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      溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種煙粉虱生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和繁殖的聯(lián)合影響

      2014-04-11 04:11:06焦曉國(guó)周小毛王少麗吳青君張友軍
      植物保護(hù) 2014年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:繁殖寄主植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育

      易 勝, 焦曉國(guó), 謝 文, 周小毛, 王少麗, 吳青君, 張友軍*

      (1.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)藥研究所,長(zhǎng)沙 410128;2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081)

      溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種煙粉虱生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和繁殖的聯(lián)合影響

      易 勝1,2, 焦曉國(guó)2, 謝 文2, 周小毛1, 王少麗2, 吳青君2, 張友軍2*

      (1.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)藥研究所,長(zhǎng)沙 410128;2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081)

      摘要比較研究了不同溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種煙粉虱若蟲(chóng)存活率、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和雌蟲(chóng)繁殖和壽命的影響。結(jié)果表明,無(wú)論是B隱種還是Q隱種,一品紅上的若蟲(chóng)存活率在27℃顯著低于20℃。在同一寄主植物上,B隱種若蟲(chóng)和Q隱種若蟲(chóng)在27℃條件下發(fā)育速率顯著快于20℃。無(wú)論是B隱種或Q隱種,飼養(yǎng)在同一寄主上,雌蟲(chóng)壽命和產(chǎn)卵量都與溫度存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。在同一溫度和同一寄主上,Q隱種除若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期慢于B隱種外,Q隱種若蟲(chóng)存活率、雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量和壽命都顯著高于B隱種??梢?jiàn),Q隱種在兩種測(cè)定溫度和兩種測(cè)定寄主上較之B隱種具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。研究結(jié)果表明B/Q隱種之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)取代可能受寄主、溫度或其他外源因子的影響。

      關(guān)鍵詞煙粉虱; 溫度; 寄主植物; 生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育; 繁殖; 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)取代

      煙粉虱是嚴(yán)重為害蔬菜、花卉和主要田間作物的一種多食性全球重要害蟲(chóng),是由形態(tài)上不易分辨的多種隱種組成的復(fù)合種[1-2]。在眾多隱種中,僅B/Q隱種煙粉虱是重要外來(lái)入侵害蟲(chóng),B隱種又稱(chēng)“MEAM1”(Middle East-Asia Minor 1),Q隱種又稱(chēng)“MED”(Mediterranean)。B/Q隱種煙粉虱在世界各地分布廣泛,但各地分布比例不同且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)替代結(jié)果也復(fù)雜多樣。在西班牙東南部,Q隱種逐漸取代B隱種[3-4];在美國(guó),B隱種在室外較Q隱種具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),相反在溫室內(nèi),Q隱種較B隱種具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì);在以色列,B/Q隱種能共存[5];而在東亞及中國(guó)大部分地區(qū),Q隱種已經(jīng)逐漸取代早期入侵的B隱種成為煙粉虱危害的主要致害隱種[6-7]。這說(shuō)明影響B(tài)/Q隱種分布比例和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)替代結(jié)果的因子多樣且復(fù)雜。先前室內(nèi)研究表明,B隱種由于非對(duì)稱(chēng)性交配干擾而對(duì)Q隱種具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)[8-10];而在西班牙東南部和中國(guó)大部,一般把室外Q隱種具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)歸因于Q隱種較B隱種對(duì)煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑抗性更強(qiáng)[11]。除這些內(nèi)源影響因子外,外源因子,如氣候、溫濕度和寄主植物分布等也可能影響兩種隱種的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)替代結(jié)果[12-14]。

