張惠芳,宋洪勇,趙林,周建軍,郭成軍
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第二代藥物洗脫支架治療局灶型和非局灶型支架內(nèi)再狹窄療效比較
張惠芳,宋洪勇,趙林,周建軍,郭成軍
目的比較第二代藥物洗脫支架治療局灶型和非局灶型支架內(nèi)再狹窄病變的臨床結(jié)局。方法入選2011年1月~2013年3月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科因藥物洗脫支架支架內(nèi)再狹窄(DES-ISR)接受第二代藥物洗脫支架(DES)治療的患者254例,男性201例,女性53例。所有患者根據(jù)支架內(nèi)再狹窄(ISR)病變?cè)煊邦愋头譃榫衷钚徒M(87例)和非局灶組(167例)。所有患者隨訪2年,比較兩組主要不良心血管事件(MACEs,包括心源性死亡、心肌梗死和靶病變血運(yùn)重建等)發(fā)生情況,分析術(shù)后靶病變血運(yùn)重建(TLR)的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果非局灶型患者B2/C型病變比例明顯高于局灶型(69.5% vs. 41.4%),病變長(zhǎng)度和支架長(zhǎng)度均高于局灶型患者,為[(25.46±3.38)mm vs. (8.13±2.21)mm]、[(28.59±11.25)mm vs. (19.47±7.09)mm],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.01)。非局灶組MACEs發(fā)生率明顯高于局灶組(38.3% vs. 24.1%),TLR明顯高于局灶組(32.3% vs. 18.4%),差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。COX回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),非局灶I(lǐng)SR是TLR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.134,95%CI:1.173~3.884)。Kapan-Meier生存曲線顯示,局灶型患者接受第二代DES治療術(shù)后2年內(nèi)TLR生存率高于非局灶型患者(P=0.024)。結(jié)論第二代DES治療DES-ISR時(shí),局灶型ISR患者預(yù)后優(yōu)于非局灶型ISR患者。
第二代藥物洗脫支架;支架內(nèi)再狹窄;局灶型;非局灶型;靶病變血運(yùn)重建
雖然冠狀動(dòng)脈介入技術(shù)已有很大進(jìn)步,但支架內(nèi)再狹窄(in-stent restenosis,ISR)仍是當(dāng)今具有挑戰(zhàn)性的難題,尤其對(duì)于復(fù)雜病變患者[1,2]。目前最常用的治療策略是藥物洗脫支架(DES),隨著第二代DES出現(xiàn),顯著降低了ISR的發(fā)生率[3,4]。許多臨床和介入因素均可影響ISR再次介入治療的結(jié)局,其中ISR造影類型是一項(xiàng)重要因素。許多研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)ISR類型可預(yù)測(cè)接受經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)成形術(shù)(PTCA)、金屬裸支架(BMS)、第一代DES以及冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)治療后再次血運(yùn)重建的發(fā)生[5-8]。另有研究顯示第二代DES與BMS、第一代DES及
其他治療方法比較更加安全有效[4]。但目前尚未見有關(guān)第二代DES治療ISR術(shù)后結(jié)局與ISR類型的相關(guān)報(bào)道。
因此,本研究旨在探討第二代DES治療DESISR術(shù)后主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)的發(fā)生率,進(jìn)一步比較不同ISR類型對(duì)DES-ISR再次置入DES術(shù)后的影響。
1.1 研究對(duì)象和分組入選2011年1月~2013年3月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科因DES-ISR接受第二代DES治療的患者254例,男性201例,女性53例。所有患者根據(jù)ISR病變?cè)煊邦愋头譃榫衷钚驮侏M窄組即局灶組(87例)和非局灶型再狹窄組即非局灶組(167例)。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):首次經(jīng)DES治療后臨床無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查(常規(guī)心電圖、平板運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)或心肌核素顯像檢查)獲得復(fù)發(fā)心肌缺血證據(jù),經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)既往置入支架ISR(病變狹窄≥50%)并再次置入第二代DES治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)的患者;曾經(jīng)多次行DES置入的患者;曾經(jīng)短期化療治療患者;支架內(nèi)血栓患者;惡性腫瘤;患有其他疾病期望壽命<12個(gè)月;對(duì)藥物(雷帕霉素或紫杉醇)過(guò)敏患者。
1.2 冠狀動(dòng)脈影像學(xué)檢查經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈或股動(dòng)脈造影,常規(guī)體位投照,取多部位造影,并用冠狀動(dòng)脈造影定量分析(QCA)軟件分析病變特點(diǎn)?;颊呓邮艿诙鶧ES,包括依維莫司藥物支架(EES,Xience V,Abbott Vascular,Santa Clara California)和佐他莫司藥物支架(ZES,Resolute,Medtronic Inc.)。Mehran等[8]于1999年提出ISR的造影分型方法:Ⅰ型是局灶型,病變長(zhǎng)度<10 mm;Ⅱ型為彌漫支架內(nèi)型,病變長(zhǎng)度>10 mm,但在支架內(nèi),未超出支架邊緣;Ⅲ型為彌漫增生型,病變長(zhǎng)度>10 mm,超出支架邊緣;Ⅳ型為完全閉塞型,TIMI血流等級(jí)為0。本研究在上述分型基礎(chǔ)上將Ⅰ型定義為局灶型病變,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型定義為非局灶型病變。根據(jù)美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(ACC/AHA)[10]的病變分類將靶病變分為A、B1、B2、C型。病變特征包括:成角,迂曲,中-重度鈣化,分叉,開口病變。支架特征包括:支架數(shù)目、支架長(zhǎng)度及支架直徑。
