常 俠 常 英
作者信息:710082,陜西西安,西安市第一中學(xué)
779968878@qq.com
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)在高考單項(xiàng)填空題中所占比例較大,做題時(shí)可以從以下四個(gè)方面考慮:語(yǔ)態(tài)優(yōu)于時(shí)態(tài)、關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志語(yǔ)、關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比運(yùn)用、注意語(yǔ)境特征和動(dòng)詞特性。
在解決這類問(wèn)題時(shí),首先考慮語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題,分析主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系,判斷主語(yǔ)能不能發(fā)出謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,即謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,如果主語(yǔ)能發(fā)出謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系,則用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I___“Whatdoyouwishmetodonow?”(2015 湖南卷,25)
A.ask B.haveasked C.amasking D.asked
【解析】I和ask是主謂關(guān)系,題干中wasn’t表明此句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),因此使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為D。
如果主語(yǔ)不能發(fā)出動(dòng)作,主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系則是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)備選的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中既有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)又有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),則此題通常考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。高考英語(yǔ)考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)經(jīng)常結(jié)合各種時(shí)態(tài)及一定的語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行??忌鶕?jù)語(yǔ)境所提供的時(shí)間背景,往往就可以快速而準(zhǔn)確地選出正確選項(xiàng)。如:
It is reported that a space station___on the moon in years to come.(2015安徽卷,29)
A.will be building B.will be built
C.has been building D.has been built
【解析】build是及物動(dòng)詞,a space station和build是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,題干中的in years to come是非常明顯的表示將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),因此使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為B。
對(duì)于一些題目雖然不能直接解題,但可以有效地縮小選擇范圍,增加解題的準(zhǔn)確性。如:
—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes.We___wellbyourhosts.(2015北京卷,22)
A.were treated B.would be treated
C.treated D.had treated
【解析】題干中Did you enjoy the party?是問(wèn)過(guò)去的事情,we和treat是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為A。
時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志語(yǔ)常指某些詞(so far,since,already,yet,often,today,tomorrow,yesterday 等)、某些搭配(hardly...when...,no sooner...than等)和某些句型(It is the first time that...,It is...since...,It will be/was...before,時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等)都與某一種較為固定的時(shí)態(tài)連用,有效關(guān)注題干中的這些時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志語(yǔ)可以更加準(zhǔn)確地解決這類題目。如:
1.Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement___so far by the two sides.(2015天津卷,9)
A.has been reached B.was reached
C.will reach D.will have reached
【解析】題干中的so far是明顯的完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),reach是及物動(dòng)詞,agreement和reach是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為A。
2.—Where is Peter?I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and___his essay there ever since.(2015福建卷,30)
A.wrote B.had written
C.has been writing D.is writing
【解析】時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)ever since與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,但是write這一動(dòng)作從after breakfast一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還未完成,故正確答案為C。
3.Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she___a class at that time.(2015天津卷,6)
A.will teach B.would teach
C.has taught D.will be teaching
【解析】題干中at that time是指at 3 o’clock this afternoon,表示將來(lái)的具體時(shí)間,teach是及物動(dòng)詞,she和teach是主謂關(guān)系,而teach是在at 3 o’clock this afternoon進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,因此用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),故正確答案為D。
4.More expressways___in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.(2015四川卷,4)
A.are being built B.will be built C.have been built D.had been built
【解析】題干中的soon是明顯的表示將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),build是及物動(dòng)詞,expressways和build是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為B。
5.As you go through this book,you___that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.(2015湖南卷,22)
A.will find B.found
C.had found D.have found
【解析】題干中as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。在主從復(fù)合句中,主從句時(shí)態(tài)之間存在一種呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,通常主句若用將來(lái)時(shí),從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí),因此使用一般將來(lái)時(shí),故正確答案為A。
6.That’s why I help brighten people’s days.If you _____,who’s to say that another person will?(2015湖南卷,35)
A.didn’tB.don’tC.weren’tD.haven’t
【解析】題干中if引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,主句若用將來(lái)時(shí),通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí),故正確答案為B。
7.In my hometown,there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat___cut.(2015重慶卷,13)
A.will have been B.will be
C.was D.has been
【解析】在主從復(fù)合句中,主從句時(shí)態(tài)之間存在一種呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)完成時(shí)。題干中cut和the wheat是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此after引導(dǎo)的從句中使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故正確答案為D。
英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)分為“三時(shí)四體”?!叭龝r(shí)”指現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去和將來(lái),“四體”指一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行,在語(yǔ)境中考查常用時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法,特別是時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比運(yùn)用。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也可表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,是與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系的時(shí)態(tài),只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事實(shí),不強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,它所表示的與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系。如:
1.To mydelight,I___fromhundredsofapplicants toattendtheopeningceremony.(2015福建卷,26)
A.was chosen B.was being chosen
C.would choose D.had chosen.
