馮慧 潘化平
211100 南京,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)科
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腦卒中的心血管康復(fù)現(xiàn)狀與進展
馮慧潘化平
211100 南京,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)科
Exercise tolerance test; Exercise therapy
腦卒中是一種由多種血管性危險因素引起的臨床綜合征,患者普遍存在冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)、高血壓病、糖尿病、脂肪代謝紊亂以及心功能不全等心血管和代謝性疾病,控制這些危險因素在腦卒中的康復(fù)治療中具有極其重要的意義[1]。
一、腦卒中與心血管和代謝性疾病
冠心病是誘發(fā)腦卒中的高危因素,合并有心臟病的人群,腦卒中發(fā)病率是健康人群的3倍以上[2]。心房纖顫與腦卒中發(fā)生關(guān)系密切,是誘發(fā)缺血性腦卒中的獨立危險因素,約50%的心源性缺血性腦卒中是由心房纖顫引起[3-4]。高血壓病是引起腦卒中最重要的獨立危險因素,也是腦卒中不良預(yù)后的獨立危險因素[5-6]。高血壓病與腦卒中再發(fā)密切相關(guān)[7]。隨著左心室重量的增加,高血壓病患者腦卒中的發(fā)病率及病死率也成比例增加。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)收縮壓對腦卒中的影響超過舒張壓,隨著年齡增加,血壓的作用逐漸減弱,適當(dāng)升高血壓可降低老年人腦卒中的發(fā)病率[8-10]。
70歲以上的腦卒中患者心功能不全的發(fā)病率可高達(dá)50%[11]。伴有心功能不全的腦卒中更易復(fù)發(fā),且病死率更高。但心功能不全的臨床癥狀常受患者的主觀性影響,體征缺乏特異性,另外臨床醫(yī)師過度關(guān)注自已??频募膊。茨芎芎玫刈R別心功能不全,導(dǎo)致未予及時診斷或治療的情況很常見,有的甚至引起惡性后果。
超過三分之二的慢性腦卒中患者和超過三分之一的急性腦卒中患者合并有高血糖癥[12]。美國一項研究顯示,在所有年齡段,特別是小于65歲的人群,伴有糖尿病的患者腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險顯著增加[13]。當(dāng)糖尿病病程超過10年時缺血性腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險增加3倍[14]。高血糖對心血管系統(tǒng)的危害與多種直接和間接的通路加速動脈粥樣硬化有關(guān)[15]。雖然目前關(guān)于糖尿病及糖尿病前期與腦卒中的關(guān)系研究結(jié)論并不一致,但是糖尿病是腦卒中的獨立危險因素還是得到公認(rèn)的,糖尿病及糖尿病前期均為腦卒中不良結(jié)局的獨立危險因素,兩者均能增加腦卒中的發(fā)病風(fēng)險[16-20]。
血脂代謝異常與腦卒中的關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜。一般認(rèn)為總膽固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C是缺血性腦卒中的危險因素[21-22]。LDL-C與絕經(jīng)后女性腦卒中的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[23]。由于老年患者受長期的高血壓病、糖尿病、血脂異常、吸煙等多種因素的影響,LDL-C成為了老年人腦卒中的重要危險因素。
二、腦卒中的心血管問題
腦卒中導(dǎo)致心、肺功能下降已獲得共識,但其潛在的生理學(xué)機制并未獲得系統(tǒng)的研究。研究顯示75%腦卒中幸存者合并心臟病[24]。對于無合并心血管疾病的初發(fā)腦卒中患者,同樣存在心、肺功能下降的情況,除了可能因中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷導(dǎo)致的中樞驅(qū)動能力下降外,還可能由于其它外周機制導(dǎo)致了心、肺功能的下降,其中包括骨骼肌萎縮、肌纖維表型的改變、偏癱側(cè)肢體血液供應(yīng)的減少以及胰島素抵抗[25-29]。
關(guān)于急性腦卒中患者心功能改變的研究結(jié)果差別較大。一般認(rèn)為急性腦卒中引起的心臟損害主要表現(xiàn)為心電圖異常(AMI、心肌缺血、心律失常)、心內(nèi)膜下出血或心力衰竭等[30]。急性腦卒中患者中心電圖異常的發(fā)生率可高達(dá)60%,約6%~34%患者出現(xiàn)血漿肌鈣蛋白I和肌鈣蛋白T濃度增加。
對于冠心病患者,急性腦卒中與冠心病在心肌損傷中可能起協(xié)同作用。美國成年人心血管風(fēng)險評估指南建議所有無冠心病和腦卒中的成年人都應(yīng)進行心血管風(fēng)險評估,中國心血管病預(yù)防指南建議利用各種機會為患者進行心腦血管病風(fēng)險評估[31-32]。
