• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      近十年來中國(guó)糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)水土資源利用的影響分析

      2014-09-21 18:59:35李天祥朱晶
      關(guān)鍵詞:水土資源結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整糧食安全

      李天祥 朱晶

      摘要 2004-2013年中國(guó)糧食實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)十年增產(chǎn)。糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、高產(chǎn)作物對(duì)低產(chǎn)作物的種植替代,成為促進(jìn)糧食持續(xù)增產(chǎn)不可忽視的重要因素。然而,由于不同糧食作物單位產(chǎn)量的耗水和耗地程度不同,在推動(dòng)糧食總產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí),這種結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整也會(huì)影響我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)的水土資源消耗。本文系統(tǒng)測(cè)算了糧食“十連增”對(duì)我國(guó)水土資源利用的影響,并重點(diǎn)討論了糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在其中所發(fā)揮的作用。結(jié)果表明,過去十年來,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整共為我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)節(jié)省了10 150萬畝的播種面積和310.6億m3的水資源消耗。分區(qū)域來看,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在東北、華北、華中、西南和西北地區(qū)發(fā)揮了較好的“節(jié)地又節(jié)水”作用,但在東南地區(qū)則體現(xiàn)為“節(jié)地但耗水”。糧食生產(chǎn)重心北移,北方高產(chǎn)但單位質(zhì)量耗水量相對(duì)較低的玉米等糧食作物播種面積和比例的持續(xù)擴(kuò)大,除推動(dòng)全國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)量增加以外,也一定程度緩解了北方地區(qū)水資源消耗的負(fù)擔(dān)。但盡管如此,糧食“十連增”總體上仍進(jìn)一步加劇了全國(guó)水土資源短缺的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)。未來水土資源的剛性約束,使得我國(guó)糧食增產(chǎn)的壓力持續(xù)擴(kuò)大,且面臨巨大的生態(tài)環(huán)境成本;而糧食生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的深入則會(huì)加劇不同糧食作物間供求不平衡的矛盾,同時(shí)也面臨著國(guó)際市場(chǎng)貿(mào)易環(huán)境變化及國(guó)內(nèi)外糧價(jià)相互傳導(dǎo)所帶來的諸多不確定性,因此,今后依靠結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)糧食增產(chǎn)且發(fā)揮節(jié)地節(jié)水作用的空間將會(huì)十分有限。綜合來看,為實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)糧食總量安全與結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,一方面應(yīng)當(dāng)立足國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn),提高水土資源的利用效率,挖掘低產(chǎn)糧食作物的單產(chǎn)潛力;另一方面也應(yīng)考慮適度利用國(guó)際糧食市場(chǎng),調(diào)劑與平衡國(guó)內(nèi)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供需,以更好地保障國(guó)家糧食安全。

      關(guān)鍵詞 糧食增產(chǎn);結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整;水土資源;資源消耗;糧食安全

      中圖分類號(hào) F326.1;X24 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)09-0096-07

      2004-2013年我國(guó)糧食實(shí)現(xiàn)“十連增”。糧食總產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí),生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了較大變化:高產(chǎn)的玉米、稻谷播種比重不斷提高,相對(duì)低產(chǎn)的大豆、小麥及薯類等其它糧食作物種植比例持續(xù)下降,這種糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整為我國(guó)糧食持續(xù)增產(chǎn)發(fā)揮了重要的作用[1-2]。然而,由于不同糧食作物單位產(chǎn)量的耗水和耗地程度不同,在推動(dòng)糧食總產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí),糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整勢(shì)必也會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)的水土資源消耗產(chǎn)生影響。那么,糧食“十連增”對(duì)我國(guó)水土資源利用的影響到底如何?結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整究竟在其中發(fā)揮了怎樣的作用?進(jìn)一步地,考慮到我國(guó)不同地區(qū)水土資源稟賦不同、糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整情況各異,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)不同地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)水土資源消耗的影響有何差別?是否與各地區(qū)的水土資源稟賦特征相適應(yīng)?本文嘗試構(gòu)建一個(gè)分析框架,對(duì)上述問題進(jìn)行討論,以期能夠?yàn)檎_地認(rèn)識(shí)我國(guó)糧食“十連增”,及判斷今后的糧食增產(chǎn)前景和保障國(guó)家糧食安全的方式選擇提供參考。

      1 我國(guó)水土資源的空間分布與近十年來糧食產(chǎn)量及生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)變化

