• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      農(nóng)用投入品對黑肩綠盲蝽影響的研究進(jìn)展

      2013-11-04 06:58:32何晶晶鄭許松徐紅星楊亞軍呂仲賢
      環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報(bào) 2013年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:稻株飛虱殺蟲劑

      何晶晶,鄭許松,徐紅星,楊亞軍,呂仲賢

      (1.浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)與微生物研究所,杭州 310021;2.杭州師范大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,杭州 310021)

      黑肩綠盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)屬半翅目、盲蝽科、嗜卵盲蝽屬,是亞洲水稻產(chǎn)區(qū)稻飛虱和葉蟬的最重要捕食性天敵之一。它作為典型的雜食性天敵,不僅能捕食飛虱和葉蟬等害蟲的卵及低齡若蟲,還能兼性取食水稻汁液(Shepard et al.,1987)。農(nóng)用投入品是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中的生產(chǎn)資料,主要包括種子、化肥和農(nóng)藥等。上世紀(jì)六十年代的“綠色革命”浪潮以后,它們在世界糧食安全和解決人類溫飽方面發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用(Conway and Barbier,1990)。但是農(nóng)用投入品改變了整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和特性,如殺蟲劑不僅可直接殺傷害蟲,也可能直接或間接地傷害天敵,有的還可通過改善水稻植株的質(zhì)量、影響節(jié)肢動物的數(shù)量和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的群落結(jié)構(gòu)而對天敵產(chǎn)生間接影響(呂仲賢等,2005)。本文綜合國內(nèi)外最新研究結(jié)果,論述了農(nóng)用投入品對黑肩綠盲蝽在生物學(xué)和生態(tài)功能等方面的直接或間接影響,以期為提高稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中充分發(fā)揮天敵的自然控制作用和水稻害蟲治理過程中更合理有效地使用農(nóng)用投入品提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

      1 水稻品種對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響

      在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下,黑肩綠盲蝽能在水稻以及禾本科雜草稗草Ecchinochloa glabrescens、千金子Leptochloa chinensis、馬唐Digitaris ciliaris、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon 上生長繁殖,但在熱帶地區(qū)(菲律賓)的大田連續(xù)采樣中證實(shí)它在稻田周圍雜草地只能做短暫停留,水稻是黑肩綠盲蝽主要的產(chǎn)卵和棲息藏所(俞曉平等,1996)。

      在自然情況下,植物的化學(xué)特征能直接或間接地通過改變植食性昆蟲的空間分布、行為和質(zhì)量等影響到昆蟲天敵對植食性昆蟲的控制能力(婁永根等,2001)。黑肩綠盲蝽在搜尋不同水稻品種上的褐飛虱卵時(shí),對丙96-42、丙97-34、IR64和IR26 四個(gè)品種上的褐飛虱卵偏好性顯著高于對照TN1,且其對幾種水稻品種揮發(fā)物的反應(yīng)與卵苗選擇性結(jié)果相同;但是丙97-59 與TN1 對比時(shí),黑肩綠盲蝽對兩者卵苗無顯著偏好,但更趨向TN1 的揮發(fā)物(Lou et al.,2001)。以不同抗性水平的5個(gè)水稻品種(IR64、IR26、TN1、丙97-34和丙97-59)為材料,婁永根等(2002)研究了以這5個(gè)品種上的褐飛虱為食料的黑肩綠盲蝽的生長、發(fā)育和繁殖,結(jié)果表明,黑肩綠盲蝽在丙97-59 上的生長發(fā)育繁殖各指標(biāo)均比其他品種(IR64、IR26、TN1、丙97-34)上的低,且品種間存在顯著差異,證明水稻品種影響獵物而影響到黑肩綠盲蝽的質(zhì)與量。而在不同水稻品種上育出的黑肩綠盲蝽對褐飛虱卵的功能反應(yīng)呈現(xiàn)顯著的差異,丙97-59 上的黑肩綠盲蝽功能反應(yīng)顯著弱于其他品種,這表明不同的品種導(dǎo)致黑肩綠盲蝽捕食效率的差異(婁永根等,2001)。Myint 等(1986)也發(fā)現(xiàn)黑肩綠盲蝽在捕食抗性水稻品種上的葉蟬卵時(shí),捕食量下降。因此,不同水稻品種能影響黑肩綠盲蝽的生長發(fā)育、繁殖及捕食能力,從而進(jìn)一步影響其對害蟲種群的控制能力。但是也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),水稻品種對黑肩綠盲蝽捕食褐飛虱若蟲卻幾乎沒有影響(Salim and Heinrichs,1986)。

