鄭雪丹,李曉秋,張景華,夏程,韓雅玲,陳會生
·腦血管病診治專題Ⅱ·
阿托伐他汀對北方漢族人群急性缺血性腦血管病有效性和安全性的初步研究
鄭雪丹,李曉秋,張景華,夏程,韓雅玲,陳會生
目的根據(jù)不同危險因素分層,觀察北方漢族人群缺血性腦血管病急性期不同劑量阿托伐他汀治療的有效性和安全性。方法選擇2013年10月-2014年1月在沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院住院治療的急性缺血性腦血管病患者160例,按危險因素及病情分為三組,即阿托伐他汀20mg(n=50)、40mg(n=50)、60mg(n=60)治療組。分別檢測治療前后患者血脂、肝功能、腎功能、肌酶、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hCRP)水平和美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評分。結(jié)果不同劑量組治療后血脂水平均降低,總膽固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),而甘油三酯(TG)下降幅度較小,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。60mg組LDL-C達標率最高。與治療前相比,不同劑量組治療后丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)水平升高,總膽紅素(TBil)、直接膽紅素(DBil)水平降低(P<0.05);血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平下降(P<0.05),腎小球濾過率(GFR)變化無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);20mg組和40mg組肌酸激酶(CK)水平降低(P<0.05),而40mg組和60mg組肌酸激酶同工酶(CKMB)水平升高(P<0.05);20mg組和40mg組hCRP水平有所降低,60mg組hCRP水平有所升高,但差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);NHISS評分明顯下降(P<0.05),但各劑量組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.157)。結(jié)論三種劑量的阿托伐他汀治療均可安全有效地降低血脂水平,改善神經(jīng)功能缺損評分,并在一定程度上降低hCRP水平,其中60mg組LDL-C水平達標率最高,NIHSS降低幅度最大。但能否長期服用大劑量阿托伐他汀治療尚需進一步研究確定。
阿托伐他??;卒中;有效性研究
近年來,隨著人們生活水平的提高,飲食和生活習慣的改變使腦血管病的發(fā)病率和死亡率明顯升高,成為影響生活質(zhì)量的罪魁禍首[1]。在腦血管病的二級預防中,他汀類藥物已經(jīng)得到循證醫(yī)學的廣泛支持。盡管2013年AHA/ASA急性缺血性卒中早期管理指南指出入院前使用他汀類藥物的患者住院后繼續(xù)使用是合理的[2],但在缺血性腦血管病急性期能否使用大劑量他汀類藥物強化治療尚沒有明確的證據(jù)支持。
目前各國指南普遍提倡根據(jù)危險因素的不同設(shè)定不同的LDL-C治療目標。2010年中國缺血性卒中/TIA二級預防指南指出:對膽固醇水平升高者,應(yīng)使LDL-C下降30%~40%;對伴有多種危險因素以及有顱內(nèi)外大動脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊或動脈栓塞證據(jù)者,應(yīng)使LDL-C下降大于40%[3]。由于經(jīng)濟、認識不足等各方面原因,中國患者對他汀類藥物的使用率普遍偏低。中國地域廣闊,民族眾多,不同區(qū)域、不同民族人民的飲食及生活習慣各不相同,甚至大相徑庭,故基礎(chǔ)水平及對他汀類藥物的敏感性可能存在差異,而目前尚無不同地域、民族人群中使用他汀藥物效果差異的相關(guān)文獻報道?;谝陨显?,本研究僅選取醫(yī)院所在區(qū)域的北方漢族人群為研究對象,以二級預防指南為依據(jù),對不同危險因素的人群在缺血性腦血管病急性期給予不同強度的他汀治療,對其療效及副作用進行分析,試圖找到最有利于患者的劑量,為臨床治療提供依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對象 有研究表明所有病因所致的缺血性卒中均能從他汀治療中獲益[4],因此本研究連續(xù)納入2013年10月-2014年1月在沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院的急性缺血性腦血管病患者179例(包括所有病因類型)。入選標準:①籍貫為東北三省(遼寧、吉林、黑龍江),民族為漢族;②發(fā)病72h內(nèi)入院;③診斷標準符合第四屆全國腦血管病會議修訂的標準[5];④經(jīng)頭顱CT或MRI證實并由神經(jīng)科臨床醫(yī)師確診;⑤入院前1個月內(nèi)未服用降脂藥物;⑥無他汀類藥物過敏史。所有患者知情同意并完善相關(guān)檢查。本研究通過本院倫理委員會批準。排除標準:①出血性腦血管病患者,包括蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)及梗死后出血者;②入院時即有嚴重心、肝、腎疾病,感染和免疫性疾病者;③妊娠。所有研究對象在入院時即依據(jù)危險因素分層給予不同劑量他汀治療,三組病例平行開展。依據(jù)入選及排除標準,最終納入160例作為研究對象,納入患者流程圖見圖1。
圖1 患者納入流程圖Fig.1 Flow diagram demonstrating the inclusive criteria