      植食性昆蟲(chóng)經(jīng)受眾多不同環(huán)境因子的復(fù)雜作用,而這些因子對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)存活、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和繁殖等生活史性狀能產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜影響[15]。目前,眾多研究集中于單一生態(tài)因子對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)的影響[16],不同生態(tài)因子對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)聯(lián)合影響少見(jiàn)報(bào)道。溫度和寄主是誘導(dǎo)植食性昆蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)生表型變異的兩個(gè)重要因子[17]。通常,高溫會(huì)導(dǎo)致植食性昆蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期縮短,成蟲(chóng)體型變?。?8]以及繁殖力提高[19]。而寄主植物對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)生活史性狀變異也有一定影響,因?yàn)橹参餇I(yíng)養(yǎng)成分和次生代謝產(chǎn)物濃度依寄主植物物種不同而異[20]。植食性昆蟲(chóng)取食低質(zhì)量寄主植物通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致幼蟲(chóng)存活率低[21],生長(zhǎng)速率慢,發(fā)育歷期長(zhǎng),成蟲(chóng)個(gè)體小和雌蟲(chóng)生殖力低。盡管溫度或寄主植物對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)存活、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和生活史性狀研究多見(jiàn),溫度和寄主植物對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)生活史性狀聯(lián)合影響卻少見(jiàn)研究[22]。盡管先前研究結(jié)果表明煙粉虱生活史性狀受溫度[23-26]和寄主植物顯著影響[27-30],但兩因子對(duì)B/Q隱種的聯(lián)合影響卻鮮有報(bào)道。本文探討比較B/Q隱種對(duì)兩種寄主(棉花和一品紅)和兩個(gè)溫度(20℃和27℃)的聯(lián)合反應(yīng),以期為B/Q隱種的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)取代機(jī)制提供理論依據(jù)。

      1 材料及方法

      1.1 供試?yán)ハx(chóng)來(lái)源和寄主植物

      B隱種2004年采集于北京地區(qū)甘藍(lán)(Brassica oleracea‘Jingfeng1’)上,室內(nèi)用棉花(Gossypium hirsutum‘Baoling DP99B’)繼代飼養(yǎng)至今。Q隱種2008年采自一品紅(Euphorbia pulcherrima),室內(nèi)用一品紅繼代培養(yǎng)至今。每一隱種種群采用外罩防蟲(chóng)網(wǎng)的養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠培養(yǎng)(50 cm×40 cm×60 cm),培養(yǎng)條件為(25±2)℃,60%±10%(RH)和L∥D=14 h∥10 h光照。每飼養(yǎng)3代,采用mtCOI引物進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,監(jiān)測(cè)鑒別煙粉虱純度[31]。

      1.2 若蟲(chóng)存活率和發(fā)育歷期

      隱種和寄主植物的組合分為4個(gè)處理,BC(B隱種雌蟲(chóng)卵產(chǎn)于棉花上);BP(B隱種雌蟲(chóng)卵產(chǎn)于一品紅上);QP(Q隱種雌蟲(chóng)卵產(chǎn)于一品紅上)和QC(Q隱種雌蟲(chóng)卵產(chǎn)于棉花上)。把16株無(wú)蟲(chóng)的一品紅或棉花放入飼養(yǎng)B隱種或Q隱種的養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中接卵,接卵10 h后,把帶卵寄主植物從養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中移出。每一植株選取3~4片伸展的葉片并標(biāo)記。未標(biāo)記葉片上的卵在雙目顯微鏡下去除。選擇葉片下端有卵地方采用記號(hào)筆標(biāo)記,利于跟蹤每頭煙粉虱由卵到成蟲(chóng)羽化的過(guò)程。每選擇葉片上卵量大約20~50粒,多余卵量去除。4個(gè)處理(BC,BP,QP和QC)中,每一處理采用4株植物分別放入20℃和27℃人工氣候箱中培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)箱保持RH60%±10%和L∥D=14 h∥10 h光照。當(dāng)某一寄主上發(fā)現(xiàn)有煙粉虱偽蛹時(shí),將該寄主植株采用防蟲(chóng)網(wǎng)罩住,然后每天收集羽化的成蟲(chóng)并冰凍于-20℃冰箱中。計(jì)算不同溫度下,不同煙粉虱隱種若蟲(chóng)在不同寄主植物上發(fā)育歷期(卵至成蟲(chóng))。若蟲(chóng)存活率采用羽化成蟲(chóng)數(shù)與初始卵量比值表示。在每一處理中,每一選擇葉片為一次重復(fù),每處理12~13個(gè)重復(fù)。