      隨著生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展,轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻的培育工作迅速發(fā)展,其對靶標(biāo)害蟲的控制優(yōu)勢隨之體現(xiàn),但對非靶標(biāo)生物特別是對害蟲天敵的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究也成了人們關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)(Marvier,2007;Wolfenbarger et al.,2008;Naranjo,2009;Chen et al.,2011;Sanvido et al.,2011;Yu et al.,2011)。目前對黑肩綠盲蝽在轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻的研究主要集中在對其安全性的評價(jià)上。結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)Bar基因抗除草劑水稻Bar68-1 對黑肩綠盲蝽種群基本無影響(蔣顯斌和肖國櫻,2010),轉(zhuǎn)CrylAb、cry1Ab/cry1Ac、cry2A、cry1C 基因Bt 水稻對黑肩綠盲蝽也無不利或顯著影響(劉志誠等,2003;Chen et al.,2007;Han et al.,2011)。雖然迄今沒有關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻對黑肩綠盲蝽不利的報(bào)道,但已有的研究均為短期研究的結(jié)果,而轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻對人類和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響可能是長期的、持續(xù)的,有待進(jìn)行長期的安全性評價(jià)。因黑肩綠盲蝽有兼性取食水稻的特性,轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻對其直接取食的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)已引起了關(guān)注(高明清,2012),轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻與黑肩綠盲蝽之間相互作用的研究有待進(jìn)一步深入。

      2 氮肥對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響

      上世紀(jì)六十年代初掀起“綠色革命”的浪潮,為了提高水稻產(chǎn)量,農(nóng)民大面積連續(xù)施用以氮肥為主的化學(xué)肥料。施用氮肥后不僅提高了水稻的生物量、改善了稻田植食性昆蟲的營養(yǎng)條件,而且改變了天敵的生境及其對獵物或寄主的可獲得性,最終影響水稻生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中節(jié)肢動物的食物網(wǎng)和食物鏈。稻田施用氮肥后飛虱的密度增加,黑肩綠盲蝽的數(shù)量也隨之增加(Meerzainudeen and Kaeeem,1999;Preap et al.,2001;Lu et al.,2006a),但黑肩綠盲蝽的捕食功能也可能因此而受到影響(Walde,1995;Cortesero et al.,2000)。因此,稻株形態(tài)和生理的變化影響了水稻-害蟲-天敵三者之間的關(guān)系(胡建章等,1986;Simpson et al.,1994;Schoenly et al.,1996;De Kraker et al.,2000;Preap,2001;Lu et al.,2004a,2004b,2006c),從而影響了天敵對害蟲的自然控制功能。特別是黑肩綠盲蝽可以直接取食稻株汁液,肥料對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響更為明顯。