      1.1 我國(guó)水土資源的空間分布與近十年來糧食產(chǎn)量變化

      水土資源是人類賴以生產(chǎn)與生活的基本資料。我國(guó)是一個(gè)水土資源相對(duì)短缺的國(guó)家,人均水土資源占有量分別僅相當(dāng)于世界平均水平的28%和40%[3-4]。同時(shí),全國(guó)水土資源的空間分布不均,水土資源匹配嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)位,北方耕地面積占全國(guó)耕地面積的3/5,而水資源量?jī)H占全國(guó)的1/ 5;土地資源集中的華北和東北地區(qū),廣義農(nóng)業(yè)水資源占有量?jī)H為5 006 m3 /hm2和4 341 m3 /hm2,遠(yuǎn)低于全國(guó)平均值[5-6]。

      盡管水土資源條件不容樂觀,然而受“人努力、天幫忙”等一系列因素的影響,2004-2013年我國(guó)糧食仍然取得了“十連增”,10年共增產(chǎn)17 123萬t,增長(zhǎng)39.8%,年均增速高達(dá)3.4%。

      根據(jù)我國(guó)農(nóng)作物的區(qū)域種植特點(diǎn),本文將全國(guó)31個(gè)省(市)區(qū)分成以下6大區(qū)域:東北地區(qū),包括黑龍江、吉林、遼寧及內(nèi)蒙古;東南地區(qū),包括上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、廣東、海南;華北地區(qū),包括北京、天津、河北、山西、山東、河南;華中地區(qū),包括安徽、江西、湖北、湖南;西南地區(qū),包括重慶、四川、貴州、云南、廣西、西藏;西北地區(qū),包括陜西、甘肅、青海、寧夏、新疆。

      其中,東北地區(qū)糧食增產(chǎn)幅度最大,對(duì)全國(guó)糧食增產(chǎn)的貢獻(xiàn)高達(dá)40.3%;華北、華中、西北地區(qū)的糧食增產(chǎn)貢獻(xiàn)分別為27.2%、16.3%和7.7%;而東南和西南地區(qū)的增產(chǎn)貢獻(xiàn)則均為4.3%。整體來看,全國(guó)糧食增產(chǎn)主要發(fā)生在地多水少的北方地區(qū),且糧食生產(chǎn)呈現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步向北方地區(qū)集中的趨勢(shì)。

      1.2 近十年來全國(guó)糧食種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整及其地區(qū)差異

      糧食總產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí),我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了較為明顯的變化,糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整主要體現(xiàn)為玉米、稻谷對(duì)小麥、大豆及薯類等其它糧食作物的種植替代。2003-2012年全國(guó)玉米、稻谷的播種面積分別擴(kuò)大了16 443和5 444萬畝,占糧食總播種面積的比重各自上升了7.3和0.4個(gè)百分點(diǎn);小麥的播種面積雖有所提高,但增長(zhǎng)速度低于糧食總播種面積的平均增速,導(dǎo)致其在糧食總播種面積中的占比略有下降;而大豆、薯類等其它糧食作物的播種面積則逐年降低,共減少7 601萬畝,占糧食總播種面積的比例降低了7.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

      分區(qū)域來看,各地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)均發(fā)生了較大的改變,糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在替代方式和替代程度上也存在較大的不同。其中,東北、華北地區(qū)糧食內(nèi)部種植調(diào)整以稻谷、玉米對(duì)大豆和其它糧食作物的替代為主,小麥播種比例較為穩(wěn)定。尤其在東北地區(qū)這種替代關(guān)系最為明顯:2003-2012年,東北玉米和稻谷播種面積占糧食總播種面積的比重分別提高了13.5和5.4個(gè)百分點(diǎn),各自比全國(guó)平均水平高出6.2和5.0個(gè)百分點(diǎn);而大豆和其它糧食作物播種比例則累計(jì)減少11.0和8.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn),顯著高于全國(guó)的平均降幅。華中地區(qū)除了稻谷、玉米對(duì)大豆、薯類及其它糧食作物的替代以外,小麥的播種比重也有所提高。而西南和西北地區(qū)糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整則體現(xiàn)為玉米播種比例上升、所有其它糧食作物種植比重下降;東南地區(qū)稻谷和玉米播種比例相對(duì)較為穩(wěn)定,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整以小麥對(duì)大豆及薯類等其它糧食作物的種植替代為主,但從調(diào)整幅度來看,該區(qū)作物調(diào)增和調(diào)減的比例并不太大。

      總體而言,“十連增”期間我國(guó)糧食種植結(jié)構(gòu)變化體現(xiàn)出了較為明顯的高產(chǎn)作物替代低產(chǎn)作物的趨勢(shì),且不同地區(qū)糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在調(diào)整方式和程度上存在較大的差別。這種糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整可以在不增加額外播種面積壓力的情況下,通過改變糧食種植結(jié)構(gòu)而提高糧食的加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn),進(jìn)而成為推動(dòng)全國(guó)糧食增產(chǎn)的一個(gè)重要影響因素[1]。然而,糧食生產(chǎn)需要密集的消耗水土資源,而不同糧食作物單位質(zhì)量的耗地和耗水程度不同。