      1.3 雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量和壽命

      寄主植物和隱種4種組合如前所述。把剛羽化的雌雄成蟲(chóng)配對(duì),采用微蟲(chóng)籠接于寄主植物葉片下端,每植株接一個(gè)微蟲(chóng)籠,每處理在20℃或27℃條件下重復(fù)23~25次。每天觀察雌蟲(chóng)存活狀態(tài),每隔2 d把微蟲(chóng)籠位置轉(zhuǎn)移一次,記載每次雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量。

      1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法

      以隱種、溫度和寄主植物為固定因子,采用普通線(xiàn)性模型(GLM)測(cè)定不同因子對(duì)煙粉虱若蟲(chóng)存活率、發(fā)育歷期、雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量和壽命的影響。若蟲(chóng)存活率數(shù)據(jù)在統(tǒng)計(jì)前采用平方根反正弦變換,所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 11.5(SPSS Inc,Chicago,IL,USA)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 若蟲(chóng)存活率和發(fā)育歷期

      若蟲(chóng)存活率在不同隱種、不同寄主植物和不同溫度下差異顯著(表1)。在同一溫度和同一寄主植物上培養(yǎng)時(shí),Q隱種存活率顯著高于B隱種(圖1)。在棉花上,B/Q隱種若蟲(chóng)在27℃條件下存活率都顯著高于20℃;相反在一品紅上,B/Q隱種若蟲(chóng)在20℃條件下存活率均顯著高于27℃(圖1)。同時(shí),寄主植物和溫度互作對(duì)煙粉虱若蟲(chóng)存活率也有顯著影響(表1)。

      表1 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種若蟲(chóng)存活率的影響Table 1 Effects of temperature and host plants on immature survivorship(egg to adult)of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci

      圖1 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種若蟲(chóng)存活率(means±SD)的影響Fig.1 Immature survivorship(means±SD)of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci as affected by temperature and host

      B/Q隱種卵至成蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期在27℃下顯著短于20℃(圖2)。在同一寄主植物上,B隱種發(fā)育速率顯著快于Q隱種(圖2)。同時(shí),B/Q隱種在棉花上發(fā)育速率都快于一品紅(圖2)。隱種和溫度互作以及寄主植物和溫度互作對(duì)若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育時(shí)間也存在顯著影響(表2)。

      表2 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期的影響Table 2 Effects of temperature and host plants on immature development time(egg to adult)of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci

      圖2 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期(means±SD)的影響Fig.2 Developmental time(means±SD)(egg to adult)of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci as affected by temperature and host

      2.2 雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量和壽命

      雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量受隱種、寄主植物和溫度的顯著影響(表3)。Q隱種產(chǎn)卵量顯著高于B隱種(圖3)。無(wú)論是B還是Q隱種,在20℃雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量顯著高于27℃,在棉花上產(chǎn)卵量顯著高于一品紅(圖3)。隱種和溫度、隱種和寄主植物、隱種和溫度及寄主植物等互作都對(duì)煙粉虱產(chǎn)卵量有顯著影響(表3)。

      圖3 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量(means±SD)的影響Fig.3 Fecundity(means±SD)of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci as affected by temperature and host

      雌蟲(chóng)壽命受隱種、寄主植物和溫度的顯著影響(表4)。在同一溫度或同一寄主植物上,Q隱種壽命顯著長(zhǎng)于B隱種(圖4)。無(wú)論是B還是Q隱種,雌蟲(chóng)壽命在20℃下顯著長(zhǎng)于27℃,在棉花上壽命顯著長(zhǎng)于一品紅(圖4)。寄主植物和溫度、隱種和溫度及寄主植物等互作都對(duì)煙粉虱壽命都有顯著影響(表4)。