【解析】從題干可知choose發(fā)生在過(guò)去,I和choose是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為A。
2.In the last few years,China___great achievements in environmental protection.(2015 北 京卷,26)
A.has made B.had made
C.was making D.is making
【解析】從題干可知make從過(guò)去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且已經(jīng)完成,題干中inthelastfewyears與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),China和make是主謂關(guān)系,因此使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故正確答案為A。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)是與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系的時(shí)態(tài),只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事實(shí),不強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。它所表示的一段過(guò)去時(shí)間是可以具體確定的,與其他時(shí)間沒(méi)有牽連,它所表示的事情也純屬過(guò)去。而過(guò)去完成時(shí)指過(guò)去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作和時(shí)間之前發(fā)生或完成的事。表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)結(jié)束或過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻。
1.—Is Peter coming?
—No,he___his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015重慶卷,1)
A.changes B.changed
C.was changing D.had changed
【解析】從題干中No可知,changed表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,故正確答案為A。
2.—Didyou havedifficultyfindingAnn’shouse?
—Not really.She___us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.(2015北京卷,27)
A.was to give B.had given C.was giving D.would give
【解析】從題干中“Did you have diffficulty finding Ann’s house?”和“Not really.”可知,give 發(fā)生在were able to之前,故正確答案為B。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作截止到現(xiàn)在已完成,著重結(jié)果?,F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,也可表示在說(shuō)話之前剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。
1.You must be Carol.You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.(2015重慶卷,12)
【解析】haven’t changed這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
2.Mary ___really hard on his book and thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.(2015陜西卷,22)A.worked B.has been working C.had worked D.has worked
【解析】work這一動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開始一直持續(xù)到by Friday,還未完成,故正確答案為C。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響;而過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的是在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作。
1.To learn more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.(2015福建卷,28)
【解析】decide這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
2.Just as I got to the school gate,I realised I___my book in the cafe.(2015安徽卷,24)
A.have left B.had left
C.would leave D.was leaving
【解析】從題干中g(shù)ot和realised可知,leave應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式,但leave這一動(dòng)作在動(dòng)詞realised之前已經(jīng)完成,是過(guò)去的過(guò)去,故正確答案為B。
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的單項(xiàng)填空題往往有一定的語(yǔ)境作為背景,做題時(shí)一定要聯(lián)系上下文了解信息。語(yǔ)境特征是指根據(jù)題目所設(shè)的語(yǔ)境,結(jié)合自己的生活體驗(yàn)對(duì)題目加以分析,最后得出正確答案。如:
1.The reason why prices___and still are too high is complex,and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.(2015江蘇卷,30)
A.were B.will be C.have been D.had been
【解析】be是表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,題干中的and still are說(shuō)明物價(jià)現(xiàn)在還很高,因此物價(jià)過(guò)去也是很高,故正確答案為A。
2.AlbertEinsteinwasborn in1879.Asachild,few people guessed thathe___a famous scientist whose theorieswould changetheworld.(2015浙江卷,8)
A.has been B.had been
C.was going to be D.was
【解析】在賓語(yǔ)從句中,如果主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句往往要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。從題干中的guessed和would change可知,此題表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)認(rèn)為將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),因此使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),故正確答案為C。
3.At college,Barack Obama didn’t know that he___the first black president of the United States of America.
A.was to become B.becomes
C.is to become D.became
【解析】從題干中可知,上大學(xué)發(fā)生在過(guò)去,become在這里表示的是在過(guò)去某一時(shí)認(rèn)為將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),因此使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),故正確答案為A。
動(dòng)詞特征主要是指動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞,是終止性動(dòng)詞還是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,以及某些動(dòng)詞的特殊用法,這直接關(guān)系到問(wèn)題的解決。如:
I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy,but___thankfully by the shop window.(2015湖南卷,32)
A.am held back B.held back
C.hold back D.was held back
【解析】由題干中had可知,but之后的動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí),but后省略了主語(yǔ)I,I和hold back是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,從題干中by the shop window可以判斷應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),因此使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案為D。
因此,學(xué)生不僅要掌握常用時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法,在做題時(shí)還應(yīng)結(jié)合上下文對(duì)題干所提供的語(yǔ)境和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行全面分析,只有綜合運(yùn)用各種技巧,才能正確解題。