周韶梅,盛 望,曾 毅,李澤琳
(北京工業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與生物工程學(xué)院病毒藥理室,北京100124)
miR-100位于11q24.1,miR-99a位于21q11.1,兩者的種子區(qū)序列完全相同,其余序列只一個(gè)堿基的差別,為同一家族。miR-100序列的種子區(qū)含有雙GC對(duì),在另一末端以TA結(jié)束,這種特點(diǎn)決定了它的靶點(diǎn)基因種類非常少,種子區(qū)的結(jié)合力強(qiáng)[1]。
不同的組織器官,在胚胎生長(zhǎng)、分化的過(guò)程中,逐漸形成自身獨(dú)有的一套microRNA表達(dá)譜。在癌變過(guò)程中,microRNA的表達(dá)普會(huì)逐漸發(fā)生一些改變,但仍會(huì)保留來(lái)源組織的一些特征。所以不同組織來(lái)源的癌細(xì)胞會(huì)有它的特點(diǎn)microRNA表達(dá)譜。本綜述以組織器官歸類,對(duì)各研究組的報(bào)道進(jìn)行分析。
對(duì)101個(gè)術(shù)后組織樣本和3個(gè)細(xì)胞系檢測(cè),在惡性組織中miR-100的表達(dá)量明顯低于正常組織[2]。
在口腔龕位癌[3]和10例頭、頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織樣本中[4],miR-100家族成員的表達(dá)量低調(diào)。
10種人類挖空細(xì)胞卵巢癌細(xì)胞系中,miR-100表達(dá)量顯著降低[5]。
在子宮內(nèi)膜癌報(bào)道中,采用46例癌組織樣本,31例非宮頸癌患者正常組織對(duì)照樣本,48例癌癥患者血液樣本和14例非宮頸癌血液樣本,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-100、miR-99、miR-199b共表達(dá)性降低,癌組織與血漿中同步[6]。采用105個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本和20例對(duì)照樣本。其中在實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本中,20例感染人乳頭瘤狀病毒(HPV)的正常宮頸組織,43例宮頸內(nèi)皮異常增生,42例宮頸癌組織。miR-100在宮頸異常增生和宮頸癌組織中均出現(xiàn)表達(dá)降低,認(rèn)為與病程進(jìn)展相關(guān)。將4個(gè)HPV感染的細(xì)胞系與HPV陰性細(xì)胞系比較,miR-100明顯降低,但并未得到HPV的E6/E7會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致miR-100降低的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果[7]。
檢測(cè)12種細(xì)胞株,其中6種轉(zhuǎn)移性較低乳腺癌的細(xì)胞株、4種高侵襲性的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系和2種非致瘤性、永生化的乳腺上皮細(xì)胞系,結(jié)果在惡性度較高的細(xì)胞株中miR-100明顯升高,但未檢測(cè)到因miR-100的變化而出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)表達(dá)變化的靶點(diǎn)mRNA[8]。而有報(bào)道小鼠乳腺癌細(xì)胞株中miR-100的表達(dá)缺失[9]。
40位腎細(xì)胞癌患者術(shù)后組織檢測(cè)miR-99a低表達(dá)[10],但最近有報(bào)道m(xù)iR-100的表達(dá)明顯高于鄰近正常組織,并且與腫瘤的進(jìn)展、分期、轉(zhuǎn)移成正比。高表達(dá)miR-100的患者,5年生存率明顯降低[11]。
126位患者的癌腫塊相對(duì)于臨近正常組織,miR-100表達(dá)量降低,與生存率正相關(guān)[12]。在64位膀胱癌患者的癌腫塊和臨近正常組織以及10個(gè)人的膀胱癌細(xì)胞株檢測(cè)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-100降低最為顯著;不論侵潤(rùn)性與否都顯著降低,有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶的明顯低于原位非轉(zhuǎn)移性的[13]。但有報(bào)道卻是miR-99a,miR-100在非肌層侵潤(rùn)性的膀胱癌(non-muscle invasive bladder cancer:NMIBC)中降低,而在肌層侵潤(rùn)性的MIBC中表達(dá)增高[14]。
49位原發(fā)性未轉(zhuǎn)移患者的檢測(cè)中miR-100低表達(dá),明顯低于良性前列腺腫瘤,與治愈率高度相關(guān)[15]。但有報(bào)道相比轉(zhuǎn)移性的前列腺癌,在非轉(zhuǎn)移性惡性度高的前列腺癌中,miR-100呈高表達(dá)狀態(tài)[16]。使用 Kaplan-Meier曲線和 COX回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)高表達(dá) miR-100的患者復(fù)發(fā)率是低表達(dá)的3 倍[17]。
17例胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌和11例導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液瘤,15例癌旁無(wú)腫瘤贅生的正常組織,相對(duì)于良性贅生物,miR-100高表達(dá)于癌瘤組織中[18]。
與周圍非癌組織比較,15位患者的癌組織中,miR-100明顯降低。對(duì)134個(gè)病例分析,降低的miR-100與病理等級(jí)、TNM分期、淋巴擴(kuò)散、腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)等密切相關(guān)[19]。
