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      浙江省產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化的協(xié)調性分析

      2014-09-21 16:53:59沈孝強吳次芳方明
      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年9期
      關鍵詞:人口城鎮(zhèn)化協(xié)調性城市化

      沈孝強 吳次芳 方明

      摘要 產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化是城市化的基本內涵與表現(xiàn),其協(xié)調性關系到城市化的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。運用協(xié)調耦合度模型和重心法分析1999年至2011年浙江省城市化過程中產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化的協(xié)調性與空間均衡性,通過皮爾遜相關性檢驗協(xié)調耦合度的影響因素,結果表明:①研究期全省產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化的協(xié)調耦合度得到持續(xù)提高,由0.54上升至0.76,從中協(xié)調耦合等級發(fā)展為較協(xié)調耦合等級,各市協(xié)調耦合度及其等級都獲得相應提高,但“北高南低,南北分化”的空間差異特征依然顯著;②以2005年為界,前半期全省及省內各市協(xié)調耦合度增速較快,但2005年之后顯著放緩,說明促進各要素協(xié)調非農化的難度在上升;③地區(qū)不平衡未得到有效控制,西北部人口非農化速度領先、東北部產業(yè)非農化較快、中南部土地非農化超前,阻礙了綜合協(xié)調耦合度的提高;④經濟發(fā)展、城鄉(xiāng)居民收入與公共服務水平,就業(yè)結構和土地資源稟賦等是影響產業(yè)、人口與土地協(xié)調非農化的重要因素。今后產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化協(xié)調性的提高將依賴于各要素非農化相互作用和地區(qū)平衡性的改善。東北部地區(qū)需著重推進產業(yè)升級和城鄉(xiāng)一體化建設;西北部地區(qū)提高失業(yè)、住房等社會保障覆蓋面,促進進城農民工市民化;中南部鞏固農業(yè)的同時積極發(fā)展二三產業(yè),增加非農就業(yè),改善公共服務,同時優(yōu)化土地利用管理,控制城市低效蔓延。

      關鍵詞 城市化;產業(yè)非農化;人口城鎮(zhèn)化;土地非農化;協(xié)調性;浙江

      中圖分類號 F291.1 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)09-0129-06

      自上世紀九十年代進入快速城市化進程以來,中國的城市化問題已成為焦點議題[1]。從城市化的本質看,城市化是區(qū)域產業(yè)、人口與資源在市場作用下以城市為主導重新進行空間配置的過程[2],產業(yè)結構調整、人口遷移和地域擴張是城市化的基本內涵與表現(xiàn)[3]。具體而言:經濟發(fā)展是城市化的根本動力,并帶動農村人口向城市流動和城市地域規(guī)模擴張[4];農村人口向城市遷移為城市產業(yè)發(fā)展提供勞動力,充足的廉價勞動力即所謂的人口紅利是我國經濟快速發(fā)展的重要動力[5],而人口非農化超前又會產生城市就業(yè)與貧困問題[6];土地為城市經濟發(fā)展與人口擴張?zhí)峁┛臻g載體,但土地非農化過快將引發(fā)城市低效蔓延、耕地過度占用和環(huán)境問題[7]。產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化過程中任何一環(huán)的脫節(jié),都會阻礙城市健康發(fā)展。相關研究雖有涉及城市化過程中產業(yè)、人口與土地問題,但多是就其中一兩個要素展開研究[8-10],缺乏對三者的綜合分析;或者將產業(yè)、人口和用地作為因子置于城市經濟、社會和開發(fā)強度等更高級系統(tǒng)中[11-12]。這樣雖有利于評價城市發(fā)展的整體協(xié)調性,卻模糊甚至掩蓋了產業(yè)、人口和土地在城市化過程中的關鍵作用與相互關系。浙江省的城市化進程快于全國水平,具有一定指導意義。鑒于此,本文以浙江省為例,以二三產業(yè)增加值占GDP比重、非農人口占地區(qū)總人口比重和城市建成區(qū)面積占土地總面積比重為評價指標,分析城市化過程中三者的協(xié)調性,并分析相關影響因素,為城市化健康發(fā)展提供理論和實踐參考。

