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      小細(xì)胞肺癌內(nèi)科治療的回顧與展望

      2015-01-26 08:44:40劉瀟衍李峻嶺
      中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年18期
      關(guān)鍵詞:中位生存期研究者

      劉瀟衍,李峻嶺

      小細(xì)胞肺癌 (small cell lung cancer,SCLC)占肺癌總數(shù)的10%~15%,屬于支氣管肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌,其發(fā)病與吸煙密切相關(guān)[1]。SCLC倍增時(shí)間短,增殖指數(shù)高,早期易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,未接受治療的患者常在2~4個(gè)月內(nèi)死亡,盡管初治患者對(duì)化療較敏感,但很容易產(chǎn)生耐藥性和復(fù)發(fā),且對(duì)二線化療藥物相對(duì)不敏感,預(yù)后較差。確診時(shí)30%~40%的患者處于局限期,60%~70%的患者處于廣泛期[1]。SCLC的綜合治療涉及化療、放療、手術(shù)等多種手段,近年來(lái)廣大學(xué)者在抗腫瘤新藥、靶向治療、免疫治療方面也做了積極的探索,現(xiàn)就SCLC的內(nèi)科治療綜述如下。

      1 SCLC的化療

      1.1 一線化療 環(huán)磷酰胺是第一個(gè)臨床研究證實(shí)可以在肺癌 (包括SCLC和非小細(xì)胞肺癌)患者中帶來(lái)顯著生存獲益的細(xì)胞毒性藥物,后續(xù)一系列研究發(fā)現(xiàn):蒽環(huán)類藥物、長(zhǎng)春堿類藥物、依托泊苷、替尼泊苷、異環(huán)磷酰胺、順鉑、卡鉑等細(xì)胞毒性藥物治療SCLC有效[2]。在這些細(xì)胞毒性藥物單藥治療SCLC的臨床研究中,鬼臼毒素類 (依托泊苷和替尼泊苷)的有效率較高[3-5]。

      隨后,McIllmurray等[6]首次報(bào)道了多種細(xì)胞毒性藥物聯(lián)合治療SCLC的療效,該研究入組了103例初治SCLC患者,分為依托泊苷單藥組、環(huán)磷酰胺/阿霉素/長(zhǎng)春新堿 (CAV)方案組,兩組患者的完全緩解率(CRR)分別為7%和23%(P<0.05),由于后續(xù)治療中患者交叉入組,兩組患者生存期無(wú)差異。后續(xù)研究報(bào)道,CAV方案或環(huán)磷酰胺/表阿霉素/長(zhǎng)春新堿 (CEV)方案在廣泛期SCLC患者中的CRR為14%,總緩解率為57%,中位生存期為26周;在局限期SCLC患者中CRR為41%,總緩解率為75%,中位生存期為52周[7]。鑒于依托泊苷較高的有效率,有研究者嘗試(CAVE聯(lián)合依托泊苷)CAV方案治療SCLC,但并沒(méi)有帶來(lái)明顯生存獲益,同時(shí)明顯增加了血液學(xué)毒性[8]。因此,直到20世紀(jì)80年代中期,CAV仍是SCLC一線誘導(dǎo)化療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案[8-9]。

      鑒于基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鉑類藥物治療SCLC有效,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)依托泊苷和鉑類藥物有協(xié)同作用[10],研究者設(shè)計(jì)了依托泊苷/順鉑 (EP)方案。隨后的Ⅲ期臨床研究結(jié)果顯示,在局限期SCLC患者中,EP方案的2年和5年生存率優(yōu)于CEV方案 (25%比10%,8%比3%);對(duì)于廣泛期SCLC患者,EP方案同樣可以帶來(lái)生存獲益,但生存率與CEV方案比較無(wú)差異[11]。后續(xù)的一系列研究亦證實(shí)了EP方案的有效性[12],于是EP方案越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于SCLC的一線化療。