      各糧食作物單位質(zhì)量耗地量以其單位面積產(chǎn)量的倒數(shù)來表示,我國(guó)主要糧食作物單位質(zhì)量耗地量大小的排序依次是:大豆>其它(含薯類)>小麥>玉米>稻谷。我國(guó)主要糧食作物單位質(zhì)量耗水量大小的排序依次是:大豆>稻谷>其它(含薯類)>小麥>玉米[7-8]。

      大豆、薯類等調(diào)減作物單位質(zhì)量的耗地與耗水量顯著高于玉米等調(diào)增作物,那么,糧食“十連增”及糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)水土資源消耗的影響到底如何?對(duì)各地區(qū)的水土資源消耗的影響有何差異?建立一個(gè)合適的分析框架,對(duì)上述問題進(jìn)行深入討論,無疑具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

      2 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水土資源消耗的影響測(cè)度:思路與方法

      2.1 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)糧食生產(chǎn)土地資源消耗的影響測(cè)度

      由于不同糧食作物之間往往存在著“單產(chǎn)差”(單產(chǎn)的倒數(shù)之差即為“耗地差”),因而糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整可以在不增加額外播種面積壓力的情況下,通過改變糧食種植結(jié)構(gòu),比如增加或者減少相對(duì)高產(chǎn)作物的播種比例來影響糧食的加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn),進(jìn)而影響糧食總產(chǎn)量,并相對(duì)地“節(jié)省”或者“增加”糧食生產(chǎn)過程中的土地資源消耗。測(cè)算結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)土地資源消耗的影響,可以用無結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整情形下,即保持各糧食作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)比例不變時(shí),為獲得相同的糧食總產(chǎn)量應(yīng)當(dāng)投入的糧食播種面積,與實(shí)際中已經(jīng)發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整情形下的糧食播種面積之間的差值來表示。如果兩者之差大于0,則表明結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整相對(duì)“節(jié)省”了土地資源;反之,則表明結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整相對(duì)“增加”了糧食生產(chǎn)的土地資源消耗。具體而言,測(cè)算方法如下:

      遵循上述思路,本文測(cè)算結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)整體及各地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的影響,主要包含如下四個(gè)步驟:①以孫才志等[7-8]所估算的全國(guó)及分?。ㄊ校┲饕r(nóng)產(chǎn)品單位質(zhì)量虛擬水含量數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合當(dāng)年全國(guó)及各省(市)主要糧食作物單位面積產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù),分別計(jì)算得到全國(guó)及分?。ㄊ校┎煌Z食作物的單位面積耗水量;②分別以有結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整與無結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整情形下各糧食作物的種植結(jié)構(gòu)比例為權(quán)重,加總得到兩種情形下各自的糧食單位面積加權(quán)平均耗水量;③結(jié)合兩種情形下的糧食單位面積加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)算得到糧食單位質(zhì)量的加權(quán)平均耗水量;④以糧食單位質(zhì)量加權(quán)平均耗水量乘以對(duì)應(yīng)年份的糧食總產(chǎn)量,即可計(jì)算出當(dāng)年糧食生產(chǎn)的總耗水量;比較有結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和無結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整情況下的耗水量,便可得出結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的影響。

      3 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水土資源消耗的影響測(cè)度:結(jié)果與分析

      依據(jù)以上測(cè)算思路及方法,本文分別從全國(guó)與區(qū)域兩個(gè)層面,測(cè)算了糧食“十連增”及糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)水土資源利用的影響。具體結(jié)果如下:

      3.1 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)土地資源消耗的影響

      3.1.1 對(duì)全國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)土地資源消耗的影響

      “十連增”期間糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、高產(chǎn)作物對(duì)低產(chǎn)作物的種植替代,一定程度上提高了我國(guó)糧食單位面積的加權(quán)平均產(chǎn)量,使得與無結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整情形相比,在獲得相同產(chǎn)量時(shí),結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整發(fā)揮了較好地節(jié)約土地投入量的作用(見表1)。2003-2012年,糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整為我國(guó)相對(duì)節(jié)省了約10 150萬畝的糧食播種面積,占同期全國(guó)糧食播種面積增加總量的57.4%。分年份來看,除個(gè)別年份以外,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)近十年來我國(guó)各年度的糧食加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn)均有一定的提升作用,相對(duì)節(jié)省糧食播種面積的數(shù)量基本都在500萬畝以上,節(jié)約部分占當(dāng)年全國(guó)糧食播種面積實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)量的比例均超過15%,其中2006和2012年,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整分別為我國(guó)節(jié)省糧食播種面積1 480和1 320萬畝,各相當(dāng)于當(dāng)年糧食播種面積增長(zhǎng)總量的145.2%和139.7%。結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在不增加額外播種面積壓力的情況下,通過提高糧食加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn),較好地發(fā)揮了“節(jié)地”功能。