      1.3 重心法

      為進一步研究浙江省快速城市化進程中產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化的空間平衡性,引入重心法。利用ArcGIS 的 Mean Center 工具[14]計算全省二三產業(yè)增加值、非農業(yè)人口和城市建成區(qū)面積的地理重心分布,可以直觀地表現(xiàn)出某一方位上是否存在某種要素非農化超前或滯后的現(xiàn)象。如建成區(qū)面積重心轉移的方向,若與二三產業(yè)增加值、非農業(yè)人口重心轉移方向不一致,則說明這一方向上土地的非農化相對超前于產業(yè)和人口非農化,可能存在城市過度蔓延的現(xiàn)象。若三個重心不斷趨近,可以反映出全省產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化在空間分布上是趨向平衡的。

      1.4 數(shù)據來源與處理

      浙江省及各市的二三產業(yè)增加值、地區(qū)國民生產總值,非農業(yè)人口和總人口(農業(yè)人口和非農業(yè)人口之和)來自各省市相應年份的統(tǒng)計年鑒。城市建成區(qū)面積數(shù)據來自1999-2011年《中國城市建設統(tǒng)計年鑒》。其中,有四個數(shù)據做了調整,分別是2005年嘉興市,2003、2005年湖州市及2006年舟山市的建成區(qū)面積。統(tǒng)計年鑒關于2004年、2006年嘉興市建成區(qū)土地面積的數(shù)據分別為139.85和140.32 km2,而2005年為163.09 km2,顯得不可思議。本文將2005年數(shù)據改為前后兩年的中間值。筆者認為,這樣的修改是相對合理的,也是有必要的。其他三個數(shù)據的修改原因和修改方式與上述一致。運用公式(1)對數(shù)據進行標準化處理。

      2 結果與分析

      2.1 浙江省產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化協(xié)調耦合度的時空演化

      由公式(2),浙江省及各地級市1999-2011年城市化進程中產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化的協(xié)調耦合度見表1。

      (3)以2005年為分界,浙江省前半期產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化的協(xié)調耦合度改善速度普遍明顯快于后半期(見表2),后勁不足問題顯現(xiàn)。1999-2005年,浙江省產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化的整體協(xié)調耦合度由0.54增至0.69,增幅為0.15,而2005-2011年增幅為0.07,不足前期一半。各個地級市中,只有寧波和湖州2005年之前和之后

      的D值增量降幅較小,分別相差0.01和0.02,溫州、紹興和金華后半期D值增量為前半期的三分之一左右,舟山、臺州和麗水的增量降幅更大。隨著協(xié)調耦合度絕對量的增大,D值增速降低應屬正?,F(xiàn)象,但多數(shù)城市增量下降過大、過早。如浙江南部五市2005年之后D值仍有十分大的上升空間和必要,而溫州、衢州和臺州2007年之后D值上升趨于停滯,協(xié)調耦合度最低的麗水市在2010年一度出現(xiàn)倒退現(xiàn)象。其他城市協(xié)調耦合度處于相似水平時,上升速度要快得多。反映出,促進浙江省產業(yè)、人口和土地協(xié)調非農化的難度在上升。

      2.2 浙江省非農產業(yè)、人口與建成區(qū)面積的重心轉移

      2.3 產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化協(xié)調耦合度的影響因素

      地區(qū)經濟社會發(fā)展水平和自然資源條件顯著影響城市化狀況[2, 15-16]。本文選取人均GDP、人均財政收入代表地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展水平,人均公共服務支出、第一產業(yè)從業(yè)比例、城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入和農民人均純收入代表社會發(fā)展水平,人均土地面積(浙江省礦產、能源資源匱乏)代表資源稟賦,運用皮爾遜(Pearson)雙尾相關性檢驗,分析與2011年浙江省產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化協(xié)調耦合度的相關性。各因素P值和皮爾遜相關系數(shù)見表3。表中指標都通過了顯著性檢驗,其中代表地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展水平與效率的人均GDP和人均財政收入與產業(yè)、人口、土地非農化協(xié)調耦合度呈高度正相關。經濟發(fā)展會吸引農村人口流向城市,提高人口城鎮(zhèn)化率[14],并在帶動城市用地擴張的同時增加單位土地投入和產出能力[17]。因此,提高經濟發(fā)展水平是促進區(qū)域產業(yè)、人口和土地協(xié)調非農化的基本動力。