腦卒中發(fā)生后,心血管系統(tǒng)與肌肉組織會發(fā)生一系列病理變化,血容量及左心室舒張末期容量減少6%~11%,每搏量和心輸出量降低6%~13%[33]。由于血容量下降,心功能減退,運動能力也隨之減退。同時制動會導(dǎo)致肌肉萎縮和肌肉內(nèi)脂肪含量增加,肌肉血液循環(huán)障礙,諸多因素共同作用對患者的恢復(fù)造成不利影響。
腦卒中患者普遍存在耐力減退,從事各種活動所消耗的能量較正常人明顯增加。一項關(guān)于偏癱患者的研究表明,與正常對照組相比,偏癱步態(tài)的耗能較正常步態(tài)增加55%~100%[34-35]。這項研究還顯示偏癱患者難以自然維持其最有效的步行速度,提示耐力的減退反過來制約了運動功能的改善[36-37]。
三、腦卒中的心血管功能評定
腦卒中患者心臟康復(fù)前應(yīng)常規(guī)進行各項功能評估,尤其是心功能評估。評估心功能應(yīng)結(jié)合病史、癥狀、體征及輔助檢査綜合判斷。常用的輔助檢查包括:靜息心電圖、心臟彩色多普勒超聲檢查(彩超)、運動負(fù)荷心電圖、心肺運動試驗(CPET)、定距離測定(6 min步行試驗、10 m步行試驗)等。
CPET通過測定人體在靜息、運動及運動結(jié)束時每一次呼吸的氧攝取量、二氧化碳排出量和通氣量,及心率、血壓、心電圖變化和患者運動時出現(xiàn)的癥狀, 客觀地評價循環(huán)呼吸功能和體力的廢用性變化。CPET主要參數(shù)有:最大運動負(fù)荷、峰值攝氧量(VO2max)、無氧閾、峰值耗氧量(VO2peak)、換氣比值、心率、血壓、心電圖ST改變等[38-43]。由于患側(cè)肢體運動功能障礙,腦卒中偏癱患者的VO2max難以達(dá)到高平臺,有學(xué)者通過平板步行負(fù)荷遞增的方式評估了131例后遺癥期偏癱患者的VO2peak,結(jié)果為(13.6±4)ml/(mg·min) ,而在年齡匹配,同樣缺乏運動的健康對照組中,其VO2peak可達(dá)到25~30 ml/(mg·min),提示偏癱患者的VO2peak較健康人下降一半以上[45-46]。臨床實踐中一般常用VO2peak或無氧閾。其他的指標(biāo)也常被用于臨床研究中,如:①最大心搏數(shù)(HRmax,220-年齡);②HRmax時VO2;③VO2(100)或VO2(120);④氧脈(每搏氧輸送量);⑤氧負(fù)債;⑥生理耗能指數(shù)(PCI),等等。
腦卒中患者進行CPET,可以明確心血管功能狀態(tài),判斷心臟康復(fù)風(fēng)險,同時能明確運動受限原因,準(zhǔn)確評估運動能力,從而判斷運動允許量,制定合理運動處方[47-48]。還可獲得心律變時性反應(yīng)、運動血壓和心率恢復(fù)等非心電圖參數(shù),越來越多的文獻(xiàn)支持這些參數(shù)對患者預(yù)后判斷的作用優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)評價方式[49-51]。
偏癱患者常用的運動負(fù)荷試驗方案分為遞增負(fù)荷法和恒定負(fù)荷法。遞增負(fù)荷法可選用的方式有:跑臺、功率自行車、ShwinniAr-Dyne能量測力計、上肢測力計、軀干前后屈運動、反復(fù)起立運動。跑臺僅適用于步行能力接近于正常人的患者,功率自行車比跑臺適應(yīng)范圍廣, 但不適用于軀干控制較差或存在下肢伸肌痙攣的患者。健側(cè)上肢測力計可用于重度步行障礙者, 且簡單易行。在VO2max測定困難的情況下可以通過軀干前后屈運動和反復(fù)起立運動來測定體力指標(biāo)。
當(dāng)無法開展CPET時,為了評價腦卒中患者的活動能力,6 min步行試驗是很好的選擇,可反映受試者亞極量運動的能力[52]。6 min步行試驗與CPET的最大運動能力存在相關(guān)性,可以用來預(yù)測受試者的VO2max[53]。
四、腦卒中患者的心血管康復(fù)
通常情況下, 腦卒中康復(fù)是以改善患者運動功能、提高其日常生活活動能力為主要目標(biāo),重點在神經(jīng)功能障礙的評估和治療上[54]?;颊咝枰鎸σ驗槌掷m(xù)活動減少而引起的體力減退、活動能力下降而導(dǎo)致的慢性殘疾以及心血管的功能障礙[46]。
研究證明早期行心臟康復(fù)可顯著提高患者的VO2max和6 min步行試驗距離,運動能力每增加l METs可降低12%病死率[43]。有學(xué)者觀察了20 例患者在接受現(xiàn)有的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練過程中物理療法和作業(yè)療法所引起的心血管應(yīng)激水平,結(jié)果顯示,每次治療期間患者心率達(dá)到預(yù)定目標(biāo)心率的時間極短, 提示這些治療所產(chǎn)生的心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng)不足以產(chǎn)生訓(xùn)練效應(yīng)。事實證明,現(xiàn)有的康復(fù)模式不能系統(tǒng)地提供充足的訓(xùn)練量來逆轉(zhuǎn)患者體力的減退, 也不能提供足夠的重復(fù)性活動達(dá)到運動學(xué)習(xí)的最佳化, 無法做到持續(xù)鍛煉以保障腦卒中患者的健康。
