王亦文 何小梅 劉麗娜 劉 剛 劉笑偉 劉 毓
(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院心臟中心心功能室,河北 石家莊 050031)
目前認(rèn)為P波寬度≥110 ms是心房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂的指標(biāo)〔1,2〕。不同導(dǎo)聯(lián)P波寬度的差異是竇性脈沖傳導(dǎo)非同步的指標(biāo),一般用P波離散度(PWD)評(píng)估〔3,4〕。PWD是最大P波寬度(Pmax)和最小P波寬度(Pmin)之間差值,PWD≥40ms為異?!?〕。左心房擴(kuò)大可預(yù)測(cè)房顫和猝死〔5,6〕。研究表明許多心血管疾病可導(dǎo)致左心室收縮和舒張功能不全,左心室充盈壓增加,進(jìn)而使左心房負(fù)荷過(guò)載引起心房重塑。左心房容積增大是左心室舒張功能不全、充盈效率降低和心房重塑的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)〔7,8〕。但是充血性心力衰竭患者左心房容積和左心室舒張功能與心房電傳導(dǎo)異常的關(guān)系還未見(jiàn)明確的報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究充血性心力衰竭患者左心房容積指數(shù)(LAVI)和左心室舒張功能參數(shù)與心房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂(Pmax≥110 ms)和竇性脈沖傳導(dǎo)非同步 (PWD≥40 ms)之間的關(guān)系。
1.1研究對(duì)象 應(yīng)用二維超聲心動(dòng)圖篩選出63名充血性心力衰竭患者。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):紐約心臟協(xié)會(huì)分級(jí)2級(jí)及以上病史至少3個(gè)月,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)小于55%,接受血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEI),血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑(ARB),利尿劑和β受體阻滯劑等藥物治療至少3個(gè)月。除外房顫、心臟瓣膜疾病和服用抗房性心律失常藥物者。根據(jù)Pmax分為兩組。Pmax≥110 ms 43例,Pmax<110 ms 20例(表1)。根據(jù)PWD分為兩組。PWD≥40 ms組33名,PWD<40 ms組30名(表2)。
1.2儀器和方法 采用英國(guó)PHILIP iE33彩色超聲診斷儀對(duì)所有入選患者進(jìn)行經(jīng)胸壁超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,測(cè)定舒張功能參數(shù)如E峰和A峰速度、E/A比值、舒張期減速時(shí)間(DT)等。用simpson法測(cè)量左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF),M型超聲心動(dòng)圖測(cè)量左室舒張和收縮直徑,二維超聲心動(dòng)圖分辨室壁節(jié)段運(yùn)動(dòng)異常。利用Valsalva動(dòng)作輔助超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,明確左心室充盈假性正常的患者。左室充盈減低定義為E/A<1.0,DT>250 ms。左室充盈假性正常定義為E/A>1.0(Valsalva動(dòng)作時(shí)E/A<1.0),160
2.1各組Pmax比較 見(jiàn)表1。Pmax≥110 ms(心房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂)和Pmax<110 ms(無(wú)心房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂)兩組之間性別、年齡和非器質(zhì)性心臟病沒(méi)有不同,但LVEF、E/A、DT和LAVI有顯著差別,Pmax≥110 ms組假性正常和限制性充盈異?;颊呙黠@多于Pmax<110 ms組。
表1 P波寬度與患者臨床特征、超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù)的關(guān)系
2.2各組PWD比較 PWD ≥40 ms(竇性脈沖非同步傳導(dǎo))和PWD < 40 ms(竇性脈沖同步傳導(dǎo))兩組之間性別、年齡和非器質(zhì)性心臟病沒(méi)有不同,但LVEF、E/A、DT和LAVi有顯著差別,PWD≥Aoms假性正常和限制性充盈異?;颊呙黠@多于PWD 表2 PWD與患者臨床特征、超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù)的關(guān)系 陣發(fā)性房顫患者的Pmax和PWD明顯高于其他人〔9〕。有報(bào)道〔9〕稱可應(yīng)用Pmax≥110 ms和PWD≥40 ms從竇性心律人群中篩選出有陣發(fā)性房顫病史的患者。本研究中房間傳導(dǎo)異常的指標(biāo)是Pmax≥110 ms 。心房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂可由Bachmann傳導(dǎo)束異常導(dǎo)致的心房間傳導(dǎo)延遲引起,與心房增大、心房重塑、心房電機(jī)械功能不全及新陳代謝有關(guān)〔10,11〕。PWD是最大P波寬度與最小P波寬度的差值,有報(bào)道稱與竇性沖動(dòng)在心房傳導(dǎo)非同步有關(guān)〔3〕。本研究中我們應(yīng)用PWD≥40 ms確定竇性沖動(dòng)非同步傳導(dǎo)。 舒張功能是很多心血管疾病重要的預(yù)后指標(biāo),舒張功能不全是造成心力衰竭的重要原因之一,與房顫的發(fā)生有關(guān)〔8,12〕。有報(bào)道稱心房容積與收縮和舒張功能不全密切相關(guān),被認(rèn)識(shí)是心房重塑的指標(biāo)之一〔7,8,13〕。P波異常與心房擴(kuò)大,心房肥大〔14,15〕,交替?zhèn)鲗?dǎo)等許多因素有關(guān)〔16,17〕。有研究顯示擴(kuò)張型心肌病患者Pmax和PWD明顯高于對(duì)照組,心房直徑顯著增大,LVEF明顯降低〔3〕。然而,充血性心力衰竭患者的心房容積、左心室舒張功能參數(shù)與Pmax和PWD的關(guān)系未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。 本研究中,充血性心力衰竭患者竇性沖動(dòng)房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂、非同步傳導(dǎo)與心房容積增加和左心室舒張功能下降有關(guān)。PWD、Pmax與LAVI和E/A比值呈正相關(guān),可能的機(jī)制是: 左心房直接暴露在左心室的壓力之下。當(dāng)左心室舒張功能不全發(fā)生時(shí),左心房壓力增加維持心室的充盈〔18〕,心房壁張力增加可引起心房腔擴(kuò)大和心房肌延長(zhǎng)等代償性改變,進(jìn)一步可導(dǎo)致心房纖維幾何形狀的改變和心房壁非同步纖維化,引起竇性沖動(dòng)房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂和非同步傳導(dǎo)〔19〕。