      農民人均純收入、城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入和人均公共服務支出等社會因素對城市化三要素的協(xié)調耦合度具有顯著正相關作用,第一產業(yè)占社會總就業(yè)比重與其呈負相關關系。由于浙江省農民兼業(yè)化普遍,農民收入水平越高,一定程度上說明農民非農就業(yè)參與程度越高,非農化傾向越大,同時增強了其向城市遷移的能力。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入高意味著城市對農民具有更大的吸引力,促進人口向城市遷移。人均公共服務支出可以體現(xiàn)地區(qū)社會保障水平和公共服務質量,有利于人口城鎮(zhèn)化。人口城鎮(zhèn)化與經濟發(fā)展存在互為因果的關系[19],二三產業(yè)就業(yè)容量和比例的上升可以保障農民進城就業(yè)與收入,充足的

      勞動力供給又促進了城市經濟發(fā)展和城市土地利用需求與方式的改變。浙北地區(qū)相對南部地區(qū)較高的農民和城鎮(zhèn)居民收入、二三產業(yè)就業(yè)比例和公共服務支出水平更好地促進了產業(yè)、人口和土地的協(xié)調非農化。

      人均土地面積對協(xié)調耦合度具有負相關作用,可能的解釋是良好的土地資源稟賦刺激城市土地低效擴張,而農民擁有較多土地又會牽制其向城市遷移,阻礙人口城市化。如南部的麗水市是浙江省人均土地面積最大的地級市,其2011城市建成區(qū)面積是1999的3.52倍,擴張速度僅次于紹興市,而非農人口僅占總人口17.2%,是浙江省各市中最低的。該市產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化尚處低協(xié)調耦合等級,居全省末位。

      3 結 論

      產業(yè)、人口與土地非農化是城市化的基本內涵,結合運用協(xié)調耦合度模型和重心法,可以有效評價區(qū)域產業(yè)、人口、土地非農化過程的綜合協(xié)調共生性和地區(qū)平衡性。對浙江省的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1999-2011年,研究區(qū)產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化的協(xié)調耦合度得到較快提升,全省由中協(xié)調耦合上升為較協(xié)調耦合等級,說明各要素之間正趨向互促互進、相得益彰的良性有序發(fā)展。各地級市的協(xié)調耦合度都實現(xiàn)了升級,其中嘉興和寧波一躍從中協(xié)調耦合跨入高協(xié)調耦合。但在協(xié)調發(fā)展水平整體提高的同時,地區(qū)差距未得到有效彌合,“北高南低,南北分化”明顯,其中麗水仍處于低協(xié)調耦合狀態(tài),臺州、衢州尚處于中協(xié)調耦合等級;地區(qū)不平衡未得到有效改善,西北部人口非農化速度領先、東北部產業(yè)非農化較快、中南部土地非農化超前,限制綜合協(xié)調耦合度的提高。

      2005年之后,研究區(qū)產業(yè)、人口與土地協(xié)調耦合度提升速度大幅放緩,但特別是在南部諸市和湖州等市,仍有很大的提升空間和必要。協(xié)調耦合度和重心分布狀況及對相關影響因素的分析啟示我們,今后產業(yè)、人口和土地非農化協(xié)調性的提高將依賴于各要素間非農化相互作用和地區(qū)平衡性的改善。具體而言:①對于產業(yè)非農化較快的東北部地區(qū),應加快產業(yè)升級轉型,提高經濟發(fā)展質量,推進城鄉(xiāng)一體化建設,促進城鄉(xiāng)居民共同分享經濟發(fā)展成果;②對于人口非農化領先的西北部地區(qū),優(yōu)先發(fā)展第三產業(yè),增加就業(yè),擴大失業(yè)、住房等社會保障覆蓋面,推進進城農民工的市民化進程;③對于產業(yè)與人口非農化相對滯后、土地非農化超前的中南部地區(qū),在鞏固農業(yè)、提高農業(yè)效益的同時,積極促進二三產業(yè)發(fā)展,增加非農就業(yè),改進公共服務,完善社會保障,吸引農村剩余勞動向城市流動。另一方面,通過規(guī)劃、用途管制等改善土地利用管理,控制城市低效蔓延。

      (編輯:徐天祥)

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      [11]梁紅梅,劉衛(wèi)東,劉會平,等.深圳市土地利用社會經濟效益與生態(tài)環(huán)境效益的耦合關系研究[J]. 地理科學,2008,28(5):636-641. [Liang Hongmei, Liu Weidong, Liu Huiping, et al. Coupling Relationship between Socioeconomy Benefits and Ecoenvironment Benefits of Land Use in Shenzhen City [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2008, 28(5):636-641.]