      3.1.2 對(duì)各地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)土地資源消耗的影響

      由于全國(guó)各地區(qū)糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在調(diào)整方式

      和調(diào)整程度上存在較大的差別,導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)各地區(qū)糧食加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn)提升的貢獻(xiàn)作用各異,為各區(qū)域相對(duì)節(jié)省的糧食播種面積數(shù)量也存在較大的不同(見表2)。具體而言,東北地區(qū)是全國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整“節(jié)地”作用最為顯著的區(qū)域,2003-2012年因結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整相對(duì)節(jié)省播種面積6 310萬畝,占結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整節(jié)約全國(guó)糧食播種面積總量的62.2%;華北和華中地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的“節(jié)地”作用也比較明顯,分別節(jié)省糧食播種面積1 810和1 140萬畝,占到當(dāng)年結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整節(jié)省全國(guó)糧食播種面積總量的17.8%和11.2%;而在西北、西南和東南地區(qū),盡管結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整也一定程度上起到了節(jié)省土地資源的作用,但節(jié)約數(shù)量相對(duì)較小,占全國(guó)整體的比重較為有限。

      3.2 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)全國(guó)及分地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的影響

      3.2.1 對(duì)全國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的影響

      持同樣的產(chǎn)量不變,如果不存在結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的話,則2012年糧食生產(chǎn)每t需要耗水1 234.1 m3,總耗水量將達(dá)到7 276.1億m3,比有結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的情形高出310.6億m3,占到“十連增”期間全國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)耗水增加總量的約20.2%(見表3)。糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在相對(duì)節(jié)省了糧食生產(chǎn)的土地資源消耗的同時(shí),也較大幅度地節(jié)約了水資源消耗。

      從結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)全國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗影響的年際變化情況來看,除個(gè)別年份結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整相對(duì)增加了水資源消耗以外,絕大部分年份中結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整均有效地節(jié)約了糧食生產(chǎn)的水資源使用量(見表3),其中2006、2007和2009年結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整分別為節(jié)約水資源96.1、29.3和17.7億m3,分別占到當(dāng)年糧食生產(chǎn)實(shí)際耗水增加量的97.6%、227.1%和54.8%;其他年份結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整節(jié)省水資源消耗的作用也很明顯,占當(dāng)年糧食生產(chǎn)實(shí)際水資源消耗增加量的比重基本都在15%以上。

      3.2.2 對(duì)各地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的影響

      盡管由于糧食產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng),各地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)的水資源消耗總量均有一定程度的增加,但除東南地區(qū)以外,在維持糧食總產(chǎn)量不變的條件下,糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)其他五大地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的增加均有一定程度的抵消作用(見表4)。其中東北地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的節(jié)水作用最為顯著,2003-2012年為該區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)節(jié)約用水219.7億m3,占到結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)全國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)耗水節(jié)約總量的70.7%;華北、西北、西南地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的節(jié)約用水?dāng)?shù)量也比較大,占結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整全國(guó)節(jié)水總量的比例分別為13.3%、9.6%和5.5%;而華中地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的節(jié)水作用相對(duì)較小,僅為5.8億m3,占結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整全國(guó)節(jié)水總量的比重十分有限。東南地區(qū)是全國(guó)唯一的因結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整而使得糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗進(jìn)一步增加的區(qū)域,這可能與該區(qū)主要調(diào)增的品種是單位質(zhì)量耗水量相對(duì)較高的水稻和小麥有關(guān)?!笆B增”期間該區(qū)在糧食總播種面積減少的情況下,水稻和小麥的播種面積卻擴(kuò)大了704萬畝。水稻和小麥的調(diào)增雖然有利于提升該區(qū)的糧食加權(quán)平均單產(chǎn),從而推動(dòng)糧食總產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng),但同時(shí)也一定程度上加劇了該區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)水資源消耗的壓力。

      4 結(jié)論與討論

      4.1 主要結(jié)論

      本文從全國(guó)和區(qū)域兩個(gè)層面,系統(tǒng)測(cè)算了糧食“十連增”及糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水土資源消耗的貢獻(xiàn),研究得出如下結(jié)論:

      (1)從全國(guó)整體來看,“十連增”期間糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、高產(chǎn)作物對(duì)低產(chǎn)作物的種植替代,在有利推動(dòng)我國(guó)糧食增產(chǎn),相對(duì)“節(jié)省”糧食生產(chǎn)的土地資源消耗的同時(shí),也一定程度上起到了節(jié)約水資源消耗的作用。2003-2012年,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整為我國(guó)節(jié)省了約10 150萬畝的播種面積和310.6億m3的水資源消耗,分別占到了同期全國(guó)糧食播種面積和水資源消耗實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)總量的57.4%和20.2%。