      表3 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量的影響Table 3 Effects of temperature and host plants on female lifetime fecundity of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci

      表4 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種雌蟲(chóng)壽命的影響Table 4 Effects of temperature and host plants on female adult longevity of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci

      圖4 溫度和寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種雌蟲(chóng)壽命(means±SD)的影響Fig.4 Female longevity(means±SD)of B and Q sibling species of B.tabaci as affected by temperature and host

      3 結(jié)論與討論

      本文研究結(jié)果表明,寄主植物和溫度能顯著影響B(tài)/Q隱種的存活率、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和繁殖等生活史性狀。先前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同寄主植物對(duì)B/Q隱種許多適合度參數(shù)均有顯著影響[32],盡管棉花和一品紅是B/Q隱種的適宜寄主,但棉花和一品紅對(duì)B/Q隱種煙粉虱的影響卻存在顯著差異。例如,無(wú)論是B或Q隱種,在一品紅上較之棉花上,若蟲(chóng)存活率低,發(fā)育時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),雌蟲(chóng)壽命和產(chǎn)卵量都低。筆者先前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),棉花和一品紅中主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)數(shù)量和質(zhì)量并沒(méi)有顯著差異[33],但兩種寄主植物中次生物質(zhì)卻有明顯差異,如總酚(一類(lèi)抑制植食性昆蟲(chóng)取食的重要次生抗蟲(chóng)物質(zhì)),其在一品紅中含量是棉花中7倍。所以較之棉花,一品紅中高含量酚類(lèi)可能是導(dǎo)致其對(duì)B/Q隱種煙粉虱適宜性較低的重要原因。無(wú)論是B還是Q隱種,在一品紅上取食的若蟲(chóng)存活率在27℃下顯著低于20℃。Wagner對(duì)棉花上煙粉虱B隱種測(cè)定結(jié)果表明,次生物質(zhì)對(duì)植食性昆蟲(chóng)不利影響程度與溫度存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系[34]。本文結(jié)果也表明,次生物質(zhì)對(duì)煙粉虱不利影響程度在高溫下顯著大于在低溫條件下,兩者結(jié)果一致。同時(shí)在先前提及的生物學(xué)參數(shù)方面,B/Q隱種對(duì)寄主植物和溫度的反應(yīng)基本一致。在測(cè)定的4個(gè)生物學(xué)參數(shù)方面,寄主植物和溫度的互作顯著影響到其中3個(gè)參數(shù),包括若蟲(chóng)存活率、若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期和雌蟲(chóng)壽命。在這些生物學(xué)參數(shù)中,寄主和溫度互作對(duì)若蟲(chóng)存活率的影響非常有意思,B/Q隱種的若蟲(chóng)在棉花上,27℃存活率顯著高于20℃;相反在一品紅上,煙粉虱若蟲(chóng)存活率在20℃顯著高于27℃。寄主次生物質(zhì)和熱量動(dòng)態(tài)復(fù)雜的相互作用可能導(dǎo)致該差異。其具體作用機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究??傊狙芯拷Y(jié)果表明,溫度和寄主植物對(duì)煙粉虱生物學(xué)性狀的影響有些較為簡(jiǎn)單,有些可能存在復(fù)雜的相互作用,它們的影響可能依所測(cè)定的煙粉虱性狀而異。在這里要指出的是B/Q隱種存活率數(shù)據(jù)變異過(guò)大,可能與處理重復(fù)數(shù)過(guò)小有關(guān)。也可能與選取的寄主植物葉齡差異過(guò)大有關(guān),不同齡期的葉子中次生化學(xué)物質(zhì)可能存在明顯差異,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致B/Q隱種存活率數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)較大變異。