      [12]曹文莉,張小林,潘義勇,等.發(fā)達地區(qū)人口、土地與經濟城鎮(zhèn)化協(xié)調發(fā)展度研究[J]. 中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,(2):141-146. [Cao Wenli, Zhang Xiaolin, Pan Yiyong, et al. Coordinate Development among Population, Land and Economy Urbanization in Developed Area: The Case of Jiangsu Province [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012,(2):141-146.]

      [13]Valerie I. The Penguin Dictionary of Physics[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1996: 92-93.

      [14]Suzanne M, Chihwa K. A Residualbased Test of the Null of Cointegration in Panel Data [J]. Econometric Reviews, 1998, 17(1):57-84.

      [15]Tao R, Xu Z G. Urbanization, Rural Land System and Social Security for Migrants in China [J]. Journal of Development Studies, 2007, 43(7):1301-1320.

      [16]Domene E, Sauri D, Pares M. Urbanization and Sustainable Resource Use: The Case of Garden Watering in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona [J]. Urban Geography, 2005, 26(6):520-535.

      [17]曹廣忠,白曉.中國城鎮(zhèn)建設用地經濟密度的區(qū)位差異及影響因素:基于273個地級及以上城市的分析[J]. 中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2010,20(2):12-18.[Cao Guangzhong, Bai Xiao. On the Location Difference and Influencing Factors of the Economic Density of Urban Construction Land in China: Evidence from 273 Prefecturelevel Cities [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010, 20(2):12-18.]

      [18]宋偉,陳百明,張英.中國村莊宅基地空心化評價及其影響因素[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28. [Song Wei, Chen Baiming, Zhang Ying. Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Villagehollowing of Rural Housing Land in China [J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(1):20-28. ]

      [19]Lewis W A. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor [J]. The Manchester School, 1954, 22(2):139-191.

      Abstract Deagriculturalization of industry, population and land use is the major connotation and outward manifestation of urbanization. And whether the nonagricultural process of the three key elements is well coordinated is Vitally important to the sustainability of urbanization. This paper quantitatively evaluated the coordinated coupling degree and special nonagricultural balance of the industry, population and land use in Zhejiang Province from 1999 to 2011 by using coordinated coupling model and centroid method, and analyzed the affecting factors through Pearson correlation test. The results indicate that: ① the coordinated coupling degree (CCD) of industry, population and land use deagriculturalization had achieved continuous improvement in Zhejiang which increased from 0.54 to 0.76 and entered a higher level, while an obvious gap existed between north Zhejiang and the south presenting a feature of “high north and low south”. ② After 2005, the improving velocity of CCD had slowed down sharply, implicating the increasing difficulty of promoting the coordination of the three elements during nonagricultural process. ③ Regional imbalance hadnt been effectively controlled. Specifically, northwestern Zhejiang is the fastest in population urbanization, and the northeast is the fastest area in industry deagriculturalization, while land use conversion in middle and southern Zhejiang is apparently in advance. The resisting spatial mismatch was playing a negative role in harmonious urbanization. ④ The levels of economy, resident income and public services, employment structure and land resource endowment are significant correlative factors to CCD. The further promotion of CCD relies on ameliorating the interactions among the elements of urbanization and the spatial balance. Specifically, the northeastern Zhejiang needs to focus on industrial updating and urbanrural integration, while northwest on the social security coverage and citizenization of migrant workers. For the middle and southern regions, apart from developing agriculture, more attention should be paid to expand secondary and tertiary industries, raise the standard of public services to absorb rural surplus labors, Optimize land use administration for urban sprawl control.

      Key words urbanization; industrial deagriculturalization; population urbanization; land use conversion; coordination; Zhejiang Province

      [17]曹廣忠,白曉.中國城鎮(zhèn)建設用地經濟密度的區(qū)位差異及影響因素:基于273個地級及以上城市的分析[J]. 中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2010,20(2):12-18.[Cao Guangzhong, Bai Xiao. On the Location Difference and Influencing Factors of the Economic Density of Urban Construction Land in China: Evidence from 273 Prefecturelevel Cities [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010, 20(2):12-18.]

      [18]宋偉,陳百明,張英.中國村莊宅基地空心化評價及其影響因素[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28. [Song Wei, Chen Baiming, Zhang Ying. Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Villagehollowing of Rural Housing Land in China [J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(1):20-28. ]

      [19]Lewis W A. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor [J]. The Manchester School, 1954, 22(2):139-191.