1.2 用藥方法 所有患者均給予常規(guī)對癥支持治療[2],包括抗血小板聚集,控制血壓、血糖水平,改善微循環(huán)等。在此基礎(chǔ)上按疾病嚴重程度及危險因素分層[3]分別給予不同劑量的阿托伐他汀鈣片(立普妥,輝瑞制藥有限公司,規(guī)格:20mg×7片)治療?;颊呒{入及分層:①診斷為椎基底動脈供血不足,CT或MRI明確無新發(fā)梗死灶者,給予20mg阿托伐他汀(n=50);②診斷為急性腦梗死或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA),經(jīng)CT或MRI證實,且伴有≤2個危險因素(年齡>60歲、高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、代謝綜合征、持續(xù)吸煙等)者,給予40mg阿托伐他汀(n=50);③診斷為急性腦梗死或TIA,且伴有>2個危險因素,或有以下任一種情況者:有動脈-動脈栓塞證據(jù);有腦動脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊證據(jù)[主要依據(jù)影像、頸部血管超聲、經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(TCD)微栓子監(jiān)測和超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hCRP)],給予60mg阿托伐他汀(n=60)。所有患者均在入院后24h內(nèi)給予藥物治療。
1.3 觀察指標 于入院時及用藥后1~2周(平均10d)分別檢測以下指標。①血脂水平:總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C);②肝功能指標:丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(alanine aminotransferase,A LT)、天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(a s p a r t a t e aminotransferase,AST)、總膽紅素(total bilirubin,TBil)、直接膽紅素(direct bilirubin,DBil);③腎功能指標:血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、腎小球濾過率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR);④肌酶指標:肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase MB,CK-MB);⑤炎癥因子:超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein,hCRP);⑥神經(jīng)功能缺損評分:采用美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)進行評分。為盡量避免誤差,本研究各項指標均采用免疫法進行檢測,試劑購自南京建成生物試劑公司,且為同一批次產(chǎn)品;所有檢驗人員及方法均于試驗開始前進行過統(tǒng)一培訓和一致性檢驗;NIHSS評分采用盲法測評,測評人員為科室內(nèi)具有執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師證的醫(yī)師,且在實驗開始前進行過統(tǒng)一培訓。GFR用MDRD公式進行計算。公式為GFR[ml/(min·1.73m2)]=186×Scr-1.154×年齡-0.203×0.742(女性)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理。計量資料為正態(tài)分布時以表示,組內(nèi)治療前后比較采用配對t檢驗,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,非正態(tài)分布時組間比較采用秩和檢驗;計數(shù)資料以%表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
表1 各組治療前基線指標的比較(±s)Tab.1 Comparison of the baseline indexes of each group before treatment (±s)
表1 各組治療前基線指標的比較(±s)Tab.1 Comparison of the baseline indexes of each group before treatment (±s)
TC. Total cholesterol; TG. Triglyceride; HDL-C. High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT. Alanine aminotransferase; AST. Aspartate aminotransferase; TBil. Total bilirubin; DBil. Direct bilirubin; BUN. Blood urea nitrogen; Cr. Creatinine; GFR. Glomerular filtration rate; CK. Creatine kinase; CK-MB. Creatine kinase MB; hCRP. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein; NIHSS. National institutes of health stroke scale; -. no data available.