      由于EP方案中順鉑的毒副作用,研究者嘗試用卡鉑代替順鉑。數(shù)項(xiàng)臨床研究比較了含順鉑或卡鉑方案治療SCLC的有效性,但結(jié)果不盡一致。近期發(fā)表的COCIS薈萃分析納入了4項(xiàng)SCLC鉑類治療的隨機(jī)臨床研究,共663例患者,其中卡鉑組335例,順鉑組328例,結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的有效率〔67%比66%;HR=0.98,95%CI(0.84,1.16),P=0.83〕、中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期 〔5.5 月比 5.3 月;HR=1.10,95%CI(0.94,1.29),P=0.25〕和中位總生存期 〔9.4 月比9.6 月;HR=1.08,95%CI(0.92,1.27),P=0.37〕均無(wú)差異;毒副作用方面,卡鉑的血液學(xué)毒性更重,而順鉑的非血液學(xué)毒性如惡心、嘔吐、神經(jīng)毒性、腎毒性等較重[13]。提示順鉑和卡鉑二者的療效相似,臨床醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)患者的年齡、一般狀況、伴隨疾病及骨髓儲(chǔ)備功能等選擇合適的藥物。

      隨著新的化療藥物的問(wèn)世,研究者設(shè)計(jì)了一系列新的聯(lián)合化療方案,探索其治療SCLC的療效。來(lái)自日本的JCOG9511研究納入230例初治的廣泛期SCLC患者,分為伊立替康/順鉑 (CPT-11/DDP,IP)方案組和EP方案組,結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的客觀緩解率 (ORR)分別為84.4%、67.5%(P=0.02),中位生存期分別為12.8 個(gè)月、9.4 個(gè)月 (P=0.002)[14]。該研究證明 IP方案作為一線化療可以給廣泛期SCLC患者帶來(lái)生存獲益。但后續(xù)來(lái)自北美的兩項(xiàng)關(guān)于IP方案的臨床研究卻未能證明IP方案優(yōu)于EP方案,研究者推測(cè)這可能與亞洲人群和高加索人群的藥物基因組學(xué)差異性有關(guān)[15-16]。

      貝洛替康 (belotecan)是新型的喜樹(shù)堿類細(xì)胞毒性藥物,其作用機(jī)制主要是抑制拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅰ。在Ⅱ期臨床研究中,單藥一線化療治療SCLC有較好療效,總緩解率為53.2%,至疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間為4.6個(gè)月,中位生存期達(dá)10.4個(gè)月[17]。隨后的Ⅱ期臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),貝洛替康聯(lián)合順鉑取得大于70%的總緩解率和大于10個(gè)月的中位生存期[18-19]。

      氨柔吡星是人工合成的蒽環(huán)類細(xì)胞毒性藥物,其作用機(jī)制是抑制拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱ,臨床前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其活性代謝產(chǎn)物易于在腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)富集[20-22]。一系列Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期臨床研究證明其單藥或與鉑類藥物聯(lián)合治療SCLC有效[23-25]。

      1.2 維持治療 由于多數(shù)SCLC患者在初治有效后很快復(fù)發(fā),研究者對(duì)其維持治療進(jìn)行了一系列探索。研究者先后嘗試用拓?fù)涮婵怠⒁劳胁窜?、伊立替康等?xì)胞毒性藥物以及貝伐單抗、伊馬替尼、坦西莫司等靶向藥物做維持治療,遺憾的是均未取得理想效果。近期一項(xiàng)薈萃分析納入21項(xiàng)關(guān)于SCLC維持治療的臨床研究,入組3 688例患者,結(jié)果顯示,維持治療未能顯著延長(zhǎng)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期和總生存期[26]。但是近期一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),舒尼替尼維持治療可以給患者帶來(lái)明顯的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期獲益[27],具體內(nèi)容將在SCLC的靶向治療部分討論。

