• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Nrf2-ARE信號通路:糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥防治的新靶點(diǎn)

    2015-01-25 10:26:56崔文鵬王瑞霞齊永輝張秋穎
    中國老年學(xué)雜志 2015年14期
    關(guān)鍵詞:泛素活性氧氧化應(yīng)激

    李 文 崔文鵬 王瑞霞 齊永輝 張秋穎 孫 晶

    (吉林大學(xué)白求恩第二醫(yī)院腎病內(nèi)科,吉林 長春 130021)

    有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道〔1~6〕,氧化應(yīng)激在糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病中具有重要作用。機(jī)體內(nèi)抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)Nrf2-ARE信號通路的激活,可以促使一系列第Ⅱ階段解毒及抗氧化酶基因表達(dá)上調(diào),從而對氧化應(yīng)激損傷的器官起到保護(hù)作用〔7~9〕。

    1 糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的流行

    糖尿病主要包括1型糖尿病和2型糖尿病。1型糖尿病也被稱為胰島素依賴性糖尿病,目前普遍認(rèn)為其發(fā)病機(jī)制由于自身免疫調(diào)節(jié)的失衡,從而出現(xiàn)免疫介導(dǎo)的對胰島β細(xì)胞的選擇性破壞〔10,11〕。相比之下,2型糖尿病在臨床中更為常見,它是遺傳、環(huán)境、行為等多種因素相互作用的結(jié)果〔12~14〕。無論何種類型的糖尿病,隨著病情的發(fā)展均會出現(xiàn)各種急、慢性并發(fā)癥。由于不良生活方式及飲食習(xí)慣的存在,糖尿病的發(fā)病率日益增長〔15〕。目前2型糖尿病因其發(fā)病率、死亡率均較高,已經(jīng)成為全球性健康問題之一〔16〕。因此,對于每一位臨床及科研工作者來說,揭示并闡明糖尿病或糖尿病并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制,使人們能更有針對性的對其進(jìn)行治療有重要意義。

    2 糖尿病、糖尿病并發(fā)癥與氧化應(yīng)激

    無論是實(shí)驗(yàn)性還是臨床性研究,越來越多的研究表明:高血糖癥、氧化應(yīng)激與糖尿病并發(fā)癥之間存在緊密聯(lián)系,而氧化應(yīng)激在糖尿病并發(fā)癥的病因中起著舉足輕重的作用〔1~6〕。近年來隨著研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)活性氧不僅可參與正常的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路,同時也可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞毒性的產(chǎn)生〔17〕。因此,抗氧化劑似乎是預(yù)防或治療氧化損傷的一種有效方法。據(jù)報(bào)道,已有維生素E等外源性抗氧化劑被用于治療人類心血管及腎臟疾病,雖然有些研究取得了一定的成果〔18,19〕,但關(guān)于外源性抗氧化化合物對減少人類糖尿病并發(fā)癥的研究多以失敗而告終〔20~23〕。為此,發(fā)現(xiàn)并激活或上調(diào)內(nèi)源性的抗氧化劑可能是預(yù)防或治療糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥更有效的方法。

    活性氧作為有氧代謝的副產(chǎn)物可持續(xù)不斷地產(chǎn)生。其可以對DNA、蛋白質(zhì)和不飽和脂質(zhì)造成化學(xué)損傷,可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡,促進(jìn)許多病理過程的發(fā)展〔24,25〕。生理?xiàng)l件下,人體氧化還原反應(yīng)處于相對穩(wěn)定地平衡狀態(tài),機(jī)體通過抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)可以將其有效清除。當(dāng)活性氧的產(chǎn)生超出抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)能力的清除時,便會出現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激。長期氧化應(yīng)激的存在,會使與之密切相關(guān)的疾病隨之發(fā)生。

    3 Nrf2-ARE信號通路與氧化應(yīng)激

    機(jī)體內(nèi)存在有高度調(diào)節(jié)能力的抗氧化防御系統(tǒng),其中包括對氧化還原敏感的核因子E2相關(guān)因子2(Nrf2)-抗氧化反應(yīng)元件(ARE)通路。隨著研究的不斷深入,越來越多的研究證實(shí):Nrf2-ARE通路在抗氧化應(yīng)激過程中有重要作用〔7~9〕。

