高秋妮 戴傳昌
A型肉毒毒素在治療咬肌肥大中的作用
高秋妮 戴傳昌
目的評價A型肉毒毒素在治療咬肌肥大中的作用。方法2005年8月至2014年1月,對15例咬肌肥大患者行A型肉毒毒素治療,并應(yīng)用B型超聲于術(shù)前和術(shù)后4、12、24周測量咬肌厚度。結(jié)果本組患者術(shù)后隨訪6個月,咬肌注射A型肉毒毒素后4、12、24周,咬肌厚度萎縮(15.60±4.96)%、(27.72±9.13)%和(24.32±8.86)%。結(jié)論A型肉毒毒素能有效減少咬肌厚度;B型超聲測量能有效地反映咬肌萎縮的程度。
A型肉毒毒素咬肌肥大厚度
咬肌肥大是導(dǎo)致下面部過寬的因素之一。單純注射A型肉毒毒素可使咬肌萎縮,改善下面部寬度。2005年8月至2014年1月,我們應(yīng)用B型超聲測量咬肌在注射A型肉毒毒素前后的厚度變化,評價國產(chǎn)A型肉毒毒素在治療咬肌肥大中的作用。
1.1 臨床資料
本組共15例,均為女性,年齡20~45歲(平均26.2±6.38歲),均為雙側(cè)咬肌肥大,部分患者存在下頜角骨性肥大。
1.2 測量方法
應(yīng)用B型超聲測量咬肌厚度。以平行下頜骨體部下緣上方1 cm的平行線為測量部位。測量咬肌收縮與松弛狀態(tài)下的厚度。每例重復(fù)3次,取測量數(shù)據(jù)均值,以收縮狀態(tài)下所得厚度計為咬肌厚度(圖1)。
圖1 B超測量咬肌厚度Fig.1 B-ultrasound measurement of masseter muscle
1.3 手術(shù)方法
A型肉毒毒素(蘭州生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司)。用1 m L注射器,30號針頭,0.9%生理鹽水1 m L稀釋(100 U/m L)。注射前要求患者用力咀嚼,用手指感觸肥大的咬肌。以咬肌下1/3為注射區(qū)域,每側(cè)咬肌注射0.5 m L。對于雙側(cè)咬肌厚度相差明顯的患者,根據(jù)B超測量所得數(shù)據(jù)適當調(diào)整藥物劑量。A型肉毒毒素注射后4、12、24周復(fù)診,B型超聲測量。1.4統(tǒng)計學處理
應(yīng)用SAS 6.12統(tǒng)計軟件包進行t檢驗,測量數(shù)據(jù)以x±s表示,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
本組患者在注射A型肉毒毒素后4周就觀察到下面部輪廓的改變。在初次注射A型肉毒毒素后,這種改善隨時間推移逐步明顯。在注射后12周時,面部輪廓改變趨向平穩(wěn),并能維持到注射后24周。本組患者注射后無并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
注射前B超測量咬肌的厚度為(13.98±1.79)mm,注射后12周咬肌的厚度為(10.08±1.76)mm,差異顯著(P<0.05),而A型肉毒毒素注射后4、24周咬肌的平均厚度與注射前無明顯差異(P>0.05)。在A型肉毒毒素注射后的4、12周,咬肌的萎縮量逐步遞增,分別萎縮(15.60±4.96)%和(27.72±9.13)%,而在注射后24周,萎縮量下降至(24.32±8.86)%(圖2)。
圖2 典型病例Fig.2 Typical case
A型肉毒毒素注射到肌肉組織后,通過重鏈結(jié)合至軸突的突觸前膜上,轉(zhuǎn)運其輕鏈進入胞漿內(nèi),輕鏈與SNARE蛋白(主要是SNAP-25)結(jié)合,使其不能形成異二聚體或異三聚體復(fù)合物,突觸小泡缺乏構(gòu)象能量的推動,無法和突觸前膜融合,乙酰膽堿的釋放過程被中斷,從而肌肉失去神經(jīng)支配[1-3]。它最初被用于治療神經(jīng)肌肉疾病,如面部肌肉痙攣、眼球斜視等。1994年,Smyth[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)A型肉毒毒素能有效減小肥大咬肌的厚度,為咬肌肥大提供了一種非手術(shù)、無創(chuàng)傷的治療方法[5-6]。有關(guān)A型肉毒毒素治療后咬肌萎縮的具體數(shù)據(jù)報道較少,國產(chǎn)A型肉毒毒素治療咬肌肥大效果的客觀參數(shù)也鮮有報道。Kim等[7]報道,應(yīng)用三維CT重建技術(shù)測量咬肌的容量,通過薄層CT重建,所測得的咬肌體積比B超測量咬肌厚度更精確、直觀地反映咬肌萎縮量。B超所測得的咬肌厚度僅僅是二維數(shù)據(jù),并不能很精確地反映咬肌容量。但從面部輪廓的改善效果考慮,B超測得的二維數(shù)據(jù)足以評價A型肉毒毒素在面部輪廓改形中的作用。To等[8]使用B超測量A型肉毒毒素治療后咬肌萎縮量,所測得的結(jié)果與Kim得到的數(shù)值相接近,證明了B型超聲在測量咬肌容量時的可靠性。另外,CT掃描患者將不可避免受到X線輻射,且CT檢查費用較高,耗時也遠多于B超檢查。本研究得到的結(jié)果與之相似。本研究所用的A型肉毒毒素總量為100 U,而報道的劑量分別為60 U和500 U。通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),當患者每次注射A型肉毒毒素劑量超過100 U時,咬肌的萎縮量并沒有隨劑量的增加而增加。Choe等[9]比較不同劑量A型肉毒毒素的注射療效,40 U組較20 U組和60 U組效果更好。Kim等[10]通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),咬肌注射A型肉毒毒素25 U與35 U,在咬肌容量減少以及肌電圖上無明顯差異,但咬肌萎縮的量與術(shù)前咬肌容積成負相關(guān)關(guān)系。然而在我們的研究中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)有類似現(xiàn)象。A型肉毒毒素是肉毒梭菌中得到的一種純化蛋白質(zhì),其抗體的產(chǎn)生與注射次數(shù)及劑量相關(guān),所以將劑量控制在一定范圍內(nèi)是必要的。
