(jī)”, 使其主動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)逆境從而有效地完成比賽; 而對(duì)于防御定向的運(yùn)動(dòng)員, 可通過引導(dǎo)他們關(guān)注積極可控的方面使其在比賽中正常發(fā)揮。

有研究者將調(diào)節(jié)匹配的實(shí)驗(yàn)操控方式分為“整 合 式 ” (integral manipulation)和 “獨(dú) 立 式 ”(incidental manipulation)?！罢鲜健辈倏v主要通過操作任務(wù)定向以匹配不同調(diào)節(jié)定向的個(gè)體(特質(zhì)性調(diào)節(jié)定向), 這種匹配整合于當(dāng)前的任務(wù)或情境,能對(duì)當(dāng)前的任務(wù)產(chǎn)生直接、即時(shí)的影響?！蔼?dú)立式”操縱主要通過啟動(dòng)個(gè)體的定向方式(狀態(tài)性調(diào)節(jié)定向)以匹配任務(wù)定向, 這種匹配獨(dú)立于當(dāng)前的任務(wù)或情境, 能對(duì)隨后的任務(wù)產(chǎn)生間接、延續(xù)的影響(王懷勇, 2011; Righetti, Francesca, & Rusbult,2011; Vaughn, Harkness, & Clark, 2010)。運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域研究多采用“整合式”對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)匹配進(jìn)行操控, 即主要通過操控任務(wù)定向使之與運(yùn)動(dòng)員的調(diào)節(jié)定向構(gòu)成匹配狀態(tài)進(jìn)而考察其對(duì)當(dāng)前任務(wù)或情境的影響。例如, 通過指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)“(高爾夫球在)距離球洞 2米的位置, 你有5次擊球機(jī)會(huì), 你需要至少擊中3次”構(gòu)建獲得性(eagerness approach)任務(wù)定向; 通過指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)“(高爾夫球在)距離球洞 2米的位置, 你有5次擊球機(jī)會(huì), 你最多可以失誤2次”構(gòu)建規(guī)避性(vigilance avoidance)任務(wù)定向(Kutzner, F?rderer,& Plessner, 2013)。當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)定向(通過調(diào)節(jié)定向問卷(regulatory focus questionnaire)進(jìn)行測(cè)量)與任務(wù)定向一致時(shí)為匹配狀態(tài)(即促進(jìn)定向——獲得性任務(wù)定向、防御定向——規(guī)避性任務(wù)定向), 反之為不匹配狀態(tài)(即促進(jìn)定向——規(guī)避性任務(wù)定向、防御定向——獲得性任務(wù)定向)。其中, 促進(jìn)定向與獲得性任務(wù)定向相匹配時(shí)稱為促進(jìn)匹配, 防御定向與規(guī)避性任務(wù)定向匹配時(shí)稱為防御匹配(Barber & Mather, 2013; Chen, 2014; Ludolph &Schulz, 2015; Scholer, Ozaki, & Higgins, 2014)。

2 基于調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究成果

2.1 競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)中的調(diào)節(jié)匹配

2.1.1 調(diào)節(jié)匹配與運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)

目前運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)中調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)的研究主要集中在球類項(xiàng)目上(如足球、籃球), 主要考察調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)球成功率的影響(Memmert et al.,2009; Plessner et al., 2009)。有研究者考察了調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員點(diǎn)球成功率的影響, 結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)處于匹配狀態(tài)時(shí)(即告知促進(jìn)定向的運(yùn)動(dòng)員“5次罰球中至少要踢進(jìn) 3次”或告知防御定向的運(yùn)動(dòng)員“5次罰球中最多可以有 2次失誤”), 運(yùn)動(dòng)員的點(diǎn)球成功率高于調(diào)節(jié)不匹配時(shí)(即告知促進(jìn)定向運(yùn)動(dòng)員“5次罰球中最多可以有2次失誤”、或告知防御定向運(yùn)動(dòng)員“5次罰球中至少要踢進(jìn) 3次”時(shí)), 即調(diào)節(jié)定向與任務(wù)定向的匹配可有效提高足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的點(diǎn)球成功率(Plessner et al., 2009)。對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員“三分球”的研究也得到了相似的結(jié)果,處于調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的三分球成功率顯著高于非調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員(Memmert et al., 2009)。