      1.3 復(fù)發(fā)/進(jìn)展后治療 目前,對(duì)于一線化療后復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展的SCLC尚無(wú)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案。數(shù)項(xiàng)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),初始治療的療效和應(yīng)答時(shí)間是后續(xù)治療效果的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[28-31]。通常認(rèn)為一線接受含鉑方案治療結(jié)束3個(gè)月以內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展者提示鉑類耐藥;3個(gè)月內(nèi)未復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展的患者提示鉑類敏感,再次使用含鉑的聯(lián)合化療方案或許能夠帶來(lái)獲益[32];6個(gè)月以上復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展的患者可以再次使用初始治療方案。在復(fù)發(fā)的SCLC患者二線化療中,盡管含鉑的聯(lián)合化療方案療效優(yōu)于單藥方案,但聯(lián)合化療所產(chǎn)生的毒副作用可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者在生存期上并無(wú)明顯獲益[33-35]。

      一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床研究證實(shí),拓?fù)涮婵德?lián)合最佳支持治療組總生存期、生活質(zhì)量及癥狀的改善均明顯優(yōu)于單用最佳支持治療組[36]。另一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床研究對(duì)比了拓?fù)涮婵岛虲AV方案治療復(fù)發(fā)的SCLC的療效,兩個(gè)方案有效率分別為24.3%和18.3%(P=0.285),中位生存期分別為25.0周和24.7周 (P=0.795),未顯示出明顯區(qū)別[37]。其他證實(shí)復(fù)發(fā)后治療有效的藥物還包括喜樹(shù)堿類藥物、紫杉類藥物、氨柔吡星、伊立替康、吉西他濱和長(zhǎng)春瑞濱等[38-41]。

      2 SCLC的靶向治療

      隨著對(duì)肺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中分子生物學(xué)、分子病理學(xué)研究的深入,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)了一系列驅(qū)動(dòng)性基因突變,尤其是在非小細(xì)胞肺癌領(lǐng)域,針對(duì)突變靶點(diǎn)的特異性靶向藥物不斷出現(xiàn),極大地提高了有效率,延長(zhǎng)了患者生存期,改善了生活質(zhì)量。但在SCLC領(lǐng)域的研究卻相對(duì)滯后,一直未能發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)的驅(qū)動(dòng)性突變基因。

      2.1 抗血管生成治療 臨床研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),在非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療中,化療聯(lián)合貝伐單抗可以給患者帶來(lái)生存獲益。但是在SCLC的治療中,抗血管生成治療藥物的療效仍存在爭(zhēng)議。E3501、SALUTE和CALGB 30306研究結(jié)果均顯示,貝伐單抗一線化療廣泛期SCLC可改善無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期,但不能改善總生存期[42-44];關(guān)于貝伐單抗二線化療廣泛期SCLC的一系列臨床研究表明,化療聯(lián)合貝伐單抗有延長(zhǎng)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期的趨勢(shì)[45]。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究顯示,EP方案聯(lián)合貝伐單抗能夠提高有效率 (58%比48%),延長(zhǎng)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期〔5.5月比4.4 月;HR=0.53,95%CI(0.32,0.86)〕,但是中位生存期無(wú)差異[43]。迄今,已進(jìn)行了多項(xiàng)關(guān)于貝伐單抗治療SCLC的臨床研究,但結(jié)果不盡相同,還有待研究者進(jìn)一步探索。

      也有臨床研究將抗血管生成藥物如AZD2171、索拉菲尼、沙利度胺、恩度聯(lián)合化療作為一線/二線或維持化療方案治療SCLC,但均沒(méi)有帶來(lái)明顯獲益[46-49]。