      施用氮肥后,IR64 稻株的形態(tài)學(xué)和組織學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、生理學(xué)特性以及化學(xué)成份的變化,如葉冠增大、葉鞘變厚變軟、稻株汁液及其氮含量增加等(Lu et al.,2004b),改變了揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)和其它生物信息,從而增強(qiáng)了稻株對黑肩綠盲蝽的吸引力,提高了它在高氮稻株上取食和產(chǎn)卵的數(shù)量比率和對高氮稻株上褐飛虱卵的捕食偏好性(Lu et al.,2004a;2005b)。這可能與黑肩綠盲蝽既是植食者又是捕食者的特性有關(guān),因?yàn)樗诮咏鼭撛诘募闹髦参飼r(shí)可以利用兩種信息渠道,從而提高了對信息的利用率,即使寄主植物上沒有獵物存在時(shí)它也能以稻株的汁液為食并完成生活史。但是,黑肩綠盲蝽對高氮稻株的選擇特性不利于其對目標(biāo)獵物的搜索和自然控制作用,田間稻株巨大的葉冠層和眾多的信息源可能誤導(dǎo)黑肩綠盲蝽對獵物的定向、搜索、接近和定位,從而降低了對目標(biāo)獵物的捕食效率。黑肩綠盲蝽喜歡攻擊產(chǎn)在稻株上部的褐飛虱卵(Song et al.,1995;Lu et al.,2004a),說明它對獵物的搜索是非隨機(jī)的,在不同水稻品種上由于卵垂直分布型的不同而引起功能反應(yīng)的差異更證明了這一結(jié)果(婁永根和程家安,2001)。褐飛虱在高氮稻株上主要將卵產(chǎn)在葉鞘底部,而在低氮稻株上則將卵產(chǎn)在葉鞘上部和葉片中脈內(nèi)(呂仲賢等,2005a)。因此,在低氮稻株上黑肩綠盲蝽容易在稻株上部發(fā)現(xiàn)獵物,而在高氮稻株上則由于上部獵物密度的減低而導(dǎo)致搜索效率迅速下降,從而削弱了黑肩綠盲蝽對褐飛虱卵的功能反應(yīng)(呂仲賢等,2005b)。黑肩綠盲蝽在高氮稻株上對獵物搜索速率的下降還可能與稻株的營養(yǎng)成分和其它化學(xué)物質(zhì)的干擾有關(guān),如傷流液和褐飛虱蜜露等均會影響黑肩綠盲蝽的搜索和捕食能力,從而影響了黑肩綠盲蝽對目標(biāo)獵物的搜索效率(呂仲賢等,2005b)。顯然,稻田過量施用氮肥對黑肩綠盲蝽捕食功能的影響是多方面的,植株的形態(tài)學(xué)變化直接干擾了黑肩綠盲蝽對獵物的搜索效率,植株的生理學(xué)變化不僅間接影響其搜索效率而且還可以通過植食性昆蟲生態(tài)適應(yīng)性的增加而降低其捕食能力。

      3 農(nóng)藥對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響

      3.1 殺蟲劑

      涉及黑肩綠盲蝽研究的殺蟲劑可分為兩大類,分別是生物殺蟲劑和化學(xué)殺蟲劑,生物殺蟲劑包括昆蟲生長調(diào)節(jié)劑、抗生素、植物源殺蟲劑三大類,化學(xué)殺蟲劑包括氨基甲酸酯類、有機(jī)磷類、酰胺類、新煙堿類、擬除蟲菊酯類等(見表1)。生物殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽較安全,如噻嗪酮(劉浩官等,1992;葉正襄等,1993;邱光等,1997;孫定煒等,2008)、甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽(張恒,2011)、薇甘菊乙醇提取物(鐘平生等,2011)、印楝(Lakshmi et al.,1998)。而在化學(xué)殺蟲劑中,只有氯蟲苯甲酰胺對黑肩綠盲蝽為安全級別(劉芳等,2009;李清,2010;曹炳宏等,2011);一些殺蟲劑有降低捕食能力和種群增長率的負(fù)作用(王召等,2012;楊洪等,2012)。殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽安全性評價(jià)大都以成蟲為對象,然而不同蟲態(tài)的黑肩綠盲蝽對殺蟲劑的敏感性有差異。如氟硅菊酯和醚菊酯對若蟲有強(qiáng)殺傷力,但對成蟲及卵安全,敵敵畏對卵安全而對其余蟲態(tài)則有強(qiáng)殺傷力(孫定煒等,2008)。在已經(jīng)評價(jià)的所有殺蟲劑中,只有噻嗪酮對黑肩綠盲蝽各蟲態(tài)均安全。黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲在吡蟲啉亞致死劑量下對白背飛虱卵的捕食率降低(Widiarta 等,2001)。

      殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響除了直接的毒殺外,還有間接的影響。由于殺蟲劑的使用導(dǎo)致稻田靶標(biāo)害蟲的大量死亡,減少了天敵昆蟲的獵物,而食物是影響昆蟲生長發(fā)育、種群繁殖的重要因子,若在一段較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)得不到替代獵物的補(bǔ)充,天敵種群數(shù)量將因食物缺乏而隨之下降,因此,在必要時(shí)人為補(bǔ)充替代獵物對維持天敵種群非常重要(黃林茂等,2010)。