對(duì)于球類項(xiàng)目而言, 球能否命中目標(biāo)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員接下來(lái)的表現(xiàn)甚至整場(chǎng)比賽的進(jìn)程都可能產(chǎn)生至關(guān)重要的影響, 罰球成功與否對(duì)比賽勝負(fù)或運(yùn)動(dòng)員表現(xiàn)的預(yù)測(cè)率可達(dá)75%~85% (Kuss, Kluttig,& Stoll, 2007; Wood & Wilson, 2010)。因此, 利用調(diào)節(jié)匹配提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)球率(運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn))成為研究者關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)之一。但目前研究中足球、籃球項(xiàng)目上出現(xiàn)的調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)僅發(fā)生在較低水平的運(yùn)動(dòng)員群體中。對(duì)此, 有研究者認(rèn)為這并不表明調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)受到運(yùn)動(dòng)水平的限制(如專家、新手在調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)上存在不同等), 而更可能是由于運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的特點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)的低估或限制(Kutzner et al., 2013)。對(duì)于足球、籃球這類對(duì)抗性團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目, 決定運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的因素有很多, 運(yùn)動(dòng)員會(huì)在各種因素的作用下對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)與比賽輸贏的關(guān)系發(fā)展出相應(yīng)的認(rèn)知建構(gòu)能力。高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員可憑借這種認(rèn)知建構(gòu)能力(或積累的運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)驗(yàn))對(duì)比賽目標(biāo)、輸贏關(guān)系等進(jìn)行重構(gòu), 對(duì)任務(wù)定向進(jìn)行合理認(rèn)知, 從而較少受到實(shí)驗(yàn)操作的影響(Dimotakis, Davison, & Hollenbeck, 2012; Folgado,Duarte, Marques, & Sampaio, 2015; Gharbi,Dardouri, Haj-Sassi, Chamari, & Souissi, 2015)。對(duì)此, 有研究者選擇了其他球類項(xiàng)目開展相關(guān)研究。例如一項(xiàng)針對(duì)高水平高爾夫(非對(duì)抗性球類項(xiàng)目)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 當(dāng)操控任務(wù)定向使之與運(yùn)動(dòng)員調(diào)節(jié)定向相匹配時(shí), 運(yùn)動(dòng)員的擊球入洞成績(jī)可提高20% (Kutzner et al., 2013), 這提示在高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員群體中亦存在調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng), 但存在運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目間的差異。

關(guān)于調(diào)節(jié)匹配影響運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的心理機(jī)制, 相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài)下的個(gè)體往往體驗(yàn)到一種“正確”的感受, 這種“正確感”會(huì)帶來(lái)積極的情緒體驗(yàn), 并且使個(gè)體更傾向于將這一情緒狀態(tài)(積極情緒)歸因于運(yùn)動(dòng)行為帶來(lái)的結(jié)果, 這種積極的心理狀態(tài)對(duì)行為表現(xiàn)可起到一定的促進(jìn)作用(Cheung, Gillebaart, Kroese, & De Ridder, 2014;Furley, Dicks, Stendtke, & Memmert, 2012; Jordet& Hartman, 2008; van Doorn, van Kleef, & van de Pligt, 2014; Wang, 2011)?；诖? 研究者們認(rèn)為調(diào)節(jié)匹配能夠促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)是由于調(diào)節(jié)定向與任務(wù)定向的匹配降低了運(yùn)動(dòng)員的焦慮水平, 促成良好的競(jìng)賽心理狀態(tài), 穩(wěn)定運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn), 促使其運(yùn)動(dòng)技能得以正常甚至超長(zhǎng)發(fā)揮。也就是說,調(diào)節(jié)匹配并不直接影響運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn), 而是為運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的發(fā)揮提供了一個(gè)良好的心理狀態(tài)前提或保障(Cheung et al., 2014; Dragos, 2014; Furley et al., 2012; Jordet & Hartman, 2008; Liu, Zhou,Liu, & Jack, 2012; Spiegel, Grant-Pillow, & Higgins,2004; van Doorn et al., 2014; Wang, 2011)。