      2.2 針對(duì)腫瘤干細(xì)胞的靶向治療 2005年Kim等[50]從小鼠非小細(xì)胞肺癌模型中分離出氣管肺泡干細(xì)胞(BASCs),之后陸續(xù)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在肺腺癌、SCLC細(xì)胞株中發(fā)現(xiàn)干細(xì)胞[51-53]。進(jìn)一步的基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)腫瘤干細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)CD133抗原[54-56],以此來(lái)確定腫瘤組織的干細(xì)胞群。Levina等[57]分離H460和A549肺癌細(xì)胞系中具有自我更新和分化潛能的干細(xì)胞群,進(jìn)行干細(xì)胞選擇性培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞表面持續(xù)表達(dá)CD133,同時(shí)組織中c-kit和其配體干細(xì)胞因子 (SCF)表達(dá)明顯增高;后分別將腫瘤干細(xì)胞分別暴露于SCF抗體和伊馬替尼,發(fā)現(xiàn)其增殖受到明顯抑制;研究者推測(cè):化療后動(dòng)員腫瘤干細(xì)胞增殖分化,而這種動(dòng)員效應(yīng)部分是依賴于SCF/c-kit的過(guò)表達(dá),從而激活下游相關(guān)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路。

      隨后研究者進(jìn)行相關(guān)的Ⅱ期臨床研究。NCT00156286研究探索對(duì)于c-kit免疫組化陽(yáng)性的SCLC患者經(jīng)過(guò)細(xì)胞毒性藥物化療后,用伊馬替尼作為維持治療,該研究未能取得預(yù)期結(jié)果,但是伊馬替尼組較對(duì)照組有延長(zhǎng)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期和生存期的趨勢(shì),而且伊馬替尼組中有3例患者的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期分別為12個(gè)月、15個(gè)月和25個(gè)月[58]。同樣NCT00616109研究探索了對(duì)于廣泛期SCLC患者經(jīng)過(guò)含鉑方案化療后,用舒尼替尼作維持治療,該研究亦未能達(dá)到預(yù)期結(jié)果;該研究中舒尼替尼的劑量為50 mg,1次/d,連續(xù)服用4周,停用2周,每6周為1個(gè)周期,患者的Ⅲ/Ⅳ級(jí)毒副作用發(fā)生率較高,導(dǎo)致患者依從性差[59]。最近公布的一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床研究結(jié)果顯示,在初始化療后獲得緩解或穩(wěn)定的患者接受索坦37.5 mg維持治療,較對(duì)照組可以明顯延長(zhǎng)患者的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期[27]。

      2.3 其他靶向治療 既往針對(duì)SCLC靶向治療的臨床研究藥物還包括基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑marimastat、抗胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1受體(IGF-1R)的單克隆抗體IMC-A12、多藥耐藥逆轉(zhuǎn)劑biricodar、法尼基轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑tipifarnib、抗B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤因子2(Bcl-2)反義寡核苷酸藥物oblimersen、抗CD56單克隆抗體huN901-DM1等,但均未取得陽(yáng)性研究結(jié)果。

      3 SCLC的免疫治療

      近年來(lái),隨著對(duì)腫瘤相關(guān)免疫反應(yīng)及免疫逃避機(jī)制認(rèn)識(shí)的加深,新的免疫治療藥物如程序性死亡分子1及其配體 (PD-1/PD-L1)和CTAL-4抑制劑等不斷問(wèn)世,在黑色素瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌等治療中取得了較好的療效。一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床研究入組了130例初治廣泛期SCLC患者,接受卡鉑/紫杉醇聯(lián)合伊匹單抗治療的患者較對(duì)照組延長(zhǎng)了中位生存期 (12.9月比9.9月,HR=0.64,P=0.03)[60]。其他還有多項(xiàng)關(guān)于 PD-1 抑制劑,PD-1抑制劑聯(lián)合CTAL-4抑制劑等治療SCLC的臨床研究正在進(jìn)行中。

      隨著研究者們對(duì)SCLC治療臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累和對(duì)腫瘤分子生物學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的加深,SCLC臨床治療日趨規(guī)范,但近年來(lái)缺乏突破性進(jìn)展,一線化療緩解后較短時(shí)間內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā),總生存期未見(jiàn)明顯延長(zhǎng)。SCLC的分子病理機(jī)制尚待進(jìn)一步明確,以期尋找驅(qū)動(dòng)性的基因突變,研發(fā)出更加有效的治療藥物。

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