    Nrf2屬于帽“N”領(lǐng)(CNC)亞家族的一員,是一種亮氨酸拉鏈型轉(zhuǎn)錄因子〔26,27〕。作為氧化還原敏感性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其在細(xì)胞核中發(fā)揮生物效應(yīng)。Nrf2主要通過結(jié)合在第Ⅱ階段解毒和抗氧化酶的啟動子區(qū)域的抗氧化反應(yīng)元件,從而起到促進(jìn)抗氧化基因表達(dá)的上調(diào)的作用〔28〕。

    生理?xiàng)l件下,Nrf2與一種細(xì)胞骨架相關(guān)的肌動蛋白Kelchlike ECH-相關(guān)蛋白1(Keap1)緊密結(jié)合在一起,從而被錨定在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中〔29〕。與此同時,Keap1充當(dāng)Cullin-3與泛素化E3的基板適配器,形成Cul-E3泛素化連接酶復(fù)合體。這一復(fù)合體能增強(qiáng)Nrf2的泛素化,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)蛋白酶體對其的降解作用〔30,31〕。

    Keap1蛋白中包含有幾個活性半胱氨酸殘基,它們作為細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化還原狀態(tài)的感受器,可充當(dāng)Nrf2的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)〔32〕。當(dāng)暴露于各種內(nèi)源性或外源性活性氧分子中時,Keap1蛋白中的活性半胱氨酸殘基結(jié)構(gòu)被改變,導(dǎo)致Nrf2從Keap1/Nrf2復(fù)合體中解離或者誘導(dǎo)Keap1發(fā)生構(gòu)象變化,使新合成的Nrf2免于被蛋白酶體降解,從而促進(jìn)Nrf2由細(xì)胞質(zhì)向細(xì)胞核的轉(zhuǎn)移〔33,34〕。在核內(nèi),Nrf2與其他的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(如小的Maf蛋白)形成異二聚體,促進(jìn)Nrf2結(jié)合到位于啟動子區(qū)域的Nrf2靶基因(如順式調(diào)節(jié)因子ARE或親電子)反應(yīng)元件上,增加第Ⅱ階段解毒及抗氧化酶〔如谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GPx)、NAD(P)H:醌氧化還原酶-1(NQO1)和血紅素加氧酶-1(HO-1)等〕基因的表達(dá)〔35,36〕。

    4展望

    2型糖尿病主要好發(fā)于老年人群,隨著我國老年人口總數(shù)日益增長,其在國內(nèi)的患病人數(shù)及患病率也逐漸增加。糖尿病并發(fā)癥累計(jì)全身多個器官,許多糖尿病患者最后死于其并發(fā)癥。Nrf2-ARE信號通路并不僅依靠上調(diào)某單一的抗氧化酶,而是通過Nrf2的核轉(zhuǎn)移導(dǎo)致一系列抗氧化酶的共同上調(diào)。因此,該信號通路引起了人們對于抗氧化研究的極大興趣。許多研究致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)或挖掘Nrf2的小分子活化劑,如蘿卜硫素、白藜蘆醇、姜黃素、肉桂醛及MG-132等。值得欣喜的是:在初期的動物實(shí)驗(yàn)中這些小分子活化劑已被證實(shí)可以直接或間接的激活Nrf2-ARE信號通路,從而引起多個抗氧化酶基因表達(dá)上調(diào),對遭受氧化應(yīng)激損傷的重要器官(如心臟和腎臟等)具有保護(hù)作用〔37~43〕。雖然目前的研究多數(shù)還停留在初級的動物實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,離真正運(yùn)用還有相當(dāng)漫長的路要走,但這也給無數(shù)臨床或基礎(chǔ)的科研工作者提供了前行的動力。相信通過大家的不懈努力,能使這一發(fā)現(xiàn)盡快造福于患者。

    1 Brown WV.Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus:renal protection accompanies cardiovascular protection〔J〕.Am J Cardiol,2008;102:10-3.

    2 Wu J,Mei C,Vlassara H,et al.Oxidative stress-induced JNK activation contributes to proinflammatory phenotype of aging diabetic mesangial cells〔J〕.Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2009;297:F1622-31.

    3 Brownlee M.Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications〔J〕.Nature,2001;414(6865):813-20.

    4 Evans JL,Goldfine ID,Maddux BA,et al.Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways:a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes〔J〕.Endocr Rev,2002;23(5):599-622.