Item 20mg Atorvastatin group (n=50) 40mg Atorvastatin group (n=50) 60mg Atorvastatin group (n=60) Pvalue TC (mmol/L) 4.38±1.32 4.08±1.11 4.60±1.23 0.084 TG (mmol/L) 1.94±1.93 1.49±0.80 1.67±0.98 0.664 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.19±0.28 1.12±0.22 1.15±0.24 0.318 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.29±0.99 2.15±0.96 2.67±0.98 0.058 ALT (U/L) 21.18±11.01 23.30±11.17 24.15±12.03 0.389 AST (U/L) 21.44±9.18 21.64±8.49 21.23±7.94 0.994 TBil (μmol/L) 10.86±5.06 11.17±5.65 12.00±4.65 0.475 DBil (μmol/L) 3.49±1.98 3.91±2.36 3.91±1.70 0.476 BUN (mmol/L) 5.83±1.55 6.03±2.58 6.04±1.87 0.838 Cr (μmol/L) 63.70±16.58 62.22±21.50 69.53±52.20 0.684 GFR [ml/(min·1.73m2)] 103.68±21.41 113.20±34.20 114.44±33.36 0.145 CK (U/L) 103.38±122.49 158.10±377.89 102.53±90.57 0.069 CK-MB (U/L) 17.46±13.48 16.42±6.18 17.77±13.56 0.628 hCRP (mg/L) 12.39±27.99 9.20±19.98 8.37±21.42 0.632 NIHSS (Score) - 4.26±4.98 4.77±4.42 0.408
2.1 三組治療前基線指標的比較 本研究共納入160例患者,其中女性52例,男性108例,年齡32~86歲,平均64歲。三組間各變量治療前基線值相比,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(表1)。
2.2 血脂各項指標水平的比較 與治療前相比,不同劑量阿托伐他汀治療后血脂各項指標水平均降低,其中TC、HDL-C及LDL-C在治療前后差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01),而TG差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,表2)。不同劑量組間相比,血脂各項指標的變化值中,ΔTC、ΔLDL-C差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,而ΔTG、ΔHDL-C差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(表3)。進一步兩兩比較顯示,20mg組和40mg相比ΔTC差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.401),40mg組和60mg組、20mg組和60mg組相比ΔTC差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.027、 0.002),3個劑量組兩兩比較ΔLDL-C差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。60mg組TC和LDL-C降低更明顯。2.3 LDL-C達標率比較 將LDL-C下降幅度分為<30%、30%~40%、≥40% 3個水平,定義下降幅度>40%為達標。結(jié)果顯示三組之間達標率差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.006),且60mg組達標率明顯高于20mg組和40mg組(表4)。進一步兩兩比較顯示,20mg組與60mg組、20mg組與40mg組間比較達標率的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.001、0.021),40mg組與60mg組差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.710)。
表2 各組治療前后變量水平的比較 (±s)Tab.2 Comparison of the variable levels in each group before and after treatment (±s)
表2 各組治療前后變量水平的比較 (±s)Tab.2 Comparison of the variable levels in each group before and after treatment (±s)
TC. Total cholesterol; TG. Triglyceride; HDL-C. High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT. Alanine aminotransferase; AST. Aspartate aminotransferase; TBil. Total bilirubin; DBil. Direct bilirubin; BUN. Blood urea nitrogen; Cr. Creatinine; GFR. Glomerular filtration rate; CK. Creatine kinase; CK-MB. Creatine kinase MB; hCRP. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein; NIHSS. National institutes of health stroke scale. (1)P<0.05, (2)P<0.01 compared with before treatment