1.3 隨訪術(shù)后采用電話隨訪或來(lái)院復(fù)查的方式獲得患者2年內(nèi)MACEs情況,包括臨床靶病變血運(yùn)重建(TLR),心肌梗死(MI),死亡。TLR定義為因缺血需要再次行外科或介入血運(yùn)重建,其主要包括兩個(gè)方面:有缺血體征和癥狀,血管狹窄≥50%;無(wú)缺血癥狀,血管狹窄≥70%。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法所有數(shù)據(jù)分析均采用SPSS 17.0軟件。計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,兩組間均數(shù)的比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)(構(gòu)成比)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。應(yīng)用Kaplan-Meier法比較兩組TLR生存率,應(yīng)用Cox回歸比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型計(jì)算相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度,P<0.2的相關(guān)因素(ISR類型、糖尿病、分叉病變和支架長(zhǎng)度)進(jìn)入COX回歸模型。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組患者基本資料比較兩組年齡、性別、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙、心肌梗死病史、疾病類型比例及藥物使用方面比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影及介入治療情況兩組患者在病變血管、開口病變、成角、中重度鈣化、分叉病變、再次DES特征、支架數(shù)目、支架直徑方面比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。非局灶型患者B2/C型病變比例明顯高于局灶型(69.5% vs. 41.4%),病變長(zhǎng)度和支架長(zhǎng)度均高于局灶型患者,為[(25.46±3.38)mm vs. (8.13 ±2.21)mm]、[(28.59±11.25)mm vs. (19.47 ±7.09)mm],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.01)(表2)。
2.3 長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果及術(shù)后TLR的COX回歸模型分析隨訪期間,非局灶組死亡3例(1.8%),局灶組2例(2.3%);非局灶組發(fā)生心肌梗死7例(4.2%),局灶組3例(3.4%)。非局灶組MACEs發(fā)生率明顯高于局灶組(38.3% vs. 24.1%),TLR明顯高于局灶組(32.3% vs. 18.4%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)(表3)。COX回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),非局灶I(lǐng)SR是TLR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.134,95%CI:1.173~3.884)(表4)。
Kapan-Meier生存曲線顯示,局灶型患者接受第二代DES治療術(shù)后2年內(nèi)TLR生存率高于非局灶型患者(P=0.024)(圖1)。
冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了PTCA、BMS和 DES置入三座里程碑。再狹窄的發(fā)生從BMS時(shí)20%~30%降到DES時(shí)的10%左右。ISR的治療策略包括:?jiǎn)渭兦蚰覕U(kuò)張(POBA)、切割球囊擴(kuò)張(CBA)、再次置入藥物洗脫支架(DES)以及支架內(nèi)放射治療等[14]。但目前最佳的治療策略尚不明確,其中認(rèn)為再次置入DES可以取得更好的效果[15]。隨著第二代DES的問世,使得DES在治療ISR方面優(yōu)勢(shì)更加顯著[3,4]。許多研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)ISR類型可預(yù)測(cè)接受PTCA、BMS、第一代DES以及CABG治療后再次血運(yùn)重建的發(fā)生[5-8]。但目前未見有關(guān)第二代DES治療ISR術(shù)后結(jié)局與ISR類型的相關(guān)性報(bào)道。
研究表明ISR造影類型與后續(xù)再介入治療效果有關(guān)[5-8]。Mehran等[8]于1999年提出ISR的造影分型方法,并發(fā)現(xiàn)根據(jù)ISR類型不同,再次介入治療術(shù)后血運(yùn)重建發(fā)生率不同:Ⅰ型(局灶型,19%),Ⅱ型(彌漫型,35%),Ⅲ型(增生型,50%),Ⅳ型(完全閉塞行,83%)。彌漫型ISR與局灶型ISR比較,新生內(nèi)膜增生更加明顯。另外,彌漫型ISR成功接受介入治療后,TLR發(fā)生率高達(dá)85%[5,7,12,13]。上述研究中治療策略包括PTCA、BMS、第一代DES以及CABG[7]。最近有關(guān)研究表明第二代DES用于治療DES-ISR時(shí),比DES和BMS更加安全有效[3,4]。SPIRIT Ⅲ[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)依維莫司(EES)支架晚期管腔丟失僅0.16 mm,這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于SIRIUS study[17]研究紫杉醇藥物支架(SES)的0.19 mm。另一項(xiàng)研究稱EES支架較其他支架的管壁更薄,其用于治療ISR和小血管病變時(shí),可降低ISR和臨床不良事件的發(fā)生[18]。
本研究中所有患者均接受了再次第二代DES治療。隨訪2年中,非局灶型病變患者和局灶型病變患者TLR發(fā)生率為32.3%和18.4%。本研究首次比較了第二代DES治療不同類型ISR術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果的差異。另外COX回歸分析還發(fā)現(xiàn)非局灶型ISR是再次支架置入術(shù)后TLR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
