姚秀萍,王愛英,高凌根
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男性糖化血紅蛋白水平與高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險研究
姚秀萍*,王愛英2*,高凌根2
(1武警總醫(yī)院保健科,北京 100039;2解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓臨床部綜合外科,北京 100853)
日本TOPICS16研究表明更高的空腹血糖預(yù)測高血壓發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,而糖化血紅蛋白則無預(yù)測作用。本研究的目的是了解基礎(chǔ)糖化血紅蛋白水平是否與高血壓發(fā)病相關(guān)。入選4 586名尚未診斷高血壓病、糖尿病及心腦血管疾病的男性體檢人員,收集其基線臨床資料,并分析糖化血紅蛋白水平與高血壓發(fā)病的關(guān)系。經(jīng)過11.5年隨訪,2027(44.2%)人患高血壓,經(jīng)校正傳統(tǒng)的心血管疾病危險因素后,五分位糖化血紅蛋白水平從低(<4.75%)至高(≥5.18%)與高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險值分別為1.0(參考值),0.99(0.93,1.07),1.06(0.99,1.14),1.08(1.02,1.15),1.22(1.17,1.35)。根據(jù)入選患者基線空腹血糖水平(<4.7;4.8?5.2;5.3?5.7;≥5.7mmol/L)分組,經(jīng)校正傳統(tǒng)的心血管疾病危險因素后,空腹血糖<4.7mmol/L組高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值參考值為1,可發(fā)現(xiàn)按空腹血糖水平由低到高的順序其高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值分別為0.95(0.92,1.05),0.96(0.91,1.06),1.01(0.95,1.10)。未患糖尿病男性的糖化血紅蛋白水平與高血壓發(fā)病相關(guān)。
糖化血紅蛋白;葡萄糖代謝;高血壓
全球近25%的人群患有高血壓,給個人、家庭和社會帶來巨大的損害和沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)[1]。已有研究顯示糖尿病患者人群高血壓發(fā)病率明顯高于非糖尿病人群,因此,糖尿病與高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險之間的潛在關(guān)系引起廣泛關(guān)注[2?4]。無論是基礎(chǔ)研究還是臨床轉(zhuǎn)化研究,均顯示胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、肥胖與高血壓發(fā)病存在關(guān)聯(lián)[5?7],肥胖與高血壓發(fā)病之間的關(guān)系已被大規(guī)模臨床研究證實[8],然而,糖尿病前期狀態(tài)與高血壓發(fā)病的關(guān)系尚未明確。糖化血紅蛋白水平可反映糖尿病前期狀態(tài)的胰島細(xì)胞功能紊亂和IR情況[9]。2014年9月online的日本TOPICS16[10]研究表明,空腹血糖水平可預(yù)測高血壓發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,而糖化血紅蛋白則無預(yù)測作用。因此,本研究的目的是了解糖化血紅蛋白水平與高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險之間的關(guān)系。
入選武警總醫(yī)院定期體檢的尚未診斷高血壓病、糖尿病及心腦血管疾病的部隊男性體檢人員4 586名,收集其基線臨床資料,包括年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、進(jìn)食蔬菜與水果情況、空腹血糖、收縮壓、舒張壓、是否吸煙、飲酒及運動情況、血脂情況、C反應(yīng)蛋白。
抽取空腹12h靜脈血,以依地酸?鉀(EDTA-K2)抗凝試管收集血液標(biāo)本測定糖化血紅蛋白,以肝素鈉抗凝試管收集的標(biāo)本測定生化全項指標(biāo)。
本研究入選的4 586人、定期到武警總醫(yī)院體檢,收集其個人信息包括姓名、聯(lián)系方式、工作單位、住址。對于未到醫(yī)院進(jìn)行定期體檢人員,通過電話或家訪的方式獲得隨訪信息,無脫漏。入選對 象在未服抗高血壓藥物情況下,經(jīng)3次檢查,收縮壓≥140mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)和(或)舒張壓≥90mmHg,即可視為新發(fā)高血壓。
糖化血紅蛋白測定方法采用離子交換高效液相色譜法,使用HLC-723 G7型糖化血紅蛋白儀(日本SYSMEX公司),采用原裝進(jìn)口試劑盒。
對測得的糖化血紅蛋白采用五分位數(shù),并統(tǒng)計其高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險。運用COX風(fēng)險比例模型計算多因素校正的風(fēng)險比值。最初模型校正的變量為年齡;之后校正的多變量分別為吸煙(從未吸煙、已戒煙、<15支/d、>15支/d)、飲酒情況(從不飲酒/偶爾飲酒、飲酒1~3次/月、飲酒1~6次/月,飲酒≥1次/d)、運動情況(不進(jìn)行任何體育活動、<1次/周、1~3次/周、≥4次/周)、高脂血癥病史、年齡<60歲心肌梗死家族史、C反應(yīng)蛋白,計算糖化血紅蛋白五分位數(shù)水平與高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值,另外我們還根據(jù)臨床糖化血紅蛋白水平對入選對象進(jìn)行分組(<5.0%;5.0%~5.5%;5.5%~6.0%;≥6.0%),并計算其與高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值。
入選4 586名中,年齡(53.5±6.2)歲,按糖化血紅蛋白水平五分位數(shù)分組的基線臨床資料情況見表1,其中納入的變量包括年齡、吸煙情況、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、膽固醇水平、體力活動、飲酒情況、基礎(chǔ)血壓水平,隨訪11.5年后,2 027例(44.2%)入選對象為新發(fā)高血壓。