    5 Forbes JM,Coughlan MT,Cooper ME.Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes〔J〕.Diabetes,2008;57:1446-54.

    6 Gnudi L.Cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic glomerulopathy〔J〕.Nephrol Dial Transplant,2012;27(7):2642-9.

    7 Nguyen T,Sherratt PJ,Pickett CB.Regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression mediated by the antioxidant response element〔J〕.Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol,2003;43:233-60.

    8 Alam J,Cook JL.Transcriptional regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 gene via the stress response element pathway〔J〕.Curr Pharm Des,2003;9:2499-511.

    9 Kong AN,Owuor E,Yu R,et al.Induction of xenobiotic enzymes by the MAP kinase pathway and the antioxidant or electrophile response element(ARE/EpRE)〔J〕.Drug Metab Rev,2001;33:255-71.

    10 Atkinson MA,Eisenbarth GS.Type 1 diabetes:new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment〔J〕.Lancet,2001;58:221-9.

    11 Eisenbarth GS.Update in type 1 diabetes〔J〕.Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007;92:2403-7.

    12 Chen L,Magliano DJ,Zimmet PZ.The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus-present and future perspectives〔J〕.Nat Rev Endocrinol,2012;8:228-36.

    13 Ripsin CM,Kang H,Urban RJ.Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus〔J〕.Fam Physic,2009;79(1):29-36.

    14 Rother KI.Diabetes treatment-bridging the divide〔J〕.N Engl J Med,2007;356(15):1499-501.

    15 Chamnan P,Simmons RK,F(xiàn)orouhi NG,et al.Incidence of type 2 diabetes using proposed HbA1c diagnostic criteria in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort:implications for preventive strategies〔J〕.Diabetes Care,2011;34:950-56.

    16 Chaturvedi N.The burden of diabetes and its complications:trends and implications for intervention〔J〕.Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2007;76(Suppl 1):3-12.

    17 Burton GJ,Jauniaux E.Oxidative stress〔J〕.Best Prac Res Clin Obst Gynaecol,2011;25(3):287-99.

    18 Barbosa FT,Radaeli RF,Cavanal MF,et al.Effect of Dalpha-tocopherol on tubular nephron acidification by rats with induced diabetes mellitus〔J〕.Med Biol Res,2005;38(7):1043-51.

    19 Kim SS,Galaher DD,Csallany AS.Vitamin E and probucol reduce urinary lipophilic aldehydes and renal enlargement in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats〔J〕.Lipids,2003;35(11):37.

    20 Alpers CE,Hudkins KL.Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy〔J〕.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2011;20:278-84.

    21 Valk EJ,Bruijn JA,Bajema IM.Diabetic nephropathy in humans:pathologic diversity〔J〕.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2011;20:285-9.

    22 Cai L.Diabetic cardiomyopathy and its prevention by metallothionein:experimental evidence,possible mechanisms and clinical implications〔J〕.Curr Med Chem,2007;14:2193-203.

    23 Lee HB,Yu MR,Yang Y,et al.Reactive oxygen species regulated signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy〔J〕.Soc Nephrol,2003;14:S241-245.

    24 Taniyama Y,Griendling KK.Reactive oxygen species in the vasculature:molecular and cellular mechanisms〔J〕.Hypertension,2003;42:1075-81.

    25 Griendling KK,Sorescu D,Ushio-Fukai M.NAD(P)H oxidase:role in cardiovascular biology and disease〔J〕.Circ Res,2000;86:494-501.

    26 Itoh K,Igarashi K,Hayashi N,et al.1995.Cloning and characterization of a novel erythroid cell-derived CNC family transcription factor heterodimerizing with the small Maf family proteins〔J〕.Mol Cell Biol,1995;15:4184-93.

    27 Moi P,Chan K,Asunis I,et al.Isolation of NF-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2),a NF-E2-like basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator that binds to the tandem NF-E2/AP1 repeat of the beta-globin locus control region〔J〕.Proc Natl Acad Sci,1994;91:9926-30.

    28 Mann GE,Rowlands DJ,Li FY,et al.Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by dietary isoflavones:role of NO in Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression〔J〕.Cardiovasc Res,2007;75:261-74.

    29 Hayes JD,McMahon M.NRF2 and KEAP1 mutations:permanent activation of an adaptive response in cancer〔J〕.Trends Biochem Sci,2009;34(4):176-88.