針對腦卒中的心血管康復(fù)治療,應(yīng)根據(jù)患者肢體活動障礙情況選擇徒手、踏車或手足聯(lián)動踏車等;阻抗運動、柔韌性訓(xùn)練和平衡訓(xùn)練是必要的補充,但這些項目可能與神經(jīng)康復(fù)訓(xùn)練項目存在重疊,應(yīng)酌情減量。
五、腦卒中心血管康復(fù)的風(fēng)險
腦卒中患者的心臟康復(fù)與單純心臟病患者的心臟康復(fù)存在一定的區(qū)別,腦卒中大多數(shù)是在高血壓病、冠心病、糖尿病、心房纖顫等基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的,而且腦卒中后機體的各種病理生理變化也容易引發(fā)心血管并發(fā)癥,這在相當(dāng)程度上增加了腦卒中患者的治療風(fēng)險及康復(fù)治療的復(fù)雜程度。一方面是疾病的隱匿性,腦卒中患者一般以神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀為主訴入院,常常無心臟病的臨床癥狀,是否合并心臟病常需進一步行評估發(fā)現(xiàn);另一方面,腦卒中患者亞極量負(fù)荷時的氧耗常高于正常人,達(dá)到疲勞時的VO2max、負(fù)荷量、心率、收縮壓均低于正常人。在急性腦卒中患者中,心律失常導(dǎo)致猝死的幾率為6%,且這種猝死的風(fēng)險持續(xù)約1個月。心律失常中心率增快與缺血性腦卒中后致殘率及智能障礙有密切關(guān)系,可能預(yù)示著患者潛在的心血管病及高血壓病的可能。
在進行心血管康復(fù)前,應(yīng)結(jié)合心功能評估結(jié)果制定腦卒中患者的運動處方,強調(diào)個體化、被動訓(xùn)練與主動訓(xùn)練相結(jié)合,急性期及高?;颊弑仨氃谛碾姟⒀獕?、血氧飽和度監(jiān)護下進行。通過監(jiān)測運動中的心率來確定訓(xùn)練強度,常根據(jù)運動負(fù)荷試驗測得的最大心率來制定,即(最大心率-靜息心率)×運動強度+靜息心率。一般強度為40%~80%,3~5次/周,30~60 min/次。如無條件進行運動負(fù)荷試驗的可在靜息心率基礎(chǔ)上增加20~30次/分,一般來說心率增加20次/分是較安全的。應(yīng)結(jié)合運動前狀態(tài)及運動中的表現(xiàn)、自我感知勞累程度評分(如Borg評分),實時適當(dāng)調(diào)整運動方案,確保訓(xùn)練安全、有效。
六、展望
進行康復(fù)治療的腦卒中患者應(yīng)盡早完善心血管功能評估,積極識別和處理心血管疾病。心血管康復(fù)訓(xùn)練不僅有利于改善腦卒中患者的運動能力,提高其生活質(zhì)量,而且可以降低其心因性死亡風(fēng)險及全因死亡風(fēng)險,改善其遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。但有關(guān)腦卒中患者的心血管康復(fù)還面臨以下幾個問題:①腦卒中病程與運動功能分級對心血管康復(fù)的影響,腦卒中患者肢體功能的不同,尤其是下肢肌力、肌張力、平衡功能的差異會對患者有氧訓(xùn)練實際完成量和效果產(chǎn)生重要影響,康復(fù)治療方案有待行大樣本多中心的研究探討;②腦卒中患者運動治療與心血管康復(fù)的量效關(guān)系,不同訓(xùn)練方式、強度、時間和時程對腦卒中患者心血管效應(yīng)的比較研究目前尚較少,需要加強研究;③缺乏殘疾狀態(tài)的腦卒中患者心血管康復(fù)研究,目前缺少在殘疾狀態(tài)下腦卒中患者進行心血管康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的研究,這個階段的心血管康復(fù)訓(xùn)練不僅可以降低患者殘疾程度,提高其日常生活活動能力,而且對腦卒中的二級預(yù)防有著積極意義,應(yīng)該大力引導(dǎo)與推廣;④需要進一步深入研究腦卒中心血管康復(fù)的機制,目前關(guān)于腦卒中心血管康復(fù)的機制研究很不充分,腦卒中患者心血管康復(fù)的分子生物學(xué)機制有待探討,外周肌肉組織特性的改善對心腦血管疾病有無改善效應(yīng)等等尚待進一步研究證實;⑤缺乏統(tǒng)一質(zhì)量控制的培訓(xùn),在CPET實施過程中,雖然增補了代謝模擬器,但沒有設(shè)立核心實驗室對所有數(shù)據(jù)進行二次分析認(rèn)證,各實驗室用自己的CPET系統(tǒng)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)、報告結(jié)果,缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范化CPET操作及實驗數(shù)據(jù)的分析與判讀。建議進行多中心臨床研究時,行CPET前必須由專門設(shè)立的核心實驗室對實驗室和系統(tǒng)進行質(zhì)量認(rèn)證。
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(本文編輯:洪悅民)
·述評·
