“顛倒眾生”之倒裝句

周童瑜，南京大學(xué)博士，主要研究方向是國際關(guān)系和中美文化。托?？荚嚌M分獲得者，知名語法專家，對英語語法有獨(dú)到研究。

好好的句子，不使用正常語序，非要倒裝，有時(shí)候英語表達(dá)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也是“蠻拼”的。這不，我們的考生就慘慘地被“顛倒”了：主語不在句首了，要找主語、找謂語，腦袋瓜顛來倒去，也是“醉”了。既然是新生語法，看了此文后，就絕不能再讓你“顛倒”了。

倒裝分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部倒裝是把謂語放在主語前面，部分倒裝則是把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前。

全部倒裝

1. there be句型：可以用在這類句型中的動詞除be之外，還可用 live/happen/exist/remain/stand/lie等做此句型的謂語。

例1 _____ a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.

A. It has B. They have

C. It remains D. There remains

解析：此題選D項(xiàng)。there remains（to be）可以視為there be句型的一個(gè)變式。

2. here/there/now+系動詞/Vi（常為come/go）+主語（必須是名詞），該句型中here/there用來喚起注意，隱含“喂，注意了”之義。如Here comes Jack. → I can see Jack coming. There goes the bell. →I can hear the bell ringing.There he comes.他來了。Here are some story books.此處提示兩個(gè)不用倒裝的here的口語交際片語：Here we are. 我們到了。Here you are.給你。

3.以then開頭的謂語為come/follow的句子，如Then came the question. 那么問題來了。Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.接著是八年抗戰(zhàn)。

4. out/in/up/down/away之類的副詞做狀語放在句首，主語較長，即主語通常不可以是很短的人稱代詞，謂語常為不及物動詞come/ go/run/rush等。句式為：副詞+Vi+主語（須是名詞），如Away went the boy. 比較Away he went.

5.介詞短語做狀語放在句首，謂語為不及物動詞，主語較長，即主語通常不可以是很短的人稱代詞。句式為：介詞短語+Vi+主語（須是名詞）。如From the distance came occasional barks.

例2 Beneath the streets of a modern city ____ of walls， columns， cables， pipes， and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.

A. where exists the network B. the existing network

C. the networks existence D. exists the network

解析：此題選D項(xiàng)。介詞短語Beneath the streets of a modern city置于句首，exist為不及物動詞，此種情況常用全部倒裝。

6.表語放在句首，表語常為形容詞/分詞/副詞/介詞短語，主語較長，即主語通常不可以是很短的人稱代詞。句式為：表語+系動詞+主語（須是名詞），如 Among the most important romantic poets in 18th century were John Byron， John Keats， and William Wordsworth. South of city are two big lakes.

7.直接引語放句首，或直接引語的一部分放句首時(shí)，有時(shí)可用全部倒裝（也可不用），但主語為人稱代詞或引述動詞后有間接賓語、狀語時(shí)，則不用倒裝。如“I am coming”Jack said/said Jack，如果是代詞，就只能說he said。有間接賓語的情況如“Be quiet”the teacher told us.

部分倒裝

1. only+副詞/介詞短語/ 狀語從句，主句部分需要進(jìn)行部分倒裝，如Only then did I realize the importance of English. Only in this way can you make progress in your English. Only when the war was over was he able to come back home. 此處需注意：①only修飾主語，不用倒裝。如Only Tom knows the answer. ②在only+狀語從句+主句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但從句還是用正常語序。

例3 Only when your health its value.

A. you lose； you realize B. do you lose； you realize

C. you lose； do you realize D. do you lose； do you realize

解析：此題選擇C項(xiàng)。主句部分用倒裝，但when從句部分不用倒裝。

2.否定詞（短語）開頭的句子要用部分倒裝，表否定意義的副詞有never，nor，neither；表半否定意義的副詞有hardly，few，seldom，little；含有no/not的詞組：under no circumstances，in no way，by no means（決不），in no time（很快），at no time（在任何時(shí)候、任何情況都不），not until，not only...but also，no sooner than/hardly...when/scarcely...when。此處需注意：①關(guān)聯(lián)詞的搭配；②前面的分句要倒裝，后面的分句不用倒裝。

例4 No sooner_____ a word than _____ tremble with fear.

A. had she said； did her voice begin to

B. had she said； her voice began to

C. she had said； did her voice begin to

D. she had said； her voice began to

解析：此題選擇B項(xiàng)。than后面的分句應(yīng)使用正常語序，不用倒裝；no sooner后面的分句常用過去完成時(shí)，than后面的分句用過去式，注意和例3對比記憶。

3.表示“也/也不”的部分倒裝，用“so+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/系動詞+主語”表示前述情況也適用于另一人或物，譯作“同樣”“也如此”；表示前述情況不適用于另一人或物，則用“neither/nor+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/系動詞+主語”，譯作 “也不是”“也沒有”。此處需注意：① 當(dāng)so表示對前句內(nèi)容表示肯定、附和，或進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)前面所說的情況時(shí)，譯作“的確”“正是”，此時(shí)用正常語序而不用倒裝。

例5 — You ought to have given them some advice.

— _____， but who cared what I asked？

A. So ought you B. So I ought

C. So it was D. So I did

解析：此題選D項(xiàng)。意為“我的確這么做了”。ought to have done的意思是“本該怎么樣”，說的是對過去的判斷，故此助動詞應(yīng)選用did，而非ought。

②倒裝部分的助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、連系動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和形式要與前句相一致，主謂一致的變化要與后面的主語相呼應(yīng)。如If you dont go， neither/nor shall I.（If you dont go， I shall not go.）

③表示前面的多種情況也適用于另一人或物，或者多種情況涉及不同類型的動詞時(shí)，可用It is the same with sth /sb，或 So it is with sth/sb。如She does well in English， but is poor in maths. So it is with Debbie. It is the same with Debbie.

4. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句“形容詞/副詞/名詞/動詞+as+主語+謂語+主句”也是部分倒裝。如Rich as he is， he is not happy. Much as I like it， I wont buy it. Woman as she is，she is brave. Try as she might， she failed.此處需注意：該倒裝句式中若表語前的名詞無形容詞修飾，且置于句首時(shí)，須零冠詞。

5. so + adj /adv放在句首時(shí)，用部分倒裝。如So afraid was he in the darkness that he didnt dare to move an inch. So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him.

6.如果虛擬條件句的謂語含有had，should和were，可以把if省略，將這三個(gè)詞置于條件句主語前構(gòu)成部分倒裝。如If it hadnt been for their help， we couldnt have finished the work on time.=Hadnt it been for their help， we couldnt have finished the work on time.

最后，我們需要知道比較結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝用法，主要存在于A+ V1+ as…as+ B+ V2和 A+ V1+ more…than+ B+ V2 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，V2 可以移至 B 的前面，成為倒裝，但亦可不移。 如①Country children can read as quickly as city children can. = Country children can read as quickly as can city children.②Women in their society enjoy more admiration（推崇） than women in our society do. = Women in their society enjoy more admiration than do women in our society.

例6 I travel to the Jiangning by light railway every day， do many businessmen who live in downtown Nanjing.

A.as B. which C.when D. though

解析：此題選A項(xiàng)。這是一種比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的倒裝，高考中較常見，考生可多加留意。

推薦閱讀：倒裝中有否定這一大塊，但事實(shí)上你要掌握的否定句型豈止這些，文科版《否定句型“知乎錄”》帶你詳盡了解高考需要掌握的否定句型，助力高考，何不一睹為快！