很多研究已報(bào)道了ISR的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素[19,20]。糖尿病患者新生內(nèi)膜增生顯著、斑塊負(fù)荷重,易發(fā)生血管重塑,已經(jīng)證實(shí)其ISR發(fā)生率明顯增加[19]。這些患者多為彌漫型ISR,另外長(zhǎng)支架(C型病變)、多支架術(shù)后也易發(fā)生彌漫型ISR。本研究中非局灶組長(zhǎng)病變和B2/C型病變比例明顯高于局灶組,與以往研究一致[20,21]。另外先前研究還證實(shí)糖尿病與BMS術(shù)后發(fā)生非局灶型ISR明顯相關(guān)[22]。無(wú)論DES還是BMS,支架術(shù)后最小管腔直徑均是ISR重要的預(yù)測(cè)因子。
本研究提示,第二代DES治療DES-ISR安全有效,但用于治療非局灶型ISR時(shí)MACEs發(fā)生率
高于局灶型ISR。非局灶型ISR是第二代DES治療DES-ISR術(shù)后發(fā)生TLR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
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Comparison in curative effects of second-generation drug-eluting stent in treatment of focal-type and non-focal-type in-stent restenosis
ZHANG Hui-fang*, SONG Hong-yong, ZHAO Lin, ZHOU Jian-jun, GUO Cheng-jun.*Sixth Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China. Corresponding author: SONG Hong-yong, E-mail: byhongyong2007@163.com
ObjectiveTo compared the clinical outcomes of focal-type in-stent restenosis (ISR) and nonfocal-type ISR treated with second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES).MethodsThe patients (n=254, male 201 and female 53) undergone second-generation DES due to DES-ISR were chosen from Jan. 2011 to Mar. 2013. All patients were divided into focal-type ISR group (n=87) and non-focal-type ISR group (n=167) according to the outcomes of angiography. The patients were followed up for 2 y, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization (TLR)] were compared in 2 groups, and risk factors of TLR were analyzed after treatment.ResultsThe percentage of patients with B2/C lesion was significantly higher (69.5% vs. 41.4%), and lesion duration [(25.46±3.38) mm vs. (8.13±2.21) mm] and stent length [(28.59±11.25) mm vs. (19.47±7.09) mm] were higher in non-focal-type ISR group than those in focal-type ISR group (all P<0.01). The incidence of MACE (38.3% vs. 24.1%) was significantly higher and TLR (32.3% vs. 18.4%) was significantly higher in non-focal-type ISR group than those in focal-type ISR group (all P<0.01). COX regression analysis showed that non-focal-type ISR was an independent risk factor of TLR (OR=2.134, 95%CI: 1.173-3.884). Kapan-Meier survival curve showed that the survival rate of TLR was higher in focal-type ISR group than that in non-focal-type ISR group within 2 y after undergone second-generation DES (P=0.024).ConclusionWhen applying second-generation DES for treating DES-ISR, the prognosis is better in patients with focal-type ISR than that in patients with non-focal-type ISR.
Second-generation drug-eluting stent; In-stent restenosis; Focal-type; Non-focal-type; Target lesion revascularization
R816.2
A
1674-4055(2015)05-0659-04
2015-05-14)
(責(zé)任編輯:姚雪莉)
100029 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)六科(張惠芳,趙林,周建軍,郭成軍);中國(guó)人民解放軍第306醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科(宋洪勇)
宋洪勇,E-mail:byhongyong2007@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2015.05.23