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      創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙與衰老*

      2015-01-21 03:17:28董原君張桂青
      關(guān)鍵詞:端粒長(zhǎng)度障礙

      董原君 張桂青

      ①中國(guó).新疆石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院(新疆石河子) 832002 E-mail:ktpdwawj@163.com ②新疆石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院832002 E-mail:firstli@126.com △通訊作者

      人類進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代社會(huì)后,由于眾多錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的原因而引起自然災(zāi)害與人為災(zāi)難頻繁發(fā)生,這些突發(fā)公共事件發(fā)生后,生存環(huán)境的破壞、軀體的傷殘或許在短期內(nèi)能夠得到改善,但由此引發(fā)的心理危機(jī)可能會(huì)給個(gè)體和社會(huì)帶來嚴(yán)重而持久的影響,從而產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激相關(guān)障礙。創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(PTSD)發(fā)病與精神創(chuàng)傷直接相關(guān),在精神疾病最權(quán)威的診斷系統(tǒng)-美國(guó)精神障礙診斷統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)(DSM-5)的疾病分類中是比較獨(dú)特的診斷,從創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的臨床癥狀學(xué)看,患者在不斷的“閃回”中持續(xù)性焦慮、恐懼,并出現(xiàn)高警覺癥狀[1]。

      部分患者最終走向精神殘疾或因無法承受痛苦而自殺,這些表現(xiàn)部分從神經(jīng)免疫研究中尋根得到了相應(yīng)的理論支持。

      PTSD 是個(gè)體遭受威脅或?yàn)?zāi)難性精神創(chuàng)傷,導(dǎo)致延遲出現(xiàn)和長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)的精神障礙[2],現(xiàn)已成人類第四大最常見的精神障礙。在精神心理疾病中,PTSD是最能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果的幾種疾病之一,越來越多的證據(jù)表明,PTSD 可以對(duì)健康產(chǎn)生慢性的不良影響[3-5]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PTSD 與年齡相關(guān)疾病(如心血管疾病、免疫性疾病、神經(jīng)變性疾病)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和早期死亡率增加具有相關(guān)性[6-8]。有證據(jù)表明,持續(xù)的精神應(yīng)激可以促進(jìn)年齡相關(guān)疾病的進(jìn)程及過早死亡的發(fā)生。而端粒與細(xì)胞的衰老,與人的死亡又密切相關(guān)。下面,我們將試著從端粒長(zhǎng)度與細(xì)胞衰老的角度來介紹PTSD 的研究進(jìn)展。

      1 PTSD 與端粒長(zhǎng)度

      端粒最早由Muller 在20 世紀(jì)30年代提出,這個(gè)術(shù)語是由希臘單詞的“末端”(Telos)和“部分”(Meros)組成[9]。端粒是位于染色體末端的一段非編碼性的六聚體重復(fù)序列(TTAGGG),由端粒DNA和端粒蛋白質(zhì)組成,會(huì)隨著每一次細(xì)胞分裂而變短,對(duì)維持染色體的穩(wěn)定和功能有重要作用[10]。在不同的體細(xì)胞,端粒長(zhǎng)度各不相同,但均隨著年齡的增加而逐漸縮短。

      以往的實(shí)驗(yàn)和縱向研究已經(jīng)表明,較短的端粒長(zhǎng)度與疾病的易感性、年齡相關(guān)疾病、早期死亡的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有相關(guān)性[11-13]。目前,端粒在細(xì)胞衰老和許多相關(guān)疾病中的作用已經(jīng)越來越清晰,因此,端粒長(zhǎng)度被認(rèn)為是包括精神疾病在內(nèi)的許多疾病和過早死亡的細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物而被越來越多的重視[14-15]。