在非小細(xì)胞性肺癌中,miR-100表達(dá)降低。對(duì)110例患者的研究,臨床生存率和病理惡化程度與miR-100 的表達(dá)降低成正比[20]。
106位急性髓系白血病患兒和20位正常兒童的骨髓單核細(xì)胞miR-100檢測(cè)中,患兒的miR-100明顯升高。高表達(dá)miR-100的患兒與高復(fù)發(fā)率,短存活期顯著相關(guān)[21]。
目前檢測(cè)到并驗(yàn)證的miR-100的靶點(diǎn)有:哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)[2,6,13,22]、polo 樣激酶1(PLK1)[2,7,20,23]、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子 2(IGF2)[9]、成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體3(FGFR3)[24],以1-25雙羥基維生素D3依賴的作用方式抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F3和PLK1[15]。觀察到miR-100對(duì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的生物學(xué)上的作用有:抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)調(diào)亡,使腫瘤細(xì)胞停留于G1期[13],miR-99a也使腫瘤細(xì)胞停留于 G1期[10],使癌細(xì)胞停留于 G2/M 期[7,20],但也有報(bào)道未檢測(cè)到對(duì)細(xì)胞周期有調(diào)節(jié)作用[2]。在膀胱癌的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)FGFR3在缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子HIF-1α的幫助下使缺氧的癌細(xì)胞保持活力。缺氧使miR-100表達(dá)降低,導(dǎo)致FGFR3增加,故而腫瘤細(xì)胞得以增殖、血管形成。反推之miR-100可以降低腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)缺氧的耐受力[24]。但最近有報(bào)道m(xù)iR-100同時(shí)又是致癌基因,通過(guò)抑制SMARCA5、BAZ2A和THAP2,致使對(duì)細(xì)胞周期的控制削弱,基因的不穩(wěn)定性增加,致使腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率增高[22],抑制SWI/SNF蛋白的表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)[17]。
急性髓系白血病中[25],miR-100的靶點(diǎn)是RBSP3的mRNA。RBSP3抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促使細(xì)胞進(jìn)入分化。高表達(dá)的miR-100促進(jìn)早幼粒細(xì)胞增殖而抑制其向粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞系的分化,同時(shí)miR-100調(diào)節(jié)G1/S的轉(zhuǎn)化,阻止進(jìn)入S期,通過(guò)抑制RBSP3阻斷終末分化。
在疾病診斷中的應(yīng)用:多個(gè)研究組得出與生存率相關(guān)的結(jié)果,反映了疾病的病理分期、進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移,可做為預(yù)后診斷的參考指標(biāo)[6,10-12,15]。但也有報(bào)道降低的miR-100雖與生存率的降低相關(guān),但與腫瘤的TNM分期(國(guó)際通用的腫瘤分期系統(tǒng))不相關(guān)[2]。同樣存在相反看法,認(rèn)為 miR-100增高,生存期短[17]。體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-100抑制皮下和膀胱通道的腫瘤形成[13]。有報(bào)道與臨床血清AFP含量和腫瘤的大小不相關(guān)[19]。
miR-100通過(guò)抑制mTOR增加了癌細(xì)胞對(duì)放射治療的敏感性,增強(qiáng)癌細(xì)胞對(duì)RAD001(mTOR的抑制劑)的敏感度[5]。miR-100通過(guò)抑制 PLK1使肺腺癌細(xì)胞重建對(duì)Docetaxel(抗腫瘤藥物多西他賽)的敏感性[23]。
對(duì)實(shí)體瘤的報(bào)道,多數(shù)顯示miR-100表達(dá)降低,人為調(diào)高miR-100的表達(dá)可以對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞起到抑制作用。但也有報(bào)道在腫瘤細(xì)胞中miR-100表達(dá)升高,且與腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)正相關(guān)。在急性髓系白血病和胰腺癌中,目前對(duì)miR-100的報(bào)道都為表達(dá)量增高。miR-100表達(dá)量的多少與病理分期和病情進(jìn)展的關(guān)系,不同研究組之間也存在著分歧。目前已被證實(shí)的miR-100的靶點(diǎn)有數(shù)種,對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞分別起到抑制增值、導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期停滯、促進(jìn)調(diào)亡,增加癌細(xì)胞對(duì)放化療的敏感性等作用。
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