Item 20mg Atorvastatin group (n=50) 40mg Atorvastatin group (n=50) 60mg Atorvastatin group (n=60) Before treatment After treatment Before treatment After treatment Before treatment After treatment TC (mmol/L) 4.38±1.32 3.65±1.21(2) 4.08±1.11 3.22±0.73(2) 4.60±1.23 3.39±0.77(2)TG (mmol/L) 1.94±1.93 1.76±1.23 1.49±0.80 1.42±0.66 1.67±0.98 1.57±0.84 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.19±0.28 0.98±0.25(2) 1.12±0.22 0.92±0.20(2) 1.15±0.24 0.88±0.21(2)LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.29±0.99 1.86±0.95(2) 2.15±0.96 1.40±0.67(2) 2.67±0.98 1.62±0.59(2)ALT (U/L) 21.18±11.01 31.52±27.15(2) 23.30±11.17 34.58±22.56(2) 24.15±12.03 41.00±33.71(2)AST (U/L) 21.44±9.18 27.08±16.52(2) 21.64±8.48 27.42±13.73(2) 21.23±7.93 29.97±12.61(2)TBil (μmol/L) 10.86±5.06 10.33±8.12(1) 11.17±5.65 8.58±3.34(2) 12.00±4.65 9.47±4.12(2)DBil (μmol/L) 3.49±1.98 3.16±1.54 3.91±2.36 3.22±1.36(1) 3.91±1.70 3.30±1.65(2)BUN (mmol/L) 5.83±1.55 5.04±1.51(2) 6.03±2.58 4.90±1.79(2) 6.05±1.87 4.99±1.45(2)Cr (μmol/L) 63.70±16.58 65.15±20.02 62.22±21.50 61.57±19.56 69.53±52.2 59.78±15.50(1)GFR [ml/(min·1.73m2)] 103.68±21.41 104.44±28.32 113.20±34.20 115.29±35.01 114.44±33.36 122.45±28.82(1)CK (U/L) 103.38±122.49 74.04±67.25(2) 158.10±377.89 78.66±46.12(2) 102.53±90.57 87.85±60.10 CK-MB (U/L) 17.46±13.48 14.60±4.72 16.42±6.18 19.64±7.48(1) 17.77±13.56 30.82±22.95(2)hCRP (mg/L) 12.39±27.99 7.52±11.75 9.20±19.98 5.49±6.45 8.37±21.42 10.38±16.75 NIHSS 0 0 4.26±4.98 2.78±3.62(2) 4.77±4.24 2.90±3.27(2)
表3 各組治療前后各項指標變化值水平比較 (±s)Tab.3 Comparison of the change value of each indicator among the 3 groups before and after treatment (±s)
表3 各組治療前后各項指標變化值水平比較 (±s)Tab.3 Comparison of the change value of each indicator among the 3 groups before and after treatment (±s)
TC. Total cholesterol; TG. Triglyceride; HDL-C. High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT. Alanine aminotransferase; AST. Aspartate aminotransferase; TBil. Total bilirubin; DBil. Direct bilirubin; BUN. Blood urea nitrogen; Cr. Creatinine; GFR. Glomerular filtration rate; CK. Creatine kinase; CK-MB. Creatine kinase MB; hCRP. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein; NIHSS. National institutes of health stroke scale. Δ=After treatment-Before treatment
Item 20mg Atorvastatin group (n=50) 40mg Atorvastatin group (n=50) 60mg Atorvastatin group (n=60) Pvalue ΔTC 0.73±0.70 0.86±0.80 1.21±0.90 0.006 ΔTG 0.19±1.67 0.07±0.74 0.10±0.65 0.996 ΔHDL-C 0.21±0.24 0.20±0.18 0.27±0.21 0.166 ΔLDL-C 0.43±0.60 0.75±0.68 1.05±0.71 0.000 ΔALT 10.34±26.10 11.28±22.69 16.90±33.38 0.255 ΔAST 5.64±17.35 5.78±14.88 8.57±13.38 0.113 ΔTBil –0.53±8.67 –2.59±5.28 –2.64±3.88 0.214 ΔDBil –0.40±1.89 –0.69±2.27 –0.62±1.53 0.718 ΔBUN –0.79±1.88 –1.13±2.82 –1.06±1.76 0.717 ΔCr 1.45±10.15 –0.65±11.06 –9.80±45.43 0.095 ΔCK –29.34±131.17 –74.88±378.05 –14.67±101.20 0.147 ΔCK-MB –2.86±13.11 3.22±8.92 13.00±19.65 0.000 ΔhCRP 4.87±25.97 3.71±18.45 -2.01±22.10 0.080 ΔGFR 0.76±22.33 2.09±21.53 8.01±23.45 0.196 ΔNIHSS 0 1.48±2.65 1.87±2.51 0.157
表4 不同劑量組LDL-C下降幅度的比較[n(%)]Tab.4 Comparison of LDL-C decline among the 3 groups [n(%)]