      已有研究報(bào)道表明,煙粉虱若蟲(chóng)存活、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和生物學(xué)性狀受不同寄主植物,甚至同一寄主植物不同品種和溫度的顯著影響。目前我們僅測(cè)定比較B/Q隱種在兩種寄主和兩種溫度下的生物學(xué)表現(xiàn),盡管發(fā)現(xiàn)B/Q隱種對(duì)不同溫度和寄主的反應(yīng)模式相似,但隱種之間還是存在一定差異,如在同一溫度和同一寄主上,Q隱種若蟲(chóng)存活率、雌蟲(chóng)壽命和產(chǎn)卵量都相應(yīng)高于B隱種。該結(jié)論至少可以部分解釋在西班牙東南部和中國(guó)大部Q隱種煙粉虱正在取代B隱種煙粉虱的事實(shí)[7]。

      先前研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為不同地區(qū)煙粉虱不同隱種之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)可能受內(nèi)源因素影響,如非對(duì)稱(chēng)性交配干擾[8]、對(duì)殺蟲(chóng)劑的抗性差異[11]和隱種本身的遺傳多樣性。不同隱種之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)也可能受外源因素影響,如寄主植物、氣候和殺蟲(chóng)劑的噴灑等。且本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在不同測(cè)定溫度下,Q隱種在棉花和一品紅上表現(xiàn)均要優(yōu)于B隱種。我們先前研究結(jié)果也表明,當(dāng)同時(shí)把10對(duì)B/Q隱種煙粉虱分別釋放于3種寄主植物一品紅、甘藍(lán)和黃瓜上,經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間之后發(fā)現(xiàn),B隱種煙粉虱在甘藍(lán)和黃瓜上占優(yōu)勢(shì),而Q隱種煙粉虱在一品紅上占優(yōu)勢(shì)(未發(fā)表資料),可見(jiàn)外源因素溫度和寄主植物也能影響B(tài)/Q隱種之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果。

      總之,本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Q隱種在兩種測(cè)定溫度和兩種測(cè)定寄主上較之B隱種具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。B/Q隱種煙粉虱之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果可能受寄主、溫度和其他外源因子的影響。但本研究結(jié)果還需要進(jìn)一步采用更多寄主植物和更多溫度梯度進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,以期為B/Q隱種的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)取代機(jī)制提供理論依據(jù)。

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      中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):Q 968

      文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

      DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2014.03.004

      收稿日期:2013-07-17

      修訂日期:2013-10-10

      基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2012BAD1901);公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(201303028)

      *通信作者Tel:010-82109518,E-mail:zhangyoujun@caas.cn

      Combined effects of temperature and host plants on the development and reproduction of B and Q sibling species of Bemisia tabaci

      Yi Sheng1,2, Jiao Xiaoguo2, Xie Wen2, Zhou Xiaomao1, Wang Shaoli2, Wu Qingjun2, Zhang Youjun2
      (1.Institute of Pesticide Science,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128,China;2.Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

      AbstractIn the present study,we conducted a reciprocal cross experiment with two hosts(cotton and poinsettia)between B and Q sibling species of Bemisia tabaci to investigate the combined effects of rearing temperature(20℃and 27℃)and host plants on development and several life history traits of B and Q B.tabaci.We found that the survivorship of B.tabaci immatures(egg to adult),irrespective of B and Q,was independent of rearing temperature and host plants.Females and males of either biotype reared at 27℃developed substantially faster than those at 20℃.However,female lifetime fecundity and female adult longevity at 20℃were significantly higher than those at 27℃on both host plants.Cotton was more suitable for either B or Q relative to poinsettia.Q gains advantages over B in terms of higher lifetime fecundity and female adult longevity,except slower development at the same rearing temperature and on the same host,which may at least in part shed some light on the displacement of B by Q.

      Key wordsBemisia tabaci; temperature; host plant; development; reproduction; competitive displacement

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