唐 祝(綜述),蔣電明(審校)
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院骨科,重慶 400000)
初次髕骨脫位是一種常見(jiàn)的膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷,常發(fā)生于青少年和高強(qiáng)度體力活動(dòng)的年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員。損傷往往伴有韌帶松弛、Q角偏大、膝外翻、滑車發(fā)育不良、高位髕等解剖異常。初次髕骨脫位年發(fā)病率約6/10萬(wàn),發(fā)病率在不同人群之間存在差異[1];在10~17歲年齡段上升至29/10萬(wàn)[2];而女性的年平均發(fā)病率為104/10萬(wàn)[3]。隨著膝前疼痛、復(fù)發(fā)性脫位等一系列后遺癥狀的出現(xiàn),一些學(xué)者開(kāi)始提倡早期介入手術(shù)治療。該文就初次髕骨脫位診治等研究現(xiàn)狀予以綜述。
創(chuàng)傷性髕骨脫位與體能活動(dòng)相關(guān)性最大,常由膝關(guān)節(jié)旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中受到一軸向外翻應(yīng)力所致[4]。當(dāng)膝關(guān)節(jié)處于屈曲位,股骨向內(nèi)側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn),脛骨向外側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),髕骨容易出現(xiàn)脫位。髕骨受側(cè)方應(yīng)力從滑車越過(guò)外側(cè)髁至其外側(cè)[4]。膝內(nèi)側(cè)的直接暴力也可引起外側(cè)脫位,但極少見(jiàn)[5-6]。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)可以觀察到髕骨內(nèi)側(cè)與股骨外側(cè)髁發(fā)生撞擊所致的骨折或骨挫傷(骨小梁的微裂)。膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)組織的損傷程度從部分撕裂到完全斷裂不等[5]。
髕骨脫位的誘因包括高位髕骨、髕骨外側(cè)傾斜、滑車發(fā)育不良、Q角增加、股內(nèi)側(cè)肌發(fā)育不全或股外側(cè)肌肥大、距下關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)旋和股骨的前傾角增加等[7-8]。在極少數(shù)情況下,可能會(huì)存在韌帶松弛。急性髕骨脫位可能會(huì)引起復(fù)發(fā)性髕骨不穩(wěn)定,體能活動(dòng)水平下降。持續(xù)性的膝前疼痛是因?yàn)轶x骨或股骨外側(cè)滑車關(guān)節(jié)面的軟骨損傷或髕股關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎引起。
解剖結(jié)構(gòu)異常是發(fā)生初次髕骨脫位的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,而復(fù)發(fā)性髕骨脫位存在解剖異常和內(nèi)側(cè)髕韌帶(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)等結(jié)構(gòu)損傷兩個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,后者往往易被忽視[9-10]。MPFL損傷預(yù)示著保守治療后膝關(guān)節(jié)的不穩(wěn)定性[7,11-12]。膝關(guān)節(jié)后內(nèi)側(cè)組織分為三層,淺層的縫匠肌層,其下的內(nèi)側(cè)副韌帶和最里層的關(guān)節(jié)囊。膝關(guān)節(jié)后內(nèi)側(cè)組織是控制膝關(guān)節(jié)外翻和脛骨外旋的重要結(jié)構(gòu),暴力損傷后將影響膝關(guān)節(jié)后內(nèi)側(cè)角的穩(wěn)定性。
MPFL是抑制髕骨外移的最主要的韌帶,提供50%~60%的抑制力[4,6-7,13]。臨床上94%~100%初次髕骨脫位的患者有內(nèi)側(cè)髕韌帶的損傷[14]。MPFL是一薄的橫向韌帶,起于股骨內(nèi)上髁與內(nèi)收肌結(jié)節(jié)之間,向外止于髕骨內(nèi)緣的上1/2,其淺層纖維向后延伸并與后關(guān)節(jié)囊融合,附于股內(nèi)側(cè)肌的底面[15]。股內(nèi)斜肌(vastus medialis oblique muscle,VMO)是限制髕骨外移最重要的肌肉,它在0°~30°膝屈位時(shí)肌緊張程度最大,是起主要作用的動(dòng)態(tài)限制結(jié)構(gòu)。MPFL與VMO筋膜之間通常存在網(wǎng)格纖維相互鏈接。
急性髕骨脫位后,X線片可觀察髕骨位置及評(píng)估骨軟骨骨折,包括患膝正側(cè)位片及軸位片[7]。MPFL損傷可通過(guò)MRI確診,MRI對(duì)于鑒別MPFL股骨端斷裂比關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查更準(zhǔn)確[16-18]。目前根據(jù)MRI可將MPFL損傷模式分為四種類型,即髕骨止點(diǎn)損傷、韌帶體部損傷、股骨止點(diǎn)損傷及多部位損傷。Seeley等[19]分析了111例兒童患者的MRI發(fā)現(xiàn),87例患者存在MPFL損傷(78.4%)。髕骨止點(diǎn)損傷34例(31%)、股骨止點(diǎn)損傷14例(13%)、復(fù)合傷37例(33%)。此外,38例膝關(guān)節(jié)有骨軟骨損傷,25例損傷位于髕骨關(guān)節(jié)面,5例位于股骨外側(cè)髁,8例兩處均存在損傷。以往的研究大多報(bào)道MPFL損傷位于或接近股骨止點(diǎn)處[20-22]。然而,目前的文獻(xiàn)并不支持Seeley等的觀點(diǎn),同時(shí)大多數(shù)研究也不把他們的觀點(diǎn)作為選擇治療措施時(shí)的參考[4]。