2.4 肝功能各項指標水平的比較 與治療前相比,不同劑量的阿托伐他汀治療后ALT和AST水平均升高,TBil和DBil水平均降低,且劑量越大,變化幅度越大。ALT、AST和TBil在各組治療前后差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01);20mg組治療前后DBil差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),40mg組和60mg組治療前后DBil差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,表2)。不同劑量組肝功能各項指標變化值的比較,ΔALT、ΔAST、ΔTBil和ΔDBil差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.255、0.113、0.214、0.718,表3)。
2.5 腎功能各項指標水平的比較 與治療前相比,20mg組Cr及各組GFR水平均升高,40mg組和60mg組Cr及各組BUN水平均下降。其中BUN在各組治療前后差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01);Cr和GFR在20mg組和40mg組治療前后差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),而在60mg組治療前后差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,表2)。不同劑量組腎功能各項指標治療前后的變化值比較,ΔBUN、ΔCr和ΔGFR差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.717、0.095、0.196,表3)。
2.6 肌酶各項指標水平的比較 與治療前相比,各劑量組CK及20mg組CK-MB水平降低,40mg和60mg組CK-MB水平升高。20mg組和40mg組的CK水平及40mg組和60mg組的CK-MB水平治療前后差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01);60mg組的CK及20mg組的CK-MB水平治療前后差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,表2)。不同劑量組肌酶各項指標治療前后的變化值比較,ΔCK-MB差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義,ΔCK差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000、0.147,表3)。20mg組和40mg組、40mg組和60mg組、20mg組和60mg 組ΔCK-MB比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.005、0.000、0.000)。
2.7 炎癥因子水平的比較 與治療前相比,60mg 組hCRP水平升高,20mg和40mg組hCRP水平降低,但各組治療前后差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,表2)。不同劑量組ΔhCRP相比差異亦無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.080,表3)。
2.8 NIHSS評分的比較 與治療前相比,40mg和60mg阿托伐他汀治療后NIHSS評分降低,且劑量越大,下降幅度越大,各組治療前后相比差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01,表2),但組間ΔNIHSS相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.157,表3)。
本研究結(jié)果證實,三種劑量的阿托伐他汀治療均可安全有效地降低血脂水平,并在一定程度上降低hCRP水平,改善神經(jīng)功能缺損評分,且呈劑量相關(guān)性。服用阿托伐他汀治療后,血清TC、LDL-C、TG水平均下降,TC、LDL-C的降低幅度較TG更明顯,且呈劑量相關(guān)性,這與以往的研究結(jié)果一致[6-8]。本研究還顯示服用他汀后可降低HDL-C水平,與以往認為他汀類藥物可升高HDL-C的研究結(jié)果不符[6,8],可能與本研究樣本量少,且觀察時間短有關(guān)。也有研究在HDL-C方面得出的結(jié)果與本研究相同。如Bener等[9]的研究顯示在血脂異常的糖尿病患者中,所有類型的他汀類藥物均降低而不是升高血漿HDL-C的水平。另一項在中國糖尿病患者中的研究也得出相似結(jié)論,即糖尿病患者服用他汀類藥物,尤其是阿托伐他汀治療后,很容易引起血清HDL-C水平降低[10]。本研究與這兩項研究在糖尿病患者中得出的結(jié)論一致,可能與本研究納入的糖尿病患者較多有關(guān),但尚需進一步研究證實。
近年來,一些研究指出他汀類藥物在卒中急性期能減輕神經(jīng)功能損傷。一項用嚙齒類急性缺血性卒中模型進行的實驗證實,他汀類藥物可減輕神經(jīng)元損傷,減小梗死灶體積,且呈劑量依賴性[11]。Blanco等[12]的研究也認為在卒中急性期立即啟動他汀類藥物治療能明顯改善患者的神經(jīng)功能評分,降低卒中早期神經(jīng)功能缺損的發(fā)生率,減小梗死灶體積。本研究結(jié)果顯示,服用阿托伐他汀治療后,各組的NIHSS評分均較治療前降低,且用藥劑量越大,NIHSS評分降低幅度越大,與以往研究結(jié)果相符[12-14],進一步證實缺血性腦血管病急性期服用他汀類藥物能改善神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀。
迄今為止,有關(guān)服用他汀類藥物引起嚴重肝損害的報道罕見,而且SPARCL研究[15]結(jié)果公布后,高劑量他汀治療已經(jīng)成為臨床治療卒中的標準。目前普遍認為服用他汀類藥物后的肝損傷主要表現(xiàn)為轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高,且呈劑量依賴性。本研究結(jié)果顯示,服用阿托伐他汀后,ALT、AST均升高,并呈劑量依賴性,與既往研究結(jié)果一致[16-18]。60mg組有1例ALT超過3倍正常上限(upper limits of normal,ULN),減量后恢復正常,其他患者的ALT、AST水平均未超過3倍ULN,且無一例出現(xiàn)肝損傷的癥狀,表明口服高劑量阿托伐他汀對肝損害極輕。同時本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿托伐他汀治療后TBil和DBil水平降低,也呈劑量依賴性。膽紅素的降低可能與阿托伐他汀的抗炎作用相關(guān),但尚需進一步研究確認。