      3.2 殺菌劑和除草劑

      有研究表明除草劑掃弗特(Pretilachlor)、丁草胺(Butachlor)對黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲有較大的殺傷作用,而快殺稗(Quinclorac)、乙草胺(Acetochlor)、芐嘧磺隆(Bensulfuron methyl)、稻福星(Anilofos+Bensulfuron methyl)、金秋(Nicosulfuron+Atrazine)對黑肩綠盲蝽的殺傷作用不顯著;殺菌劑異稻瘟凈(Iprobenfos)對黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲有強(qiáng)殺傷力,甲基立枯磷(Tolclofos-methyl)、百菌清(Chlorothalonil)、葉枯靈(Saikuzuo)、多菌靈(Carbendazim)、井岡霉素(Validamycin)、三環(huán)唑(Tricyclazole)、葉青雙(Bismerthlazol)對黑肩綠盲蝽殺傷作用不強(qiáng)(陳建明等,1999;Chen et al.,1999)。從已有的研究結(jié)果來看,除草劑及殺菌劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的直接影響普遍較小,這與黑肩綠盲蝽并非除草劑與殺菌劑的靶標(biāo)生物有關(guān)。然而,除草劑與殺菌劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的間接影響卻是不容忽視的。

      表1 殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的安全性Table 1 Safety of insecticides on Cyrtorhinus lividipennis

      (續(xù)上表)

      有研究結(jié)果顯示,水稻在經(jīng)過丁草胺(Butachlor)和二氯喹啉酸(Quinclorac)處理后,其葉鞘內(nèi)的游離氨基酸含量表現(xiàn)出明顯的增加,蔗糖和總酚的含量均下降(袁樹忠等,2001;程遐年等,2003),黑肩綠盲蝽作為雜食性昆蟲,或會因取食生理狀況變化了的水稻而在生理及行為受間接影響。雜草是稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的重要組成生境組成部分,與稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)間有密切的能量和物質(zhì)交流。長期進(jìn)行化學(xué)除草會改變稻田及周邊的植物群落結(jié)構(gòu),直接影響到其中的植食性昆蟲的種類和數(shù)量,進(jìn)而影響到以這些植食性昆蟲為食的天敵種類和數(shù)量(黃頂成等,2005)。大量研究結(jié)果證明,在化學(xué)除草后,群落中雜草種類和數(shù)量降低的同時(shí)也造成了天敵昆蟲種類和數(shù)量的降低(Leius,1967;Hald et al.,1990;Haughton et al.,1999;巫厚長等,2001)。

      4 問題與展望

      基于黑肩綠盲蝽的生物學(xué)特性、農(nóng)用投入品對黑肩綠盲蝽影響的國內(nèi)外研究進(jìn)展,可以將黑肩綠盲蝽、害蟲及農(nóng)用投入品之間存在相互作用關(guān)系總結(jié)成如圖1 所示,某一因素的變化都會引起連鎖反應(yīng)而對黑肩綠盲蝽產(chǎn)生直接或間接的影響。由于黑肩綠盲蝽為雜食性捕食者,抗性水稻品種可以直接或間接影響其生長發(fā)育以及捕食能力。因此,抗性品種的選擇上,在評價(jià)其對害蟲抗性的同時(shí)也適當(dāng)兼顧對天敵的可能影響,對于害蟲防治是一個(gè)有益的參考。轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻是農(nóng)藥概念的延伸,目前已有的安全性評價(jià)都是短期的,僅限于某個(gè)蟲態(tài)或一個(gè)世代,尚未報(bào)道其對黑肩綠盲蝽的不利影響。但是否在轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻上生活幾代之后仍無不利影響,或是否轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻會與其他環(huán)境因素,如高溫、干旱等共同作用而產(chǎn)生不利影響的研究仍需進(jìn)一步深入。

      氮肥是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)作物產(chǎn)量的保證,但是氮肥的過量使用是普遍現(xiàn)象,稻田過量氮肥對主要害蟲的種群有明顯的促進(jìn)作用(Preap et al.,2001;呂仲賢等,2006ab;Lu et al.,2006)。下一步的研究工作,需要對氮肥使用量和天敵的種群和控害能力之間作進(jìn)一步細(xì)致的研究,以期找到作物產(chǎn)量和自然天敵效率之間的平衡值,找到氮肥使用的閾值。

      圖1 黑肩綠盲蝽與害蟲及各農(nóng)用投入品之間的關(guān)系Fig.1 The relationship between Cytorhinus lividipennis and pest and other agricultural inputs