近期研究還發(fā)現(xiàn), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的影響受到運(yùn)動(dòng)技能特征(如任務(wù)難度)的調(diào)節(jié)(Vogel& Genschow, 2013)。研究者以“調(diào)節(jié)匹配”和“任務(wù)難度” (設(shè)置點(diǎn)球距離：11 m為困難任務(wù), 7 m為簡(jiǎn)單任務(wù))為自變量, 點(diǎn)球成功率為因變量, 考察在不同任務(wù)難度下調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)點(diǎn)球成功率(運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn))的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配僅提高了運(yùn)動(dòng)員在簡(jiǎn)單任務(wù)中的點(diǎn)球成功率, 而對(duì)困難任務(wù)中的點(diǎn)球成功率沒有影響。其原因可能是, 難度越高,任務(wù)本身對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的技能需求也越高, 當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的技能水平無(wú)法滿足任務(wù)難度的需求時(shí), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的積極影響受到技能水平的制約而難以形成, 但這一推斷還有待進(jìn)一步的檢驗(yàn)。

2.1.2 調(diào)節(jié)匹配與運(yùn)動(dòng)決策

面對(duì)復(fù)雜多變的運(yùn)動(dòng)情境, 運(yùn)動(dòng)員決策策略的選擇可直接影響運(yùn)動(dòng)決策的效果, 因此, 如何在競(jìng)技情境中選擇最佳的決策策略, 產(chǎn)生最優(yōu)的決策效果, 也就成為運(yùn)動(dòng)心理研究的核心問題之一(遲立忠, 張力為, 2013)。調(diào)節(jié)匹配亦可對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員決策策略的選擇產(chǎn)生影響, 而這種影響可能與比賽的進(jìn)程、決策任務(wù)的性質(zhì)(如定向方式)等有關(guān)。

有研究者考察了比賽不同時(shí)段運(yùn)動(dòng)員采用的決策策略差異。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 在手球比賽中, 運(yùn)動(dòng)員決策策略的選擇會(huì)受到比賽進(jìn)程的影響。同其他時(shí)段相比, 運(yùn)動(dòng)員在下半場(chǎng)的第二階段更傾向于采用促進(jìn)定向策略, 如積極組織進(jìn)攻、拉開比分優(yōu)勢(shì)等, 并且獲得的決策效果更好。分析原因認(rèn)為, 該時(shí)段運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)決策信息的加工更傾向于促進(jìn)定向(如此時(shí)不拼更待何時(shí)), 當(dāng)采用促進(jìn)定向策略時(shí), 可促成運(yùn)動(dòng)員調(diào)節(jié)定向與決策策略的匹配, 提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)決策判斷的正確感, 改善決策效果(Debanne et al., 2014)。此外, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)面對(duì)不同性質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù), 選擇與任務(wù)自身定向趨勢(shì)相一致的行為策略, 會(huì)獲得更好的行為效果。如籃球中的“三分投籃”任務(wù)更傾向于獲得性任務(wù)定向。當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員采用的決策策略(如促進(jìn)定向策略)與“三分投籃”任務(wù)定向方式相一致時(shí), 運(yùn)動(dòng)執(zhí)行中的調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)得以增強(qiáng)(即促進(jìn)匹配下其行為表現(xiàn)更好); 而“足球點(diǎn)球”任務(wù)本身更傾向于規(guī)避性任務(wù)定向, 當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員采用的決策策略(如防御定向策略)與任務(wù)定向相一致時(shí), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)則更突出(即防御匹配下其行為表現(xiàn)最佳) (Memmert et al., 2009; Plessner et al., 2009)。