Wong等〔20〕報(bào)道了Fontan 手術(shù)后左心房的重塑現(xiàn)象。竇性沖動(dòng)在心房?jī)?nèi)傳導(dǎo)延遲和非同步傳導(dǎo)等電生理特性的改變與心房結(jié)構(gòu)重塑有關(guān),因而Fontan手術(shù)之后患者的Pmax和PWD增大〔20〕,與本研究結(jié)論相符。 雖然有大量數(shù)據(jù)顯示心房大小與Pmax和PWD有關(guān)〔20,21〕,但是很少有數(shù)據(jù)顯示心房容積與Pmax和PWD有關(guān)。心房重塑后呈非圓形,因此心房容積被認(rèn)為比心房大小是更靈敏的心房重塑的指標(biāo)。以前有研究顯示二維心房容積低于實(shí)際容積20%多〔22〕,近來(lái),應(yīng)用三維超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)心房容積定量被認(rèn)為不僅可行而且更精確〔23〕。此研究中,我們應(yīng)用三維超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)心房擴(kuò)大進(jìn)行了更好的評(píng)估。 總之,充血性心力衰竭患者Pmax和PWD與左心房容積和左心室舒張功能相關(guān)。 4 參考文獻(xiàn) 1Thilén U,Carlson J,Platonov PG,etal.Atrial myocardial pathoelectrophysiology in adults with a secundum atrial septal defect is unaffected by closure of the defect.A study using high resolution signal-averaged orthogonal P-wave technique〔J〕.Int J Cardiol,2009;132(3):364-8. 2Holmqvist F,Platonov PG,Carlson J,etal.Altered interatrial conduction detected in MADIT II patients bound to develop atrial fibrillation〔J〕.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2009;14(3):268-75. 3Magnani JW,Mazzini MJ,Sullivan LM,etal.P-wave indices,distribution and quality control assessment (from the Framingham Heart Study)〔J〕.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2010;15(1):77-84. 4鄭方勝,莊緒娜,胡明明.坎地沙坦對(duì)高血壓并陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)患者心率變異性和P波離散度的影響〔J〕.中華高血壓雜志,2010;18(8):757-60. 5Bouzas-Mosquera A,Broullón FJ,lvarez-García N,etal.Left atrial size and risk for all-cause mortality and ischemic stroke〔J〕.CMAJ,2011;12:83(10):657-64. 6王和平,吳 綱,武永元,等.右室起搏對(duì)左房容積指數(shù)及P波離散度的影響〔J〕.臨床心電學(xué)雜志,2011;20(5):351-3. 7Pritchett AM,Mahoney DW,Jacobsen SJ,etal.Diastolic dysfunction and left atrial volume:a population-based study〔J〕.J Am Coll Cardiol,2005;45(1):87-92. 8Patel DA,Lavie CJ,Milani RV,etal.Clinical implications of left atrial enlargement:a review〔J〕.Ochsner J,2009;9(4):191-6. 9Kaireviciute D,Aidietis A,Lip GY.Atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery:clinical features and preventative strategies〔J〕.Eur Heart J,2009;30(4):410-25. 10Kitkungvan D,Spodick DH.Interatrial block:is it time for more attention〔J〕.J Electrocardiol,2009;42(6):687-92. 11Spodick DH,Ariyarajah V.Interatrial block:the pandemic remains poorly perceived〔J〕.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009;32(5):667-72. 12Benjamin EJ,Chen PS,Bild DE,etal.Prevention of atrial fibrillation:report from a national heart,lung,and blood institute workshop〔J〕.Circulation,2009;19(4):606-18. 13Russo C,Jin Z,Homma S,etal.Left atrial minimum volume and reservoir function as correlates of left ventricular diastolic function:impact of left ventricular systolic function〔J〕.Heart,2012;98(10):813-20. 14Kristensen L,Nielsen JC,Mortensen PT,etal.Sinus and paced P wave duration and dispersion as predictors of atrial fibrillation after pacemaker implantation in patients with isolated sick sinus syndrome〔J〕.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2004;27(5):606-14. 15Truong QA,Charipar EM,Ptaszek LM,etal.Usefulness of electrocardiographic parameters as compared with computed tomography measures of left atrial volume enlargement:from the ROMICAT trial〔J〕.J Electrocardiol,2011; 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