      研究已表明,殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽有不同程度的影響,其對黑肩綠盲蝽的安全性因殺蟲劑的種類和黑肩綠盲蝽所處的蟲態(tài)不同而有明顯差異,除草劑雖然對黑肩綠盲蝽的直接影響很小,但因?yàn)槭褂煤笃茐牧酥彩承岳ハx及一些天敵的天然庇護(hù)場所,從而不利于天敵種群的維持。因此,為了充分發(fā)揮天敵對害蟲的控制作用,做到科學(xué)合理地用藥,應(yīng)當(dāng)減少使用對天敵殺傷力強(qiáng)的殺蟲劑,盡量避免在天敵的敏感階段使用殺蟲劑。

      References)

      Balasubramanian P,Palaniappan SP,Gopalan M,1983.The effect of carbofuran and nitrogen on leaf folder incidence.IRRI,8:13-14.

      Bernal CC,Aguda RM,Cohen MB,2002.Effect of rice lines transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes on the brown planthopper and it predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.Entomol.Exp.Appl.,102:21-28.

      Cao BH,Du LQ,Lu DZ,Wang L,Yuan GS,Sun F,2011.Control effects of Chlorantraniliprole on rice leaffolder and its enronmental safety.Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,17(11):143-166.[曹炳宏,杜連強(qiáng),陸大寨,王林,袁桂實(shí),孫楓,2011.氯蟲苯甲酰胺(康寬)防治水稻稻縱卷葉螟效果及對環(huán)境影響研究.安徽農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào),17(11):143-166]

      Chen JM,Yu XP,Lu ZX,Zheng XS,Cheng JA,1999.Effects of agrochemicals on brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)and its predatory enemies.Entomologia Sinica,6(2):155-163.

      Chen JM,Yu XP,Lu ZX,Zheng XS,1999.Effects of herbicides and fungicides on the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens and its predatory enemies.Acta Phytophylacia Sinica,26(2):162-166.[陳建明,俞曉平,呂仲賢,鄭許松,1999.除草劑和殺菌劑對褐飛虱及其天敵的影響.植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),26(2):162-166]

      Chen M,Liu ZC,Ye GY,Shen ZC,Hu C,Peng YF,Altosaar I,Shelton AM,2007.Impacts of transgenic cry1Ab rice on non-target planthoppers and their main predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Hemiptera:Miridae)—A case study of the compatibility of Bt rice with biological control.Biological Control,42:242-250.

      Chen M,Shelton AM,Ye GY,2011.Insect-resistant genetically modified rice in China:from research to commercialization.Annual Review of Entomology,56:81-101.

      Chen QG,Wang L,2011.Study on contribution of potassium,nitrogen and organic fertilizer to famers' super rice production economy—based on empirical study of 690 rice farmers in eight counties in Liaoning,Zhejiang and Hunan Province.Agricultural Science &Technology,12(9):1381-1384.

      Cheng XN,Wu JC,Ma F,2003.Brown Planthopper and its Management.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.255-258.[程遐年,吳進(jìn)才,馬飛,2003.褐飛虱研究與防治.北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社.255-258]

      Conway GR,1997.The Doubly Green Revolution:Food for All in the 21stCentury.New York:Cornell University Press.

      Conway GR,Barbier EB,1990.After the Green Revolution:Sustainable Agriculture for Development.London:Earthscan Publications Ltd.

      Cortesero AM,Stapel JO,Lewis WJ,2000.Understanding and manipulating plant attributes to enhance biological control.Biol.Control,17:35-49.

      De Kraker J,Rabbinge R,Huis AV,2000.Impact of nitrogenous-fertilization on the population dynamics and natural control of rice leaffolder(Lep.:Pyralidae).Intl.J.Pest Management,46:225-235.

      Feng LP,Zhang XL,Zhang JM,Zhang GF,Wang DH,Zhu MH,1999.Studies on main natural enemies of the rice brown planthopper and effect of pesticide on natural enemies.Natural Enemies of Insect,21(2):55-60.[馮蘭萍,張夕林,張建明,張谷豐,王東華,朱明華,1999.褐飛虱的主要捕食性天敵及農(nóng)藥對天敵的影響.昆蟲天敵,21(2):55-60]

      Gao MQ,2012.Feeding behavior of Mirid Bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and its application in ecological risk evaluation of transgenetic rice.Research report of postal doctor fellow.Zhejiang University,Hangzhou.[高明清.黑肩綠盲蝽的食性及其在轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估中的應(yīng)用.博士后研究工作報(bào)告.浙江,浙江大學(xué),2012]

      Geetha N,Gopalan M,Galasubramanian G,1993.Ovipositional behaviour of mirid bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis on rice and weeds.J.Entomol.Res.,17(1):17-20.