      (2)分區(qū)域來看,除東南地區(qū)以外,糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整在全國(guó)其他地區(qū)都發(fā)揮了較好的“節(jié)地又節(jié)水”作用,而在東南地區(qū)則表現(xiàn)為“節(jié)地但耗水”??傮w來看,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的“節(jié)地”和“節(jié)水”作用在北方地區(qū)表現(xiàn)的最為明顯,東北、華北、西北地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整節(jié)約的水土資源數(shù)量均占到結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整對(duì)全國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水土資源消耗節(jié)約總量的90%左右。

      (3)考慮到我國(guó)水土資源空間分布嚴(yán)重不均、互不匹配的特點(diǎn),南方水多地少、北方水少地多,糧食生產(chǎn)重心北移、北方地區(qū)糧食產(chǎn)量快速增長(zhǎng),盡管在推動(dòng)該區(qū)土地利用效率提高的同時(shí),進(jìn)一步加劇了北方水資源短缺的矛盾[8-9];但從糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的角度來看,單位面積產(chǎn)量相對(duì)較高而單位質(zhì)量耗水量相對(duì)較低的玉米等糧食作物播種面積和比例的持續(xù)擴(kuò)大,不僅有利于全國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng),而且也一定程度發(fā)揮了節(jié)水作用,減緩了糧食增產(chǎn)所帶來的水資源消耗負(fù)擔(dān)。

      4.2 進(jìn)一步的討論

      未來來看,水土資源作為基礎(chǔ)性自然資源和戰(zhàn)略性經(jīng)濟(jì)資源,將成為制約我國(guó)糧食安全的剛性約束因素[10],糧食增產(chǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的空間也將很大程度上受到水土資源條件的限制。盡管“十連增”期間依靠糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,一定程度上起到了相對(duì)節(jié)約水土資源的作用,但整體而言,由于糧食總產(chǎn)量的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),近十年來我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)水土資源消耗總量仍在不斷上升,糧食“十連增”進(jìn)一步加劇了全國(guó)水土資源短缺的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)。同時(shí),糧食增產(chǎn)的生態(tài)環(huán)境成本越來越高,部分糧食主產(chǎn)省區(qū)化肥、農(nóng)藥的大量使用已經(jīng)造成了嚴(yán)重的農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染,片面追求高產(chǎn)使得當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境和資源承載面臨巨大的壓力,今后維持我國(guó)糧食持續(xù)增產(chǎn)的難度將會(huì)越來越大。

      此外,雖然糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整有力推動(dòng)了全國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng),但隨著近年來結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的不斷深入,我國(guó)不同糧食作物供需結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡的矛盾日益凸顯。高產(chǎn)的玉米替代低產(chǎn)的大豆,盡管有利于更好地滿足國(guó)內(nèi)快速上漲的飼料用糧需求,維持較高的谷物自給水平;但卻進(jìn)一步加大了油料作物,特別是大豆,國(guó)內(nèi)供應(yīng)自我保障的難度。同時(shí),國(guó)際市場(chǎng)貿(mào)易環(huán)境的變化及國(guó)內(nèi)外糧價(jià)相互傳導(dǎo),也為進(jìn)一步糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整增添了不確定性[1]。綜合來看,未來糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整將面臨諸多限制,試圖依靠結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)糧食增產(chǎn)且發(fā)揮節(jié)地節(jié)水作用的空間將會(huì)十分有限。

      因此,今后為實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)糧食總量安全與結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,一方面應(yīng)當(dāng)立足國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn),提高水土資源的利用效率,挖掘低產(chǎn)糧食作物的單產(chǎn)潛力,重視節(jié)水技術(shù)的開發(fā)及應(yīng)用;另一方面也應(yīng)考慮適度利用國(guó)際糧食市場(chǎng),調(diào)劑與平衡國(guó)內(nèi)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供需,以更好地保障國(guó)家糧食安全。

      (編輯:劉呈慶)

      參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

      [1]朱晶,李天祥,林大燕,等.“九連增”后的思考:糧食內(nèi)部種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的貢獻(xiàn)及未來潛力分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題,2013,(11):36-43. [Zhu Jing, Li Tianxiang, Lin Dayan, et al. Analysis on Chinas Nineyear Consecutive Grain Production Growth: Contribution and Future Potential of Intercrop Structural Adjustment [J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2013, (11): 36-43. ]

      [2]陳勁松.2012年中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)分析與2013年展望[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2013,(2):4-11. [Chen Jinsong. An Analysis of Chinas Rural Economic Situation in 2012 and Outlook for 2013 [J].Chinese Rural Economy, 2013, (2): 4-11.]