【摘要】腦卒中是一種由多種血管性危險因素引起的臨床綜合征,患者常因肢體活動障礙而需長時間臥床,日?;顒邮芟?,增加了其心血管病發(fā)生的風(fēng)險。同時,大部分腦卒中患者合并有心血管疾病,多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為心功能不全或無癥狀心功能不全。因此,腦卒中的心血管康復(fù)是康復(fù)治療中不可忽視的重要部分,對腦卒中患者進行包括靜息心電圖、心臟彩色多普勒超聲檢查、運動負(fù)荷心電圖、心肺運動試驗、定距離測定(6 min步行試驗、10 m步行試驗)等心功能評估,按照安全有效的運動處方進行規(guī)范的心血管康復(fù)治療,有助于改善腦卒中患者的預(yù)后及預(yù)防其復(fù)發(fā)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腦卒中; 心血管康復(fù); 心肺運動試驗; 運動負(fù)荷試驗; 運動治療
Current state and progress of cardiovascular diseases in patients with strokeFengHui,PanHuaping.DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine,NanjingJiangningHospitalaffiliatedtoNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing211100,China
Correspondingauthor,PanHuaping,E-mail:panhp007@hotmail.com
【Abstract】Stroke is a clinical syndrome caused by a variety of vascular risk factors. Patients with stroke have to rest in bed due to physical activity barriers, which limit their daily activity and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Meantime, a majority of stroke patients are complicated with cardiovascular diseases, mainly manifested with cardiac insufficiency or asymptomatic cardiac insufficiency. Therefore, rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases is an essential part of rehabilitation therapy for patients diagnosed with stroke. It is necessary to perform resting electrocardiogram, cardiac color doppler ultrasound, exercise load electrocardiogram, exercise cardiopulmonary test, fixed-distance walking test (6-minute or 10-meter walking test) and alternative cardiac function evaluation for stroke patients. Standard rehabilitation therapy of cardiovascular diseases should be delivered according to safe and effective prescription, which contributes to improving clinical prognosis and preventing stroke recurrence.
【Key words】Stroke; Rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing;
收稿日期:(2015-10-19)
通訊作者,潘化平,E-mail:panhp007@hotmail.com 簡介:潘化平,博士,主任醫(yī)師,副教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)科主任。曾是德國Fachklinik Ichenhausen康復(fù)醫(yī)院訪問學(xué)者,從事康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)醫(yī)療、教學(xué)和科研工作20余年,在治療復(fù)雜腦卒中、高位脊髓損傷、多發(fā)性骨折以及難治性慢性疼痛等方面有較為豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗。目前主要從事心腦血管疾病、糖尿病、慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的臨床康復(fù)工作。研究方向為運動系統(tǒng)疾病的基礎(chǔ)研究與臨床康復(fù)。主持和參與國家及省部級基金課題7項,發(fā)表論文30余篇。
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