雖然依據(jù)調(diào)節(jié)匹配理論, 個(gè)體選擇與自身定向方式相符的行為或決策策略時(shí), 決策效果更好(Ashraf & Thongpapanl, 2015; Memmert, Hüttermann,& Orliczek, 2013)。但在借助此理論考察調(diào)節(jié)匹配與復(fù)雜情境中決策行為(例如運(yùn)動(dòng)決策)的關(guān)系時(shí),還需考慮復(fù)雜的情境因素(Adiandari, 2014)。例如,研究者通過操控比賽視頻呈現(xiàn)時(shí)間對(duì)兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)決策情境(直覺決策、認(rèn)知決策)進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),被試在比賽情境畫面較長(zhǎng)(如1000 ms)、獲取線索較為充分的認(rèn)知決策情境下的決策效果好于比賽情境畫面較短(如 400 ms)、獲取線索較不充分的直覺決策情境(王斌, 2004)。這是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員在進(jìn)行直覺決策時(shí), 由于時(shí)間的緊迫性和信息的不充分性, 個(gè)體面對(duì)的決策困難較大, 往往基于直覺思維進(jìn)行判斷, 在此種情況下, 直覺性思維造成的非理性偏差往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致較差的決策效果(王洪彪, 2013; Epley & Gilovich, 2006)。劉茜(2014)在此基礎(chǔ)上考慮了調(diào)節(jié)匹配的作用, 以調(diào)節(jié)匹配范式和運(yùn)動(dòng)決策時(shí)間掩蔽范式探討調(diào)節(jié)匹配的影響。結(jié)果表明, 調(diào)節(jié)匹配促進(jìn)了運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)直覺決策信息的加工, 提高了直覺決策的效果。這可能是由于處于匹配狀態(tài)下的運(yùn)動(dòng)員注意范圍更廣,可在關(guān)注決策任務(wù)的同時(shí)分配更多的注意資源關(guān)注場(chǎng)上情境(即決策情境)的變化, 進(jìn)而對(duì)決策信息進(jìn)行更為全面的建構(gòu)與評(píng)價(jià), 修正由直覺性決策思維造成的非理性偏差, 產(chǎn)生更多更流暢的問題解決策略并進(jìn)行更為合理的決策, 獲得更好的決策效果(Bullens, van Harreveld, F?rster, & Higgins,2014; Grimm, Markman, Maddox, & Baldwin,2008)。

2.2 鍛煉行為中的調(diào)節(jié)匹配

鍛煉既可以預(yù)防或延緩疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,也可以有效促進(jìn)心理健康(Daenen, Varkey, Kellmann,& Nijs, 2015; Graham, Sirard, & Neumark, 2011;Umeda, Lee, Marino, & Hilliard, 2016)。隨著鍛煉心理與行為研究的深入, 有關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)鍛煉行為影響的研究也逐步展開, 其中調(diào)節(jié)匹配與鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)、鍛煉行為的關(guān)系受到較多關(guān)注。

不同個(gè)體的鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)不同, 有的鍛煉者是因?yàn)樵阱憻掃^程中體驗(yàn)到了“滿足感”或“享受感”,他們更關(guān)注內(nèi)在的結(jié)果體驗(yàn)(以內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)為特征,如能力的提高); 有的鍛煉者則更關(guān)注鍛煉對(duì)保持“健康”或“維持自身的好身材”的積極影響, 即更關(guān)注外在的結(jié)果體驗(yàn)(以外在動(dòng)機(jī)為特征, 如通過鍛煉獲得某種益處) (Buckworth, Lee, Regan, Schneider,& DiClemente, 2007; Vansteenkiste, Matos, Lens, &Soenens, 2007)。有研究者向206名18~69歲的久坐少動(dòng)的研究參與者(對(duì)其進(jìn)行定向方式的測(cè)量)隨機(jī)提供促進(jìn)性鍛煉信息(如鍛煉可以提高鍛煉者的力量和耐力)或防御性鍛煉信息(如缺乏鍛煉會(huì)使鍛煉者增加體重), 以結(jié)果體驗(yàn)感受(內(nèi)在、外在)為測(cè)量指標(biāo)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 相比于不匹配狀態(tài)(向促進(jìn)定向的鍛煉者提供防御性鍛煉信息或向防御定向鍛煉者提供促進(jìn)性鍛煉信息), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配促進(jìn)了鍛煉者對(duì)鍛煉行為的結(jié)果體驗(yàn)感受, 即向防御定向鍛煉者提供防御性鍛煉信息, 增強(qiáng)了其外在的結(jié)果體驗(yàn)感受; 向促進(jìn)定向鍛煉者提供促進(jìn)性鍛煉信息, 則提高了其內(nèi)在結(jié)果體驗(yàn)感受(Latimer et al., 2008)。這提示, 不同定向的鍛煉者面對(duì)不同調(diào)節(jié)定向的鍛煉信息時(shí), 即使這些信息傳達(dá)的內(nèi)容是積極正面的, 包含了促進(jìn)鍛煉者實(shí)施鍛煉行為的因素, 但因鍛煉者自身定向的不同, 其結(jié)果體驗(yàn)仍會(huì)存在差異。