經(jīng)校正年齡后發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險隨著糖化血紅蛋白水平的升高而增加,高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值參考值為1,糖化血紅蛋白五分位數(shù)分組按由低到高的順序其風(fēng)險比值分別為1.00(0.92,1.06),1.07(1.01,1.16),1.14(1.07,1.21),1.25(1.17,1.35);經(jīng)校正年齡、吸煙、飲酒、血壓、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等多個危險因素后,糖化血紅蛋白五分位數(shù)分組按由低到高的順序其風(fēng)險比值分別為0.99(0.93,1.07),1.06(0.99,1.14),1.08(1.02,1.15),1.22(1.17,1.35;表2);另外,我們根據(jù)臨床糖化血紅蛋白水平(<5.0%;5.0%~5.5%;5.5%~6.0%;≥6.0%)分組,高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險隨糖化血紅蛋白水平升高而增加,與按五分位數(shù)分組趨勢相同(表3)。
經(jīng)校正年齡后可發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險未隨著空腹血糖水平的升高而增加,根據(jù)入選患者基線空腹血糖水平(<5.0;4.8~5.2;5.3~5.7;≥5.7mmol/L)分組,空腹血糖<5.0mmol/L組高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值參考值為1,另外3組高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險比值分別為0.98(0.94,1.06),0.94(0.89,1.05),0.99(0.96,1.05);經(jīng)校正年齡、吸煙、飲酒、血壓、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等多個危險因素后,可發(fā)現(xiàn)按血糖水平由低到高的順序其風(fēng)險比值分別為0.95(0.92,1.05),0.96(0.91,1.06),1.01(0.95,1.10),具體結(jié)果見表4。
高血壓和糖尿病均為與代謝密切相關(guān)的慢性疾病,具有共同的發(fā)病基礎(chǔ),同為IR綜合征的重要組成部分,近年有研究探討快速血糖、餐后血糖及胰島素水平與高血壓發(fā)病的關(guān)系,提示在校正體質(zhì)量指數(shù)后,胰島素水平僅增加高血壓家族史患者的高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險[11?14],另外IR與高血壓發(fā)病密切相關(guān)已得到證實[15,16]。由此可見,糖代謝可能參與高血壓的發(fā)病過程。隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展和大規(guī)模流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果的公布,學(xué)者們不斷地對糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行改進(jìn),以期能更早發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病患者,積極采取干預(yù)措施,使患者獲益。國際上已經(jīng)提出了可以用糖化血紅蛋白作為糖尿病的診斷方法[17?19],本研究通過對4 586名健康體檢人員進(jìn)行11.5年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)校正年齡、吸煙、飲酒、血壓水平、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等心血管疾病危險因素后,隨糖化血紅蛋白水平的升高,高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險明顯增加,而隨空腹血糖水平升高,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險明顯增加。Singer等[20]進(jìn)行的一項橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖化血紅蛋白水平與高血壓發(fā)病密切相關(guān),與本研究結(jié)果一致,然而,另有研究結(jié)果顯示[10,21,22],糖化血紅蛋白水平升高未明顯增加高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險,種族差異可能是結(jié)果不一致的原因之一,尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
糖化血紅蛋白是紅細(xì)胞中血紅蛋白與葡萄糖持續(xù)不可逆非酶促蛋白糖基化反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物,可反映患者近2~3個月的血糖水平。糖化血紅蛋白在糖尿病管理中已應(yīng)用近20年,檢測方便,近年來眾多研究顯示,糖化血紅蛋白也和心血管疾病的發(fā)生有密切關(guān)系。糖化血紅蛋白水平升高可增加高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險的可能機制如下:糖化血紅蛋白以及其最終形成的糖基化終產(chǎn)物與其受體結(jié)合后,激活信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,導(dǎo)致多種蛋白基因及表達(dá)的改變,對血管壁產(chǎn)生作用,誘導(dǎo)平滑肌細(xì)胞遷移和增殖,刺激泡沫細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)糖基化膠原蛋白的交聯(lián),抑制膽固醇的逆轉(zhuǎn)運等途徑,促進(jìn)動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致動脈壁結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,另外,糖化血紅蛋白可以減少一氧化氮的產(chǎn)生和釋放,并增加蛋白激酶C和血栓素A2的水平,使一氧化氮依賴的環(huán)磷酸鳥苷減少,致使血管舒張功能障礙,動脈順應(yīng)性減退[23]。
表1 按糖化血紅蛋白五分位數(shù)分組患者臨床基線資料
HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Group 1: HbA1c<4.75%; Group 2: HbA1c 4.75%?4.91%; Group 3: HbA1c 4.91%?5.05%; Group 4: HbA1c 5.05%?5.18%;Group 5: HbA1c≥5.18%
表2 按糖化血紅蛋白水平五分位數(shù)分組高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險分析結(jié)果
HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; Group 1: HbA1c<4.75%;Group 2: HbA1c 4.75%?4.91%; Group 3: HbA1c 4.91%?5.05%; Group 4: HbA1c 5.05%?5.18%; Group 5: HbA1c≥5.18%.*Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high cholesterol, and BMI
表3 按臨床糖化血紅蛋白水平分組高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險分析結(jié)果
HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; Group A: HbA1c<5.0%; Group B: HbA1c 5.0%?5.5%; Group C: HbA1c 5.5%?6.0%; Group D: HbA1c≥6.0%.*Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high cholesterol, and BMI
表4 按空腹血糖水平分組高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險分析結(jié)果
FPG: fasting plasma glucose; BMI: body mass index; Group E: FPG<4.7mmol/L; Group F: FPG 4.8?5.2mmol/L; Group G: FPG 5.3?5.7mmol/L; Group H: FPG≥5.7mmol/L.*Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high cholesterol, and BMI
因此,本研究結(jié)果提示,糖化血紅蛋白水平與原發(fā)性高血壓患者有密切關(guān)系,應(yīng)高度重視糖化血紅蛋白水平的監(jiān)控,以降低原發(fā)性高血壓的發(fā)病率,但其具體機制尚不明確,仍需大規(guī)模臨床及基礎(chǔ)研究證實。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Correlation of hemoglobin A1c and risk of hypertension in men
YAO Xiu-Ping1*, WANG Ai-Ying2*, GAO Ling-Gen2
(1Health Service Office, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China;2Department of Geriatric Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
The Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 16 (TOPICS 16) showed that higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) indicated increased risk of hypertension, but glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) did not. This study aimed to investigate whether HbA1c was associated with the risk of hypertension.A prospective study was carried out on 4 586 men initially free of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease who taking regular physical examination in our hospital to assess the relationship of baseline HbA1c with hypertension. Their baseline clinical data were collected. The quintiles and clinical cutpoints of HbA1c for the risk of hypertension were considered and analyzed.During a median follow-up of 11.5 years, 2 027 of the cohort (44.2%) developed hypertension. In the model adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratios (HR) from the lowest (<4.75%) to the highest (≥5.18%) quintile of HbA1c were 1.0 (referent), 0.99 (0.93, 1.07), 1.06 (0.99, 1.14), 1.08 (1.02, 1.15), and 1.22 (1.17, 1.35). When using clinical cutpoints of FPG (<4.7, 4.8?5.2, 5.3?5.7, ≥5.7mmol/L), the model adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors showed that the HR from the lowest (<4.7mmol/L) to the highest (≥5.7mmol/L) level of FPG were 1.0 (referent), 0.95 (0.92, 1.05), 0.96 (0.91, 1.06), and 1.01 (0.95, 1.10) respectively.HbA1c in men without diabetes is associated with risk of hypertension.
glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; glucose metabolism; hypertension
R544.1
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.03.046
(2012T50865).
2014?11?05;
2015?01?31
中國博士后科學(xué)基金特別資助(2012T50865)
姚秀萍,E-mail: xiupingyao1971@163.com;王愛英,E-mail: 1766613400qq.com
王愛英,為共同第一作者