近幾年有關(guān)他汀類藥物對腎臟影響的報道逐漸增多。Toyama等[19]在冠心病患者中的研究顯示他汀聯(lián)合運動治療能顯著提高患者的GFR。在IgA腎病綜合征患者中,他汀治療1年后,盡管蛋白尿沒有減少,但腎功能明顯改善(GFR從下降5.9%轉(zhuǎn)為增長2.4%)[20]。對于慢性腎病(CKD)患者,Scarpioni 等[21]認為盡管不確定能否延遲腎病進展,但在未進行透析治療的CKD患者尤其是早期CKD患者中,應(yīng)用他汀是合理的。本研究中隨著阿托伐他汀劑量的增加,BUN降低幅度和GFR增高幅度也增加,這與以往他汀類藥物在腎功能正?;蚍峭肝鲋委烠KD患者中能改善腎功能的研究結(jié)果一致。同時本研究結(jié)果顯示,他汀類藥物對腎臟的保護作用呈劑量依賴性。
肌病或肌炎是指一組伴有血清CK>10ULN的散發(fā)肌肉癥狀[22]。目前為止,關(guān)于臨床常用他汀類藥物引起肌痛的報道并不多見,橫紋肌溶解更是罕見。STOMP研究[23]是目前唯一一項用來檢測他汀類藥物對肌肉癥狀、肌力和運動能力影響的隨機、雙盲試驗,結(jié)果表明每天服用80mg阿托伐他汀,6個月后盡管CK水平升高,肌痛癥狀較對照組增多,但阿托伐他汀組無一例CK>10ULN,且肌力和運動能力無明顯變化。日本的一項研究結(jié)果顯示,在2430例他汀治療患者中,僅3例出現(xiàn)肌肉毒性癥狀[24]。Werner等[25]則指出,在抗3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶(Anti-HMGCR)陽性的患者中,服用他汀者CK水平和肌力均明顯改善。本研究結(jié)果顯示,阿托伐他汀治療后CK水平不但沒有升高,反而降低,且無一例出現(xiàn)肌痛癥狀。本研究結(jié)果顯示的CK水平降低與既往研究結(jié)果不一致,一方面可能與本研究用藥劑量比既往研究劑量小、用藥時間短有關(guān),也可能與研究人群多為Anti-HMGCR陽性有關(guān)。同時本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿托伐他汀治療后,CK-MB水平明顯升高,且60mg組升高幅度最大,但對其臨床意義尚需進一步研究證實。
hCRP是臨床常用的炎癥指標之一,多項研究證實他汀類藥物可降低血清hCRP水平。Sever等[26]的研究結(jié)果顯示,阿托伐他汀治療6個月后,CRP水平下降了25.8%。Rabkin等[27]進一步證實他汀治療降低CRP的作用呈明顯的劑量依賴性。本研究結(jié)果證實,20mg組和40mg組阿托伐他汀治療后,hCRP水平下降,這與以往多數(shù)研究結(jié)果相符,但治療前后相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,可能與治療時間短有關(guān);60mg組治療后hCRP水平升高,可能是由于60mg組患者合并危險因素多,因此病程中合并嚴重感染者多,盡管感染得到控制,但觀察時間短,他汀類藥物的抗炎作用尚未得到充分發(fā)揮,從而導致hCRP水平升高。也可能是因為存在“拐點”效應(yīng),當他汀用量達一定劑量時,對hCRP的作用不降反升。
綜上所述,在北方漢族人群中,缺血性腦血管病急性期服用不同劑量的阿托伐他汀均能有效降低血脂和炎癥因子水平,改善神經(jīng)功能缺損評分,且高劑量(60mg)可使LDL-C水平更快達標,更大幅度降低NIHSS評分。盡管大劑量阿托伐他汀治療時,肝腎功能、肌酶部分指標升高相對明顯,但變化值相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。因此,總體來說,高劑量(60mg)阿托伐他汀治療在缺血性腦血管病急性期是安全的。但長期服用高劑量阿托伐他汀治療的療效與安全性尚需進一步研究察證實。
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Preliminary study on the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in northern Han patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease
ZHENG Xue-dan1, LI Xiao-qiu1, ZHANG Jing-hua1, XIA Cheng1, HAN Ya-ling2*, CHEN Hui-sheng1*1Department of Neurology,2Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Command, Shenyang 110840, China
*< class="emphasis_italic">Corresponding authors. HAN Ya-ling, E-mail: hanyaling@263.net; CHEN Hui-sheng, E-mail: chszh@aliyun.com
s. HAN Ya-ling, E-mail: hanyaling@263.net; CHEN Hui-sheng, E-mail: chszh@aliyun.com
This work was supported by the Key Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province(2013225089) and Ministry of Major New Drug Innovative Drug Research and Open Technology Platform (2012ZX0903016-002)