A型肉毒毒素注射后會間接或直接激活或增強大量基因表達,其中與肌纖維再神經(jīng)化或肌纖維再生有關(guān)的基因包括胰島素樣生長因子、肌源性調(diào)節(jié)因子、MuSK基因等[11-15]。通過各種機制,這些基因產(chǎn)物能促進乙酰膽堿受體聚集,突觸前神經(jīng)軸突的發(fā)芽和運動終板形成,萎縮或衰老的肌細胞恢復(fù)活力及肌力,肌纖維前體細胞再生,并促進肌纖維細胞的分化等。在注射后3個月和6個月時,肌力分別恢復(fù)到原來的77%和94%[16]。A型肉毒毒素進入突觸間隙后能在局部持續(xù)存在12周,并維持其蛋白水解活性[17-18];其次A型肉毒毒素與SNAP-25的C端結(jié)合后,并不影響SNAP-25與Syntaxin形成二聚體,這導(dǎo)致局部的SNAP-25濃度沒有變化,新的SNAP-25也沒有合成[19-21]。SNAP-25 mRNA在注射A型肉毒毒素后60~90天內(nèi)逐漸增多。這就解釋了A型肉毒毒素的作用只能持續(xù)3~6個月,肌肉萎縮量往往在12周時最明顯,而到24周反而減少。本研究結(jié)果也證實了這一點。同時,基于以上理論,患者再次注射A型肉毒毒素的時間應(yīng)選擇在初次注射后的6個月以后[6,16]。
綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)A型肉毒毒素能有效減少咬肌的厚度,B型超聲能有效反映咬肌萎縮程度。
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Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of M asseteric Hypertrophy
GAO Qiuni,DAI Chuanchang.
Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200011,China.Corresponding author:DAI Chuanchang(E-mail:dr_dai@126.com).
Objective To evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of masseteric hypertrophy. M ethods From August 2005 to January 2014,15 women with masseteric hypertrophy were enrolled in this study.Fifty units of botulinum toxin type A was injected bilaterally in the masseter muscles.The thickness of masseter muscles was measured preoperatively,4,12 and 24 weeks postoperatively using B-ultrasound.Results All the patients were followed up for 6 months.The mean reduction of masseter muscle thickness were(15.60±4.96)%at 4 weeks and(27.72±9.13)%at 12 weeks postoperatively.The percent of reduction decreased to(24.32±8.86)%at 24 weeks postoperatively.Conclusion Botulinum toxin type A is effective in treating hypertrophy of the masseter muscle.B-ultrasound could effectively reflect the reduction of muscle thickness after botulinum toxin type A injection.
Botulinum toxin type A;Masseteric hypertrophy;Thickness
R622
A
1673-0364(2015)03-0193-03
10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2015.03.021
2015年1月23日;
2015年3月2日)
200011上海市上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院。
戴傳昌(E-mail:dr_dai@126.com)。