      [3]Cater C A, Zhong F, Zhu J. Advances in Chinese Agriculture and Its Global Implication [J]. Applied Economic Perspective and Policy, 2012, 34(1):1-36.

      [4]FAO, OECD. Agricultural Outlook 2013-2022: Highlights[R].Roman: FAO, 2013.

      [5]劉彥隨,吳傳鈞.中國(guó)水土資源態(tài)勢(shì)與可持續(xù)食物安全[J]. 自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2002,17(3):270-275.[Liu Yansui, Wu Chuanjun. Situation of Landwater Resources and Analysis of Sustainable Food Security in China [J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2002, 17(3):270-275. ]

      [6]李祥妹,周龍春.基于要素成本核算的水資源管理研究[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22(12):39-45. [Li Xiangmei, Zhou Longchun.Water Management Research Based on Factor Cost Accounting[J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012, 22(12): 39-45. ]

      [7]孫才志,張蕾.中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品虛擬水-耕地資源區(qū)域時(shí)空差異演變[J].資源科學(xué),2009,31(1):84-93.[Sun Caizhi, Zhang Lei. Changes in Spatial and Temporal Differences of Agricultural Product Virtual Water Versus Cultivated land in China [J].Resource Science, 2009, 31(1):84-93.]

      [8]孫才志,劉玉玉,張蕾.中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品虛擬水與資源環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)要素的時(shí)空匹配分析[J].資源科學(xué),2010,32(3):512-519. [Sun Caizhi, Liu Yuyu, Zhang Lei. Analysis on the Spatialtemporal Matching of Crops Virtual Water Versus Resourcesenvironmenteconomy Factors in China [J].Resource Science, 2010, 32(3):512-519.]

      [9]劉寶勤.我國(guó)糧食虛擬水流動(dòng)空間格局及其調(diào)控政策[J].水利發(fā)展研究,2010,(2):16-20. [Liu Baoqin. Spatial Patterns of Chinas Virtual Water Flow for Food Crops and Its Policy Implications [J].Water Resources Development Research, 2010, (2): 16-20. ]

      [10]王浩,楊貴羽,楊朝暉.水土資源約束下保障糧食安全的戰(zhàn)略思考[J].中國(guó)科學(xué)院院刊,2013,28(3):329-336. [Wang Hao,Yang Guiyu, Yang Zhaohui. Thinking of Agricultural Development in China Based on Regional Water Resources and Land Cultivation [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 28(3): 329-336. ]

      Abstract China has achieved a tenyear consecutive grain production growth from the year 2004 to 2013. Structural adjustment among grain crops with high yielding crops replacing lowyielding ones is an important factor contributing to the output growth. Given the fact that different crops require different amounts of water and land in their production, the structural adjustment can have significant impacts on both crop yield and the usage of production resources such as water and land. This paper has estimated systematically the impacts of Chinas tenyear consecutive grain production growth on its water and land use, with emphasized analysis on the role of intercrop structural adjustment. The results show that the intercrop structural adjustment has helped to save appropriate 101.5 million mu sown area and 31.06 billion m3 water resource for the country, compared with the scenarios with no such adjustment. From the regional perspective, the impacts of structural adjustment in the North, Northeast, Northwest, Middle and Southwest China are ‘saving land and water, while that in the Southeast China is ‘saving land but using more water. As grain production has been concentrated to the northern part of the country, the continued sown area and ratio increase in highyielding but lowwater usage grain crops, such as maize in the region, has not only helped to increase the grain production, but also alleviated the water consumption burden causing by grain output growth in northern China. However, despite of these facts, Chinas tenyear consecutive grain production growth has generally intensified the shortage of its land and water resources. Given the constraint of the worsening land and water endowments, the pressure of further grain output growth will be expanding in the future, as well as facing with great ecological environment costs. Intercrop structural adjustment may exacerbate the imbalance between supply and demand of each crop, and will be more vulnerable to the world food market volatility from trade environment change and price transmission. In the future, the potential for further such adjustment with a view to increase grain output and save land and water will be limited. Therefore, to ensure food security in China, increasing domestic grain production by improving land and water usage efficiencies, tapping yield potential of lowyielding crops will be effective measures, along with appropriate utilization of world market to balance domestic food supply and demand.

      Key words grain output growth; structural adjustment; water and land resources; resources consumption; food security

      [4]FAO, OECD. Agricultural Outlook 2013-2022: Highlights[R].Roman: FAO, 2013.