ObjectiveDepending on the stratification of risk factors, to observe the efficacy and safety of different doses of atorvastatin in patients of northern Han population with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease.MethodsOne hundred and sixty patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, admitted from Oct. 2013 to Jan. 2014, were involved in present study, and they were divided into three groups according to the etiology and pathogenesis. In addition to routine treatment, three groups of patients were given 20mg (n=50), 40mg (n=50) and 60mg (n=60) atorvastatin, respectively. Lipids contents, liver function, renal function, muscle enzymes, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hCRP) levels, and NIH Stroke scale (NIHSS) score were determined respectively before treatment and before discharge from the hospital.ResultsBlood lipid levels were reduced in all the 3 groups, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol-C (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol-C (LDL-C) lowered obviously with significant difference among the 3 groups (P<0.05); while the triglyceride (TG) level showed less lowering, and no statistical difference was found among groups (P>0.05). The highest compliance rate of LDL-C was observed in 60mg group. Compared with those before treatment, the mean levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were elevated, and that of total bilirubin (TBil) and direct bilirubin (DBil) declined after treatment (P<0.05). The levels of bloodurea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were lowered, while that of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased compared with those before treatment, but there was no significant difference among groups (P>0.05). The average level of creatine kinase (CK) was lowered (P<0.05), while that of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) became higher (P<0.01) after treatment as compared with that before treatment. After treatment, the level of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hCRP) declined in 20mg and 40mg group, and increased in 60mg group, but the changes showed no significant difference among the 3 groups (P>0.05). NIHSS scores were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with no significant difference among the 3 groups (P=0.157).ConclusionsAtorvastatin can safely and effectively reduce the blood lipid levels, improve the neurological deficits, and reduce the hCRP level to certain extent. Administration of 60mg of atorvastatin may result in highest compliance rate of LDL-C and the greatest degree of improvement of NIHSS. However, further study should be untaken to demonstrate if the long-term and high-dose medication of atorvastatin is safe and effective for ischemic stroke.
atorvastatin; stroke; validation studies
R743
A
0577-7402(2015)07-0519-07
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.07.02
2014-12-24;
2015-04-06)
(責任編輯:沈?qū)?,張小?
遼寧省科技攻關(guān)計劃(2013225089);科技部重大新藥創(chuàng)制創(chuàng)新藥物研究開放技術(shù)平臺建設(shè)項目(2012ZX0903016-002)
鄭雪丹,醫(yī)學碩士,住院醫(yī)師。主要從事腦血管病方面的研究
110840 沈陽 沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(鄭雪丹、李曉秋、張景華、夏程、陳會生),心內(nèi)科(韓雅玲)
韓雅玲,E-mail:hanyaling@263.net;陳會生,E-mail:chszh@aliyun.com