    30 Motohashi H,Yamamoto M.Nrf2-Keap1 defines a physiologically important stress response mechanism〔J〕.Trends Mol Med,2004;10:549-57.

    31 Kim HJ,Vaziri ND.Contribution of impaired Nrf2-Keap1 pathway to oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic renal failure〔J〕.Renal Physiol,2010;298:662-71.

    32 Miyata T,Takizawa S,van Ypersele de Strihou C.Hypoxia 1 intracellular sensors for oxygen and oxidative stress:novel therapeutic targets〔J〕.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2011;300(2):c226-31.

    33 Wakabayashi N,Dinkova-Kostova AT,Holtzclaw WD,et al.Protection against electrophile and oxidant stress by induction of the phase 2 response:fate of cysteines of the Keap1 sensor modified by inducers〔J〕.Proc Natl Acad Sci,2004;101:2040-5.

    34 Chartoumpekis DV,Kensler TW.New player on an old field;the keap1/Nrf2 pathway as a target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome〔J〕.Curr Diabetes Rev,2013;9:137-45.

    35 Min KJ,Kim JH,Jou I,et al.Adenosine induces hemeoxygenase-1 expression in microglia through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2〔J〕.GLIA,2008;56(9):1028-37.

    36 Kalayarasan S,Prabhu PN,Sriram N,et al.Diallyl sulfide enhances antioxidants and inhibits inflammation through the activation of Nrf2 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats〔J〕.Eur Pharmacol,2009;606(1-3):162-71.

    37 Cui WP,Bai Y,Miao X,et al.Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by sulforaphane:possible role of Nrf2 upregulation and activation〔C〕.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2012.

    38 Bai Y,Cui WP,Xin Y,et al.Prevention by sulforaphane of diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with up-regulation of Nrf2 expression and transcription activation〔J〕.J Mol Cell Cardiol,2013;57:82-95.

    39 Miao X,Bai Y,Su W,et al.Sulforaphane prevention of diabetes-induced aortic damage was associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidants〔J〕.Nutr Metab,2012;9(1):84.

    40 Ungvari Z,Bagi Z,F(xiàn)eher A,et al.Resveratrol confers endothelial protection via activation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2〔J〕.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2010;299(1):18-24.

    41 Palsamy P,Subramanian S.Resveratrol protects diabetic kidney by attenuating hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and renal inflammatory cytokines via Nrf2-Keap1 signaling〔J〕.Biochim Biophys Acta,2011;1812(7):719-31.

    42 Cui WP,Li B,Bai Y,et al.Potential role for Nrf2 activation in the therapeutic effect of MG132 on diabetic nephropathy in OVE26 diabetic mice〔J〕.Am J Physiol,2013;304(1):87-99.

    43 Wang Y,Sun W,Du B,et al.Therapeutic effect of MG132 on diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with its suppression of proteasomal activities:roles of Nrf2 and NF-kappaB〔J〕.Am J Physiol,2013;304(4):567-78.

    猜你喜歡
    泛素活性氧氧化應(yīng)激
    基于炎癥-氧化應(yīng)激角度探討中藥對新型冠狀病毒肺炎的干預(yù)作用
    氧化應(yīng)激與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變
    蛋白泛素化和類泛素化修飾在植物開花時間調(diào)控中的作用
    TLR3活化對正常人表皮黑素細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧簇表達(dá)的影響
    泛RNA:miRNA是RNA的“泛素”
    泛素結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域與泛素化信號的識別
    氧化應(yīng)激與結(jié)直腸癌的關(guān)系
    硅酸鈉處理對杏果實(shí)活性氧和苯丙烷代謝的影響
    SCF E3泛素化連接酶的研究進(jìn)展
    O2聯(lián)合CO2氣調(diào)對西蘭花活性氧代謝及保鮮效果的影響
    宣威市| 石嘴山市| 峨边| 黑水县| 大港区| 双城市| 石林| 顺昌县| 泸定县| 南岸区| 八宿县| 宜君县| 岚皋县| 丰台区| 乌鲁木齐市| 翁牛特旗| 巴林左旗| 抚宁县| 肃宁县| 高密市| 上虞市| 通化市| 廉江市| 邳州市| 赤城县| 石狮市| 宁城县| 枝江市| 顺平县| 吴桥县| 黄大仙区| 武城县| 浙江省| 广宗县| 营口市| 平远县| 商水县| 泸西县| 江孜县| 益阳市| 临江市|