      Abstract Deagriculturalization of industry, population and land use is the major connotation and outward manifestation of urbanization. And whether the nonagricultural process of the three key elements is well coordinated is Vitally important to the sustainability of urbanization. This paper quantitatively evaluated the coordinated coupling degree and special nonagricultural balance of the industry, population and land use in Zhejiang Province from 1999 to 2011 by using coordinated coupling model and centroid method, and analyzed the affecting factors through Pearson correlation test. The results indicate that: ① the coordinated coupling degree (CCD) of industry, population and land use deagriculturalization had achieved continuous improvement in Zhejiang which increased from 0.54 to 0.76 and entered a higher level, while an obvious gap existed between north Zhejiang and the south presenting a feature of “high north and low south”. ② After 2005, the improving velocity of CCD had slowed down sharply, implicating the increasing difficulty of promoting the coordination of the three elements during nonagricultural process. ③ Regional imbalance hadnt been effectively controlled. Specifically, northwestern Zhejiang is the fastest in population urbanization, and the northeast is the fastest area in industry deagriculturalization, while land use conversion in middle and southern Zhejiang is apparently in advance. The resisting spatial mismatch was playing a negative role in harmonious urbanization. ④ The levels of economy, resident income and public services, employment structure and land resource endowment are significant correlative factors to CCD. The further promotion of CCD relies on ameliorating the interactions among the elements of urbanization and the spatial balance. Specifically, the northeastern Zhejiang needs to focus on industrial updating and urbanrural integration, while northwest on the social security coverage and citizenization of migrant workers. For the middle and southern regions, apart from developing agriculture, more attention should be paid to expand secondary and tertiary industries, raise the standard of public services to absorb rural surplus labors, Optimize land use administration for urban sprawl control.

      Key words urbanization; industrial deagriculturalization; population urbanization; land use conversion; coordination; Zhejiang Province

      [17]曹廣忠,白曉.中國城鎮(zhèn)建設用地經濟密度的區(qū)位差異及影響因素:基于273個地級及以上城市的分析[J]. 中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2010,20(2):12-18.[Cao Guangzhong, Bai Xiao. On the Location Difference and Influencing Factors of the Economic Density of Urban Construction Land in China: Evidence from 273 Prefecturelevel Cities [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010, 20(2):12-18.]

      [18]宋偉,陳百明,張英.中國村莊宅基地空心化評價及其影響因素[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28. [Song Wei, Chen Baiming, Zhang Ying. Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Villagehollowing of Rural Housing Land in China [J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(1):20-28. ]

      [19]Lewis W A. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor [J]. The Manchester School, 1954, 22(2):139-191.

      Abstract Deagriculturalization of industry, population and land use is the major connotation and outward manifestation of urbanization. And whether the nonagricultural process of the three key elements is well coordinated is Vitally important to the sustainability of urbanization. This paper quantitatively evaluated the coordinated coupling degree and special nonagricultural balance of the industry, population and land use in Zhejiang Province from 1999 to 2011 by using coordinated coupling model and centroid method, and analyzed the affecting factors through Pearson correlation test. The results indicate that: ① the coordinated coupling degree (CCD) of industry, population and land use deagriculturalization had achieved continuous improvement in Zhejiang which increased from 0.54 to 0.76 and entered a higher level, while an obvious gap existed between north Zhejiang and the south presenting a feature of “high north and low south”. ② After 2005, the improving velocity of CCD had slowed down sharply, implicating the increasing difficulty of promoting the coordination of the three elements during nonagricultural process. ③ Regional imbalance hadnt been effectively controlled. Specifically, northwestern Zhejiang is the fastest in population urbanization, and the northeast is the fastest area in industry deagriculturalization, while land use conversion in middle and southern Zhejiang is apparently in advance. The resisting spatial mismatch was playing a negative role in harmonious urbanization. ④ The levels of economy, resident income and public services, employment structure and land resource endowment are significant correlative factors to CCD. The further promotion of CCD relies on ameliorating the interactions among the elements of urbanization and the spatial balance. Specifically, the northeastern Zhejiang needs to focus on industrial updating and urbanrural integration, while northwest on the social security coverage and citizenization of migrant workers. For the middle and southern regions, apart from developing agriculture, more attention should be paid to expand secondary and tertiary industries, raise the standard of public services to absorb rural surplus labors, Optimize land use administration for urban sprawl control.

      Key words urbanization; industrial deagriculturalization; population urbanization; land use conversion; coordination; Zhejiang Province

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