進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 與不匹配的鍛煉者相比,處于調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài)下的鍛煉者能夠在鍛煉結(jié)束后更多地回顧在鍛煉過程中體驗(yàn)到的積極感受, 有效地提高了鍛煉者參與鍛煉的動(dòng)機(jī), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài)下的鍛煉者也確實(shí)表示更愿意堅(jiān)持鍛煉行為(Daryanto et al., 2010; Gallagher & Updegraff, 2011;Latimer et al., 2008; Pfeffer, 2013)。也就是說, 鍛煉信息傳達(dá)的方式符合鍛煉者的定向方式, 會(huì)提高鍛煉者對(duì)鍛煉行為的評(píng)價(jià), 改善鍛煉者對(duì)鍛煉行為的態(tài)度, 進(jìn)而促使其鍛煉行為得以發(fā)生和維持(Higgins, Cesario, Hagiwara, Spiegel, & Pittman,2010; Hui, Molden, & Finkel, 2013)。

調(diào)節(jié)匹配理論的提出打破了鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)的單一模型, 對(duì)“提供積極信息反饋時(shí)其鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)最佳”這一觀點(diǎn)提出了質(zhì)疑(Sebire, Standage, & Vansteenkiste,2011; Sebire, Standage, Gillison, & Vansteenkiste,2013), 更加強(qiáng)調(diào)鍛煉信息與鍛煉者調(diào)節(jié)定向的關(guān)系。調(diào)節(jié)匹配理論認(rèn)為, 即使向鍛煉者提供積極的鍛煉信息, 但能否引發(fā)鍛煉者的最佳動(dòng)機(jī)水平還取決于鍛煉信息與鍛煉者調(diào)節(jié)定向是否匹配。相關(guān)研究已發(fā)現(xiàn), 相比于不匹配狀態(tài), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配下的鍛煉者的鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)更強(qiáng)。對(duì)于促進(jìn)定向的鍛煉者, 提供促進(jìn)性的積極信息反饋(如通過鍛煉可以獲得能力的提升)會(huì)增強(qiáng)其“獲得成功”的動(dòng)機(jī);而對(duì)于防御定向的鍛煉者, 提供防御性的積極信息反饋(如通過鍛煉可以避免生病)會(huì)增強(qiáng)其“規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的動(dòng)機(jī)(Jarzebowski, Palermo, & van de Berg,2012; Otto, Markman, Gureckis, & Love, 2010), 即調(diào)節(jié)匹配時(shí)(促進(jìn)匹配、防御匹配), 鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)均會(huì)得到提高, 只是鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)的方向以及鍛煉者對(duì)鍛煉行為的感受存在差異, 但對(duì)鍛煉行為的發(fā)生和維持均具有促進(jìn)作用。

此外, 還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)提供給鍛煉者的鍛煉信息與鍛煉者自身的調(diào)節(jié)定向匹配時(shí), 鍛煉者對(duì)鍛煉信息的采納程度更高, 更愿意接受鍛煉的建議, 并以此作為指導(dǎo)自己鍛煉行為的依據(jù), 進(jìn)而達(dá)成更為積極的反饋效果, 提高鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī), 維持鍛煉行為(Mannetti, Brizi, Giacomantonio, & Higgins,2013)。因此, 鍛煉者在進(jìn)行鍛煉時(shí), 可以充分利用調(diào)節(jié)匹配的優(yōu)勢(shì), 先了解自身的調(diào)節(jié)定向, 后采用與其相符的鍛煉信息、行為策略, 進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)、提高鍛煉熱情、堅(jiān)持鍛煉行為。