4.1手術(shù)干預(yù) 雖然大多數(shù)學(xué)者建議初次髕骨脫位后應(yīng)采取保守治療,但是游離骨軟骨碎片需復(fù)位、軟骨損傷、存在影響髕骨內(nèi)側(cè)韌帶穩(wěn)定性因素的髕骨半脫位等情況屬于手術(shù)適應(yīng)證[8]。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為急性髕骨脫位應(yīng)修復(fù)MPFL,MPFL髕骨止點(diǎn)或股骨止點(diǎn)處重新固定可有效地防止髕骨再脫位[9,21,23]。但是,沒(méi)有充分的證據(jù)證明初次髕骨脫位后修復(fù)MPFL可降低再脫位的發(fā)生率[21,24-25]。急性髕骨脫位患者M(jìn)PFL損傷模式是不同的,對(duì)MPFL損傷部位的誤診可能會(huì)影響修復(fù)手術(shù)的成功率[18]。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,急性髕骨脫位應(yīng)行MPFL重建術(shù)[7,11,15,26]和(或)脛骨結(jié)節(jié)移位術(shù)[27-28],對(duì)高運(yùn)動(dòng)量的患者更應(yīng)如此[8]。關(guān)于手術(shù)操作方面,Smith等[1]最近一項(xiàng)Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),相比保守治療,急性髕骨脫位后手術(shù)治療能顯著地降低再脫位的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是并發(fā)髕股關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。髕股關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生率較高可能是因?yàn)槭中g(shù)方式不同造成,這些手術(shù)可能使膝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)力學(xué)發(fā)生改變,而后引起退行性變。目前,MPFL重建已占主導(dǎo)地位,是最主要的術(shù)式的選擇,這是因?yàn)镸PFL是髕股關(guān)節(jié)最重要的穩(wěn)定裝置。相反骨挫傷并非必須手術(shù)治療。
4.2保守治療 保守治療的臨床效果存在爭(zhēng)議,已報(bào)道的再脫位率從13%~52%不等,47%~85%的患者有較好的主觀評(píng)分[14,29]。有些學(xué)者報(bào)道稱,手術(shù)干預(yù)并不能比保守治療更好地預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)性脫位以及脫位后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)[12,30]。但是相對(duì)于手術(shù)治療,保守治療常導(dǎo)致較高的再脫位率[9,11,13]。Kang等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)同是采用保守治療,MPFL-VMO重疊區(qū)損傷比非重疊區(qū)損傷有更好的臨床結(jié)果,包括較低的髕骨不穩(wěn)定率和較好的主觀功能評(píng)分。保守治療是MPFL重疊區(qū)域損傷治療的首選。MPFL-VMO重疊區(qū)損傷有更大的愈合可能性是因?yàn)樗隗x骨止點(diǎn)處纖維連接非常廣泛。若損傷位于股骨止點(diǎn)處,保守治療的復(fù)發(fā)率較高,因?yàn)镸PFL在此處相對(duì)薄弱,保守治療讓MPFL自然愈合療效較差。Kang等[14]得出MPFL股骨止點(diǎn)處損傷,回縮的韌帶可以改變它在股骨附著點(diǎn)的位置,移位破壞了MPFL橫向抑制力的功能,患者可能再脫位出現(xiàn)臨床療效不佳的結(jié)論。
4.3存在的問(wèn)題 初次髕骨脫位后如何處理仍存在分歧。急性脫位時(shí)建議行患膝MRI檢查,以明確診斷及MPFL的損傷類型,評(píng)估附屬結(jié)構(gòu)損傷,同時(shí)評(píng)估髕股關(guān)節(jié)的解剖因素。由于軟骨損傷的發(fā)病率高,傷后應(yīng)立即行MRI[16-17]。大多數(shù)首次外傷性髕骨脫位采用保守治療,但目前手術(shù)治療已成為一種趨勢(shì),這與保守治療后再脫位率高及出現(xiàn)膝前疼痛等后續(xù)癥狀有關(guān)[8]。存在嚴(yán)重的軟骨損傷或影響膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)穩(wěn)定性的髕骨半脫位時(shí),手術(shù)干預(yù)將是必要的,此時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)穩(wěn)定性的修復(fù)或重建需遵循軟骨損傷的治療[8]。內(nèi)側(cè)髕韌帶重建對(duì)于穩(wěn)定膝關(guān)節(jié)的療效比單純修復(fù)更可靠,但需觀察內(nèi)側(cè)髕韌帶的損傷部位。目前沒(méi)有明確證據(jù)支持骨挫傷需手術(shù)修復(fù),除非需要修復(fù)內(nèi)側(cè)髕韌帶時(shí)才行手術(shù)治療。糾正解剖異常一般不作為原發(fā)性髕骨脫位后的首選治療,即使行手術(shù)糾正也需治療方案?jìng)€(gè)體化[9,23]。但原發(fā)性脫位的骨骼未成熟和青少年患者,可能存在嚴(yán)重滑車發(fā)育不良或?qū)R異常,無(wú)論初次脫位后手術(shù)與否,這都是需要處理的。
關(guān)于初次髕骨脫位的治療目前很少有隨機(jī)的對(duì)照研究,在其治療和處理上存在爭(zhēng)議。初次髕骨脫位的預(yù)后不但與治療方式的選擇相關(guān),也與解剖異常和MPFL損傷模式等因素有關(guān)。充分認(rèn)識(shí)髕骨脫位的誘因及病因有助于指導(dǎo)治療方案的選擇,早期有意識(shí)的針對(duì)性治療可降低其復(fù)發(fā)概率。因此,進(jìn)一步地隨機(jī)研究需要明確,個(gè)別預(yù)先存在的易患不穩(wěn)定因素和內(nèi)側(cè)穩(wěn)定裝置的損傷模式是否會(huì)影響初次髕骨脫位后治療方案的選擇。
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