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·綜述·
二葉式主動脈瓣畸形的發(fā)病機制及并發(fā)癥的研究進展
宮霞吳衛(wèi)華
(上海市胸科醫(yī)院超聲科,上海200030)
Progress in Research on the Pathogenesis and Complications of Bicuspid Aortic Valve
GONGXiaWUWeihuaDepartmentofUltrasound,ShanghaiChestHospital,Shanghai200030,China
主動脈瓣二葉式畸形(bicuspid aortic valve, BAV)是最常見的先天性心臟病,發(fā)病率為1%~2%;男性發(fā)病率高于女性,男女性發(fā)病比例為 2∶1~4∶1[1-4]。BAV患者常出現(xiàn)主動脈瓣反流、主動脈瓣狹窄、主動脈擴張、主動脈瘤、主動脈夾層、血栓形成和感染性心內(nèi)膜炎等并發(fā)癥[5-6]。目前該病的診斷和治療方法已經(jīng)明確,但其發(fā)病機制尚未完全清楚。近年來,隨著對BAV研究的不斷深入及分子生物學的發(fā)展,其發(fā)病機制的研究也有進展。
1BAV分類
典型的 BAV 由兩個不等大的瓣葉構(gòu)成,其中以右冠瓣與左冠瓣融合形成前后兩個瓣葉(L-R型)最常見,稱為典型融合,占70%;其次是右冠竇和無冠竇瓣尖融合形成左右兩個瓣葉(R-N型),稱為非典型融合,占10%~20%;左冠竇和無冠竇瓣融合(L-N型)最少見,占5%~10%[7];罕見瓣葉對稱或無‘脊’形成,即“真二瓣化”。
2BAV的基因遺傳學研究
研究[8]表明,BAV具有家族聚集性,但是決定其發(fā)病的基因有多種。Martin 等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn), BAV 的發(fā)病相關(guān)基因定位于染色體5q、13q 和 18q 區(qū)域。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)與BAV有關(guān)的基因有以下幾種。
2.1Notch1基因上皮間質(zhì)細胞轉(zhuǎn)化 (epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT) 是心臟瓣膜早期發(fā)育的重要事件。房室管形成后,一部分房室管心內(nèi)膜細胞發(fā)生EMT,形成心臟瓣膜。Notch1位點突變或其表達被長壽基因SirT1抑制可致房室管心內(nèi)膜細胞EMT異常,形成BAV[10]。
2.2泛素融合降解1樣基因(ubiquitin fusion degradation 1-like gene,UFD1L)UFD1L定位于人類 22 號染色體,是一種酵母基因同源物,高度保守,參與泛素蛋白降解[11]。UFD1L 基因在胚胎時期的心臟流出道中高度表達。Mohamed等[12]通過對比測定BAV患者和三葉主動脈瓣患者的瓣膜標本中UFD1L的表達量,認為該基因的表達下調(diào)與BAV的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)。
2.3eNOS 基因內(nèi)皮源性一氧化氮(eNOS)在胚胎期肢體脈管系統(tǒng)形成以及發(fā)育期后,在血管重建和血管發(fā)生中均起作用。Lee 等[13]報告, 12 只 eNOS 基因敲除型小鼠中有 5 只主動脈瓣為二葉瓣,而26只野生型小鼠的主動脈瓣均為三葉瓣,表明 BAV 的發(fā)生與 eNOS 基因缺失相關(guān)。研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),BAV 患者主動脈壁 eNOS 蛋白表達量較主動脈瓣三葉者顯著降低,且 BAV 患者中 eNOS 蛋白的表達量與升主動脈內(nèi)徑呈負相關(guān)。
2.4ACTA2 基因Guo 等[15]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),編碼α肌動蛋白的ACTA2基因突變與家族性胸主動脈瘤和 BAV 發(fā)生相關(guān)。
2.5GATA5基因人類GATA5基因定位于20q13.33,編碼一種由397個氨基酸組成的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在心臟發(fā)育期間調(diào)節(jié)多個靶基因的表達,包括心房利鈉肽、α-肌凝蛋白重鏈、β-肌凝蛋白重鏈、心肌肌鈣蛋白C和心肌肌鈣蛋白I等的基因[16]。Padang等[17]對100例無血緣關(guān)系的BAV患者的GATA5基因的編碼外顯子和其兩側(cè)的部分內(nèi)含子進行了測序分析,結(jié)果在4例患者發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種 GATA5 基因錯義突變。Laforest等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在小鼠中,GATA5基因敲除或心內(nèi)膜細胞GATA5特異性失活均可導(dǎo)致BAV,外顯率達25%。
3基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs )與BAV