3 研究展望

目前競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域關(guān)于調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究主要圍繞調(diào)節(jié)匹配與運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)和運(yùn)動(dòng)決策的關(guān)系展開,發(fā)現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)匹配可以提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn), 增強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的決策效果(Kutzner et al., 2013; Vogel &Genschow, 2013)。鍛煉領(lǐng)域的調(diào)節(jié)匹配研究主要圍繞調(diào)節(jié)匹配與鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī)及鍛煉行為的關(guān)系展開,發(fā)現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)匹配可提高鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī), 改善鍛煉行為(Presseau et al., 2014; Sheeran, Harris, & Epton,2014)。故此, 實(shí)踐中可根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)個(gè)體的調(diào)節(jié)定向選擇相應(yīng)的策略, 促成調(diào)節(jié)匹配, 縮短當(dāng)前心理與行為狀態(tài)或目標(biāo)狀態(tài)的距離, 節(jié)省認(rèn)知資源,進(jìn)而更加有效地完成運(yùn)動(dòng)行為或鍛煉行為。

基于運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究現(xiàn)況, 未來(lái)可側(cè)重從以下三方面對(duì)已有研究進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展和深化。

第一, 充實(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)情境下調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究?jī)?nèi)容。運(yùn)動(dòng)行為受到諸多因素的影響, 其中既有外部因素(如項(xiàng)目特征、比賽對(duì)手、雙方比分、比賽進(jìn)程等), 也有內(nèi)部因素(如人格、認(rèn)知、反應(yīng)傾向、情緒、智力等) (Hagtvet & Hanin, 2007; Kempton,Kennedy, & Coutts, 2016; McCarthy, 2011; Plessner& Haar, 2006; Szabo & Müller, 2016), 考慮到這些內(nèi)外因素的作用, 調(diào)節(jié)匹配與運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)、決策質(zhì)量的關(guān)系變得復(fù)雜多樣?，F(xiàn)有研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn), 調(diào)節(jié)匹配可以提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn), 增強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的決策效果, 但受到運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目和運(yùn)動(dòng)難度的調(diào)節(jié)(Kutzner et al., 2013; Vogel & Genschow, 2013)。調(diào)節(jié)匹配可提高鍛煉動(dòng)機(jī), 改善鍛煉行為, 但會(huì)受到社會(huì)支持的影響, 如當(dāng)重要他人對(duì)鍛煉者的鍛煉行為持反對(duì)意見時(shí), 即使鍛煉者處于調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài), 仍難以促成鍛煉行為的發(fā)生或維持(Presseau et al., 2014; Sheeran et al., 2014)?？梢?為準(zhǔn)確揭示運(yùn)動(dòng)情境下調(diào)節(jié)匹配與行為表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系, 需要將一些重要的運(yùn)動(dòng)情境因素和運(yùn)動(dòng)員個(gè)人或群體特征納入其中, 并對(duì)多種因素間的相互關(guān)系及協(xié)同作用進(jìn)行深入研究, 進(jìn)而更加客觀、全面地評(píng)價(jià)運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域中的調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng), 避免夸大調(diào)節(jié)匹配對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)行為的影響。