      [5]劉彥隨,吳傳鈞.中國(guó)水土資源態(tài)勢(shì)與可持續(xù)食物安全[J]. 自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2002,17(3):270-275.[Liu Yansui, Wu Chuanjun. Situation of Landwater Resources and Analysis of Sustainable Food Security in China [J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2002, 17(3):270-275. ]

      [6]李祥妹,周龍春.基于要素成本核算的水資源管理研究[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22(12):39-45. [Li Xiangmei, Zhou Longchun.Water Management Research Based on Factor Cost Accounting[J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012, 22(12): 39-45. ]

      [7]孫才志,張蕾.中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品虛擬水-耕地資源區(qū)域時(shí)空差異演變[J].資源科學(xué),2009,31(1):84-93.[Sun Caizhi, Zhang Lei. Changes in Spatial and Temporal Differences of Agricultural Product Virtual Water Versus Cultivated land in China [J].Resource Science, 2009, 31(1):84-93.]

      [8]孫才志,劉玉玉,張蕾.中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品虛擬水與資源環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)要素的時(shí)空匹配分析[J].資源科學(xué),2010,32(3):512-519. [Sun Caizhi, Liu Yuyu, Zhang Lei. Analysis on the Spatialtemporal Matching of Crops Virtual Water Versus Resourcesenvironmenteconomy Factors in China [J].Resource Science, 2010, 32(3):512-519.]

      [9]劉寶勤.我國(guó)糧食虛擬水流動(dòng)空間格局及其調(diào)控政策[J].水利發(fā)展研究,2010,(2):16-20. [Liu Baoqin. Spatial Patterns of Chinas Virtual Water Flow for Food Crops and Its Policy Implications [J].Water Resources Development Research, 2010, (2): 16-20. ]

      [10]王浩,楊貴羽,楊朝暉.水土資源約束下保障糧食安全的戰(zhàn)略思考[J].中國(guó)科學(xué)院院刊,2013,28(3):329-336. [Wang Hao,Yang Guiyu, Yang Zhaohui. Thinking of Agricultural Development in China Based on Regional Water Resources and Land Cultivation [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 28(3): 329-336. ]

      Abstract China has achieved a tenyear consecutive grain production growth from the year 2004 to 2013. Structural adjustment among grain crops with high yielding crops replacing lowyielding ones is an important factor contributing to the output growth. Given the fact that different crops require different amounts of water and land in their production, the structural adjustment can have significant impacts on both crop yield and the usage of production resources such as water and land. This paper has estimated systematically the impacts of Chinas tenyear consecutive grain production growth on its water and land use, with emphasized analysis on the role of intercrop structural adjustment. The results show that the intercrop structural adjustment has helped to save appropriate 101.5 million mu sown area and 31.06 billion m3 water resource for the country, compared with the scenarios with no such adjustment. From the regional perspective, the impacts of structural adjustment in the North, Northeast, Northwest, Middle and Southwest China are ‘saving land and water, while that in the Southeast China is ‘saving land but using more water. As grain production has been concentrated to the northern part of the country, the continued sown area and ratio increase in highyielding but lowwater usage grain crops, such as maize in the region, has not only helped to increase the grain production, but also alleviated the water consumption burden causing by grain output growth in northern China. However, despite of these facts, Chinas tenyear consecutive grain production growth has generally intensified the shortage of its land and water resources. Given the constraint of the worsening land and water endowments, the pressure of further grain output growth will be expanding in the future, as well as facing with great ecological environment costs. Intercrop structural adjustment may exacerbate the imbalance between supply and demand of each crop, and will be more vulnerable to the world food market volatility from trade environment change and price transmission. In the future, the potential for further such adjustment with a view to increase grain output and save land and water will be limited. Therefore, to ensure food security in China, increasing domestic grain production by improving land and water usage efficiencies, tapping yield potential of lowyielding crops will be effective measures, along with appropriate utilization of world market to balance domestic food supply and demand.

      Key words grain output growth; structural adjustment; water and land resources; resources consumption; food security

      [4]FAO, OECD. Agricultural Outlook 2013-2022: Highlights[R].Roman: FAO, 2013.

      [5]劉彥隨,吳傳鈞.中國(guó)水土資源態(tài)勢(shì)與可持續(xù)食物安全[J]. 自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2002,17(3):270-275.[Liu Yansui, Wu Chuanjun. Situation of Landwater Resources and Analysis of Sustainable Food Security in China [J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2002, 17(3):270-275. ]

      [6]李祥妹,周龍春.基于要素成本核算的水資源管理研究[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22(12):39-45. [Li Xiangmei, Zhou Longchun.Water Management Research Based on Factor Cost Accounting[J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012, 22(12): 39-45. ]

      [7]孫才志,張蕾.中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品虛擬水-耕地資源區(qū)域時(shí)空差異演變[J].資源科學(xué),2009,31(1):84-93.[Sun Caizhi, Zhang Lei. Changes in Spatial and Temporal Differences of Agricultural Product Virtual Water Versus Cultivated land in China [J].Resource Science, 2009, 31(1):84-93.]