MMPs是一類活性依賴于鋅離子和鈣離子的蛋白水解酶,主要作用是降解細胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix, ECM)。多個研究表明[19-21],在合并升主動脈瘤的 BAV 患者的主動脈中,MMPs 的活性及表達均較主動脈瓣葉正常的主動脈瘤患者高。根據(jù)底物及片段同源性,將 MMPs 分為 4 類,其中在升主動脈中表達最多的是 MMP-2 和MMP-9,它們參與Ⅳ膠原及部分彈力蛋白、纖維膠原的降解。多種細胞可參與合成MMP-2 和 MMP-9,包括血管平滑肌細胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)。正常的主動脈支撐和彈性結(jié)構(gòu)由相互交替的彈力纖維層和主動脈中層VSMCs組成,而BAV 患者可能由于主動脈纖維蛋白原異常,且伴有MMPs 局部驟增,以致細胞外基質(zhì)完整性被破壞和VSMCs 凋亡,進而破壞了主動脈結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性和彈性。 金 屬 蛋 白 酶 組 織 抑 制 因 子 ( tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMPs)通過與 MMPs 形成復(fù)合體特異性地抑制 MMPs 的活性,其中,TIMP-1 主要抑制MMP-2 和 MMP-9;TIMP-1 主要由 VSMCs 和成纖維細胞分泌,在主動脈中表達最為常見[22]。Ikonomidis 等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),來源于 BAV 合并升主動脈瘤患者的主動脈壁標本中MMP-2 表達上調(diào),MMP-2/TIMP-1 比值上升;而來源于正常主動脈瓣葉的升主動脈瘤患者的主動脈壁標本中, MMP-13 表達上調(diào),MMP-2 表達下降。蛋白激酶 C 是 MMPs 的刺激調(diào)節(jié)因子,Jones等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BAV 和主動脈瓣三葉合并升主動脈瘤患者均有不同的蛋白激酶C亞型上調(diào)。
4其他因子與BAV
Paloschi等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BAV患者的轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)異常導(dǎo)致外異蛋白A(EDA)的表達減少,從而引起B(yǎng)AV患者并發(fā)動脈瘤等。研究[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),microRNAs (miRNAs)的表達異常與BAV患者的瓣膜鈣化和瓣膜狹窄有一定關(guān)系。
5BAV的常見并發(fā)癥
5.1主動脈擴張BAV存在升主動脈的擴張。在不考慮體表面積的前提下,升主動脈內(nèi)徑超過40 mm為擴張;若考慮體表面積,身材矮小的人群超過27.5 mm/m2為擴張[26-28]。BAV患者較主動脈瓣葉正常人群更易發(fā)生主動脈擴張[29],但其發(fā)病率不詳。不同種族的BAV患者發(fā)生主動脈擴張的程度不同[30]。不同類型的BAV會引起不同部位的主動脈擴張[31],比如右冠瓣與左冠瓣融合(L-R型)中,升主動脈擴張最常見,主動脈根部的擴張也會發(fā)生;右冠瓣與無冠瓣融合(L-N型)中,僅發(fā)生升主動脈的擴張,主動脈根部擴張少見。BAV主動脈擴張的速度平均為0.5 mm/年,類似馬凡氏綜合征[32];瓣膜功能正常的BAV患者,主動脈擴張的速度約 0.77 mm/年[33]。BAV患者主動脈擴張常從幼年開始,呈進行性發(fā)展。相比主動脈瓣葉正常的同齡人群,先天性BAV兒童升主動脈管徑較粗,且以更快的速度擴張[5]。據(jù)報道,管狀升主動脈擴張的發(fā)病率隨年齡增長而增加,<30 歲、30~39 歲、40~49 歲、50~60 歲和>60 歲5組的發(fā)病率分別為 56%、74%、85%、91% 和 88%[34]。BAV患者,即使瓣膜血流動力學正常,也較年齡和性別相匹配的瓣膜正常者更易發(fā)生主動脈根部及升主動脈的擴張[35]。而且主動脈擴張及主動脈瘤的形成過程中,BAV患者更易發(fā)生動脈夾層和破裂[5]。在無其他合并瓣膜疾病的BAV患者中,有20%需在20年內(nèi)行心外科治療[15]。BAV患者升主動脈瘤形成和主動脈縮窄的平均發(fā)生率高于三尖瓣者[35]。BAV管狀升主動脈擴張的速度高于乏氏竇擴張的速度,這不同于馬凡氏綜合征[36],未行主動脈擴張?zhí)幚淼腂AV主動脈瓣置換術(shù)后患者,15年內(nèi)行主動脈手術(shù)或并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率達86%。另一項隨訪18年的研究[37]表明,主動脈瓣狹窄單純行瓣膜置換術(shù)后發(fā)生不良主動脈事件伴輕到中度升主動脈擴張(40~50 mm)的BAV患者中,僅3%需行近端主動脈手術(shù)。
5.2主動脈夾層(aortic dissection,AD)一項隨訪65個月的研究[35]表明,A型主動脈夾層與主動脈擴張在BAV患者中的總發(fā)病率為6%,早期干預(yù)性外科手術(shù)很難評估;其中,A型主動脈夾層患病率為2%~9%,B型主動脈夾層患病率為3%[38],均高于主動脈瓣瓣葉正常人群(1%~2%)。
5.3主動脈縮窄研究[39]認為,僅為左冠瓣與無冠瓣融合的BAV患者易發(fā)生主動脈縮窄。BAV患者主動脈縮窄的較少見,一項研究的結(jié)果為7%[29];而主動脈縮窄患者中,50%~75%為右冠瓣與左冠瓣融合型BAV。伴主動脈縮窄的BAV患者發(fā)生主動脈擴張和夾層的風險明顯高于單純BAV患者[40-41]。
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