      以往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),端粒長(zhǎng)度和性別與年齡[16]、肥胖[17-18]、吸煙與飲酒[19]、高血壓[20]、高脂血癥[21]以及許多慢性疾病如代謝性疾病或癌癥[22-24]均有不同程度的相關(guān)性。當(dāng)前,端粒在疾病和衰老中的作用已經(jīng)成為研究熱點(diǎn)。最新的研究顯示,除了生化刺激(例如氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥),精神創(chuàng)傷性應(yīng)激相關(guān)疾病也與端粒縮短有關(guān)[25-26]。白細(xì)胞端粒縮短已經(jīng)在精神分裂癥[27]、難治性精神分裂癥[28]、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停癥[29]、偏頭痛[30]、輕度認(rèn)知障礙[31]和阿爾茨海默?。?2]中被研究報(bào)道。研究表明,那些患有PTSD、抑郁癥、廣泛性焦慮障礙的患者相對(duì)于一般健康群體,除了長(zhǎng)期的精神心理困擾著他們以外,往往具有更高的慢性疾病患病率和死亡率,如心血管疾病、腦血管疾病、代謝性疾病和癌癥。[33-36]

      在慢性應(yīng)激的個(gè)體,反復(fù)和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)對(duì)于白細(xì)胞端??s短的速度加快是一個(gè)潛在的重要因素。特別是在經(jīng)歷過童年創(chuàng)傷的受試者,其端粒長(zhǎng)度更短。Drury 等[37]的研究第一次將人們?cè)缒甑目嚯y對(duì)端粒長(zhǎng)度的直接影響進(jìn)行量化。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),童年時(shí)經(jīng)歷過嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷的成年人要比沒有此遭遇的人們,更容易擁有較短的端粒[38-39]。Aoife 等人[14]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在排除了基礎(chǔ)身體疾病、藥物使用、肥胖、酗酒和懷孕等混雜因素后,PTSD 患者比對(duì)照組有更短的端粒長(zhǎng)度,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)童年創(chuàng)傷與PTSD患者端粒長(zhǎng)度縮短相關(guān)。擁有更高水平的應(yīng)激激素皮質(zhì)醇和兒茶酚胺的個(gè)人展示出更短的端粒長(zhǎng)度[40]。因此,我們認(rèn)為持續(xù)的精神應(yīng)激可以促進(jìn)年齡相關(guān)疾病的進(jìn)程及過早死亡的發(fā)生,端粒的加速縮短是生活方式和精神應(yīng)激(例如PTSD)的直接反應(yīng)。

      2 PTSD 與細(xì)胞衰老

      PTSD 的應(yīng)激作用是以一種累積增加的方式出現(xiàn),典型的表現(xiàn)是,創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙患者將在病程中持久的通過閃回來重新體驗(yàn)他們的創(chuàng)傷性生活事件。有證據(jù)表明[41-43],端粒長(zhǎng)度顯著縮短需要一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間周期,或者調(diào)節(jié)劑量/反應(yīng)關(guān)系產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的影響來加速端粒長(zhǎng)度的損耗。事實(shí)上,隨時(shí)間接觸到多個(gè)或重復(fù)的應(yīng)激會(huì)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌及免疫介導(dǎo)的一系列改變,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生一系列的不良健康失衡,這個(gè)過程被稱為“適應(yīng)負(fù)荷”(Allostatic Load,AL)[44]。

      “適應(yīng)負(fù)荷”為整個(gè)生命過程中的應(yīng)激積累所帶來的生理改變提供了理論基礎(chǔ)[45]。研究表明,適應(yīng)負(fù)荷越高則生理失調(diào)越廣泛,疾病和過早死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大[46-49]。例如,健康的慢性應(yīng)激個(gè)體(如長(zhǎng)期病患兒童及家庭照顧者癡呆個(gè)體的產(chǎn)婦照顧者)顯示出顯著縮短的白細(xì)胞端粒長(zhǎng)度,相比于年齡匹配的對(duì)照組[26]。而在一項(xiàng)研究中,端粒長(zhǎng)度與照顧的長(zhǎng)期性呈負(fù)相關(guān)(即婦女照顧的應(yīng)激累計(jì)持續(xù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)則端粒的縮短越顯著),在該研究中,兩組間的平均端粒堿基對(duì)(bp)之差,相比于無應(yīng)激婦女大約是加速生物衰老了9~17年[25]。Parks 等人[50]在647名女性患乳腺癌患者的流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),減少的端粒長(zhǎng)度與其對(duì)應(yīng)激的感受相關(guān),特別是在≥55 歲的婦女或有一個(gè)最近的重大損失,或有較高的早晨尿腎上腺素水平婦女。Sibille 等人[51]研究了有或沒有慢性骨關(guān)節(jié)痛的病人,發(fā)現(xiàn)減少的端粒長(zhǎng)度在那些有慢性痛和高應(yīng)激的患者,相比較于對(duì)照組。Malan 等人[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)較短的端粒長(zhǎng)度在被強(qiáng)奸后發(fā)展為PTSD 的婦女中,相比較于沒有發(fā)展為PTSD 的組。