      [8]孫才志,劉玉玉,張蕾.中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品虛擬水與資源環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)要素的時(shí)空匹配分析[J].資源科學(xué),2010,32(3):512-519. [Sun Caizhi, Liu Yuyu, Zhang Lei. Analysis on the Spatialtemporal Matching of Crops Virtual Water Versus Resourcesenvironmenteconomy Factors in China [J].Resource Science, 2010, 32(3):512-519.]

      [9]劉寶勤.我國(guó)糧食虛擬水流動(dòng)空間格局及其調(diào)控政策[J].水利發(fā)展研究,2010,(2):16-20. [Liu Baoqin. Spatial Patterns of Chinas Virtual Water Flow for Food Crops and Its Policy Implications [J].Water Resources Development Research, 2010, (2): 16-20. ]

      [10]王浩,楊貴羽,楊朝暉.水土資源約束下保障糧食安全的戰(zhàn)略思考[J].中國(guó)科學(xué)院院刊,2013,28(3):329-336. [Wang Hao,Yang Guiyu, Yang Zhaohui. Thinking of Agricultural Development in China Based on Regional Water Resources and Land Cultivation [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 28(3): 329-336. ]

      Abstract China has achieved a tenyear consecutive grain production growth from the year 2004 to 2013. Structural adjustment among grain crops with high yielding crops replacing lowyielding ones is an important factor contributing to the output growth. Given the fact that different crops require different amounts of water and land in their production, the structural adjustment can have significant impacts on both crop yield and the usage of production resources such as water and land. This paper has estimated systematically the impacts of Chinas tenyear consecutive grain production growth on its water and land use, with emphasized analysis on the role of intercrop structural adjustment. The results show that the intercrop structural adjustment has helped to save appropriate 101.5 million mu sown area and 31.06 billion m3 water resource for the country, compared with the scenarios with no such adjustment. From the regional perspective, the impacts of structural adjustment in the North, Northeast, Northwest, Middle and Southwest China are ‘saving land and water, while that in the Southeast China is ‘saving land but using more water. As grain production has been concentrated to the northern part of the country, the continued sown area and ratio increase in highyielding but lowwater usage grain crops, such as maize in the region, has not only helped to increase the grain production, but also alleviated the water consumption burden causing by grain output growth in northern China. However, despite of these facts, Chinas tenyear consecutive grain production growth has generally intensified the shortage of its land and water resources. Given the constraint of the worsening land and water endowments, the pressure of further grain output growth will be expanding in the future, as well as facing with great ecological environment costs. Intercrop structural adjustment may exacerbate the imbalance between supply and demand of each crop, and will be more vulnerable to the world food market volatility from trade environment change and price transmission. In the future, the potential for further such adjustment with a view to increase grain output and save land and water will be limited. Therefore, to ensure food security in China, increasing domestic grain production by improving land and water usage efficiencies, tapping yield potential of lowyielding crops will be effective measures, along with appropriate utilization of world market to balance domestic food supply and demand.

      Key words grain output growth; structural adjustment; water and land resources; resources consumption; food security

      猜你喜歡
      水土資源結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整糧食安全
      基于CRITIC-TOPSIS的許昌市農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源評(píng)價(jià)
      寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn)
      廣義水資源利用效率綜合評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)的
      城鎮(zhèn)化加速背景下河北省糧食儲(chǔ)備形式轉(zhuǎn)變分析
      強(qiáng)化農(nóng)田水利改革 確保糧食生產(chǎn)安全
      關(guān)于我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展中現(xiàn)狀及完善途徑
      農(nóng)村科學(xué)儲(chǔ)糧與糧食安全研究
      引入產(chǎn)業(yè)投資基金與優(yōu)化國(guó)有資本布局
      商情(2016年40期)2016-11-28 10:39:20
      機(jī)電類高職院校專業(yè)布局與結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整研究
      淺析“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”新常態(tài)下我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整
      通州市| 桦川县| 剑川县| 屯留县| 遵义县| 舒城县| 桦南县| 烟台市| 台中市| 弋阳县| 沁阳市| 珲春市| 樟树市| 固始县| 商城县| 泸定县| 色达县| 涿鹿县| 乡城县| 德清县| 昆山市| 金华市| 贵港市| 禄劝| 扶余县| 临城县| 栾川县| 宁远县| 息烽县| 和林格尔县| 盐源县| 龙门县| 若尔盖县| 拜城县| 芦溪县| 通海县| 定兴县| 瑞金市| 武山县| 三都| 拉孜县|