第二, 探究運(yùn)動(dòng)情境下調(diào)節(jié)匹配的作用機(jī)制。目前對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)匹配效應(yīng)的解釋認(rèn)為, 不同調(diào)節(jié)定向的運(yùn)動(dòng)個(gè)體在面對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù)目標(biāo)時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的行為狀態(tài)(如匹配或不匹配), 由此影響個(gè)體對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)競(jìng)賽行為或鍛煉行為的看法, 導(dǎo)致其行為表現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)差異。例如, 不匹配的行為狀態(tài)會(huì)使個(gè)體產(chǎn)生負(fù)性的情緒感受, 對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)行為產(chǎn)生消極看法, 進(jìn)而無(wú)法借助自主行為活動(dòng)做出迅速、反射性的行為反應(yīng), 對(duì)個(gè)體的行為表現(xiàn)起到一定的阻礙作用(Furley et al., 2012; Jordet & Hartman, 2008;Wang, 2011)。而調(diào)節(jié)匹配狀態(tài)下的運(yùn)動(dòng)個(gè)體往往體驗(yàn)到一種“正確”的感受, 這種“正確感”會(huì)帶來(lái)積極的情緒體驗(yàn), 對(duì)行為表現(xiàn)可起到一定的促進(jìn)作用(Cheung et al., 2014; Unkelbach, Plessner, &Memmert, 2009; van Doorn et al., 2014)。面對(duì)復(fù)雜多變的運(yùn)動(dòng)情境和運(yùn)動(dòng)行為, 這一解釋似過于簡(jiǎn)單。研究者提出, 調(diào)節(jié)匹配在提高正性情緒體驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上、亦可以通過增強(qiáng)動(dòng)機(jī)水平或擴(kuò)寬注意范圍等來(lái)促進(jìn)個(gè)體行為的改善(F?rster & Dannenberg,2010; Idson, Liberman, & Higgins, 2004; McAuley,Henry, Wedd, Pleskac, & Cesario, 2012; Memmert,Unkelbach, & Ganns, 2010; Unkelbach et al.,2009 )。故此, 后續(xù)研究應(yīng)在理解運(yùn)動(dòng)行為理論的基礎(chǔ)上, 充分考慮運(yùn)動(dòng)情境的復(fù)雜性和多樣性,在現(xiàn)有行為研究結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)上, 可引入認(rèn)知神經(jīng)的相關(guān)指標(biāo), 逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)從行為及神經(jīng)生物兩個(gè)層次對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)情境下調(diào)節(jié)匹配作用機(jī)制的闡釋, 這樣既能避免對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)情境下調(diào)節(jié)匹配作用機(jī)制的簡(jiǎn)單化解釋, 深入了解運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域中調(diào)節(jié)匹配的內(nèi)在機(jī)制, 同時(shí)避免可能出現(xiàn)的理論偏差, 亦可促進(jìn)對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)匹配一般作用機(jī)制的探討。

第三, 完善運(yùn)動(dòng)情境下調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究方法。競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)中調(diào)節(jié)匹配的研究主要通過操縱調(diào)節(jié)定向與任務(wù)定向之間的關(guān)系來(lái)進(jìn)行。目前運(yùn)動(dòng)員的調(diào)節(jié)定向主要采用量表進(jìn)行測(cè)量, 通過對(duì)促進(jìn)定向與防御定向兩個(gè)分量表的差值進(jìn)行中位數(shù)分割(中位數(shù)以上為促進(jìn)定向、中位數(shù)以下為防御定向), 或通過采用差值大者為促進(jìn)定向、差值小者為防御定向的模糊劃分方式來(lái)評(píng)定運(yùn)動(dòng)員的調(diào)節(jié)定向(Memmert et al., 2009; Plessner et al.,2009)。這些評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較為模糊且易導(dǎo)致選擇性偏差, 后續(xù)研究可通過采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Z分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)測(cè)量數(shù)值進(jìn)行矯正, 使調(diào)節(jié)定向的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更加客觀、明確。另外, 在操縱任務(wù)定向時(shí), 大部分研究者會(huì)采用“指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)誘發(fā)”的方式。但這種操縱方式通常啟動(dòng)強(qiáng)度不足、生態(tài)學(xué)效度不高, 目前一些調(diào)節(jié)匹配研究未取得預(yù)期結(jié)果或與采用“指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)誘發(fā)”方式有關(guān), 后續(xù)研究可嘗試采用“多重任務(wù)啟動(dòng)”方式, 即采用情緒誘發(fā)與指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)誘發(fā)等多種形式共同啟動(dòng)任務(wù)定向(劉茜, 2014)。此外, 目前對(duì)鍛煉信息的誘導(dǎo)方式尚缺少客觀性指標(biāo)的操控檢驗(yàn),致使可能存在一定的實(shí)驗(yàn)偏差。后續(xù)研究或可通過大量訪談構(gòu)建出相關(guān)研究均可采用的、且具有良好效度的實(shí)驗(yàn)材料(促進(jìn)性鍛煉信息、防御性鍛煉信息)。

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