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PTSD 與身體系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)異常相關(guān),而這種調(diào)節(jié)異常與生物學(xué)衰老相關(guān)[53-54]。PTSD 患者端粒長(zhǎng)度縮短的可能機(jī)制是PTSD 伴隨HPA 軸功能失調(diào)所致的炎癥活動(dòng)和增加交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的激活有關(guān)[55-57]。這種炎癥活動(dòng)可能促進(jìn)端??s短是通過增加細(xì)胞更新和促進(jìn)活性氧的釋放(通過氧化應(yīng)激損害端粒DNA)[53,58]。PTSD 患者通常伴有HPA 軸的機(jī)能失調(diào)。增加的交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性和升高的炎癥活性[55-57],這些均使他們端??s短加速。

      最近美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在伊拉克和阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中服役的特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)士兵中患有PTSD 的要比非PTSD 的有更短的端粒[59]。即使控制了年齡混雜因素仍然是這樣,說明細(xì)胞衰老的血液標(biāo)志水平的差異在有PTSD 的和非PTSD 的受試者是有意義的。這些最近的數(shù)據(jù)表明,端粒長(zhǎng)度的分布在PTSD組和非PTSD組是不同的。年齡的影響在PTSD 患者中難以發(fā)覺,是因?yàn)镻TSD 患者已經(jīng)有了端粒的縮短,導(dǎo)致年齡因素所致的縮短較難發(fā)覺。

      3 總結(jié)與展望

      創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙是一種嚴(yán)重的、持久的、并且能夠讓人衰弱的創(chuàng)傷相關(guān)疾病,顯著損害正常功能及生活質(zhì)量,直接或間接對(duì)人的心理產(chǎn)生巨大影響[60]。

      研究顯示,端粒加速變短是生活方式和精神應(yīng)激的直接反應(yīng),所以我們認(rèn)為端粒長(zhǎng)度可能是一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)PTSD 患者衰老的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)記,通過積極的干預(yù)有可能降低PTSD 遠(yuǎn)期年齡相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生率及死亡率。

      以往的研究雖然帶給我們?cè)S多啟示,但我們必須注意到,以往的研究存在的局限性。

      首先,以往的研究多是在人體,盡管心理測(cè)評(píng)數(shù)據(jù)和血液樣品的收集是在同一時(shí)間,但仍有些問題不可避免:①應(yīng)激事件發(fā)生在每一個(gè)人身上是不同的(性質(zhì)不同、時(shí)間不同、強(qiáng)度不同);②每個(gè)人自身情況也不同(年齡、性別、體重、基礎(chǔ)疾病);③研究多為橫斷面研究,缺少縱向研究支持;④隨訪難度大,病員流失問題突出。

      其次,許多已發(fā)表的文章多是基于最初設(shè)計(jì)用于其他目的的研究,是用二次分析方法測(cè)量血庫(kù)標(biāo)本的端粒長(zhǎng)度來研究的,這不利于排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可能會(huì)增大混雜偏倚的影響。

      再次,作為一個(gè)新興的領(lǐng)域,有利于積極成果的發(fā)表偏倚可能夸大這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的顯著性。

      從發(fā)展觀角度看,三級(jí)預(yù)防策略可能逆轉(zhuǎn)疾病的進(jìn)程,積極的應(yīng)對(duì)方式對(duì)保持身心健康有益,而消極的應(yīng)對(duì)方式對(duì)健康有害[61]。研究PTSD 癥狀學(xué)特征與TL 相關(guān)的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制,有利于我們積極臨床干預(yù),降低年齡相關(guān)疾病的人口負(fù)擔(dān),使人們保持健康。因此,探尋PTSD 的發(fā)生發(fā)展規(guī)律和它對(duì)人類健康與疾病的影響機(jī)制是一項(xiàng)緊迫而重要的任務(wù)。

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