      Gu ZY,Xu XL,Su JK,Yan DF,Ni Sk,Chen YR,Zhu XM,HU XM,Shi SR,Lu SH,Xie XD,2011.Study on the resurgence of rice delphacid caused by application of pyrethroid and its main affecting factors and the method of control.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,12(4):53-60.[顧中言,許小龍,蘇建坤,嚴(yán)大富,倪壽坤,陳以仁,朱學(xué)明,胡明夏,史順革,呂守懷,謝緒定,2011.擬除蟲菊酯農(nóng)藥導(dǎo)致稻飛虱再猖獗機(jī)理及調(diào)控方法.西南農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),12(4):53-60]

      Hald AB,Reddersen J,1990.Wildlife Indicators:Insects and Wild Plants.Mijoministeriet:Mijostyrelsen,Copenhagen,180.

      Han Y,Xu XL,Ma WH,2011.The influence of transgenic cry1Ab/cry1Ac,cry1C and cry2A rice on non-target planthoppers and their main predators under field conditions.Agricultural Sciences in China,10(11):1739-1747.

      Haughton AJ,Bell JR,Boatman ND,Wilcox A,1999.The effects of different rates of the herbicide glyphosate on spiders in arable field margins.Journal of Arachnology,27(1):249-254.

      Haughton AJ,Bell JR,Wilcox A,Boatman ND,2001.The effect of the herbicide glyphosate on non-target spiders Part Ⅰ.Direct effects on Lepthyphantes tenuis under laboratory conditions.Pest Management Science,57(11):1033-1036.

      Hu JZ,Lu QH,Yang JS,Yang LP,Gao NY,1986.Influence of N Fertilizer level and irrigation on population dynamics of the major insect in paddy fields and consequent rice yield.Acta Entomologica Sinica,29(1):49-54.[胡建章,陸秋華,楊金生,楊麗萍,高念英,1986.肥水管理對稻田主要害蟲種群及產(chǎn)量的影響.昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),29(1):49-54]

      Huang DC,You MS,Hou YP,Li ZS,2005.Effects of chemical herbicides on bio-communities in agroecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(6):1451-1458.[黃頂成,尤民生,侯有明,李志勝,2005.化學(xué)除草劑對農(nóng)田生物群落的影響.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),25(6):1451-1458]

      Huang LM,Huang SS,2010.Functional and numerical responses of the predacious plant bug on the rice brown planthopper egg.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(15):4187-4195.[黃林茂,黃壽山,2010.黑肩綠盲蝽捕食褐飛虱卵的功能與數(shù)值反應(yīng).生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),30(15):4187-4195]

      Kaplan I,Thaler JS,2011.Do plant defenses enhance or diminish prey suppression by omnivorous Heteroptera.Biological Control,59:53-60.

      Jiang XB,Xiao GY,2010.Effects of genetically modified herbicide tolerant rice(Oryza sativa)on population density of two sucking insect pests and two natural enemies in rice fields.Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,47(6):1128-1133.[蔣顯斌,肖國櫻,2010.抗除草劑轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻對二種刺吸性害蟲和二種天敵的影響.昆蟲知識,47(6):1128-1133]

      Lakshmi V,Katti G,Krishnaiah NV,1998.Safety of neem formulations vis-a-vis insecticides to Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter,a predsator of brown planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens in rice crop.Joural of Biological Control,12(2):119-122.

      Leius K,1967.Influence of wildflowers on parasitism of tent caterpillar and codling moth.Can.Entomol.,99:444-446.

      Li BT,Bei CM,Shi QH,Pan XH,Xu YM,2009.Bioactivity of avermectins to Chilo suppressalis Walker and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée and the influence to natural enemies in the paddy fields.Journal of Plant Protection,36(6):550-554.[李保同,裴春梅,石慶華,潘曉華,徐月明,2009.阿維菌素對二化螟和稻縱卷葉螟的生物活性及稻田天敵的影響.植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),36(6):550-554]

      Li GH,Liu SQ,Cao Y,Zeng DQ,Li YZ,2011.Ecological safety of methanol extracts from Tephrosia purpurea seeds on adult of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences),37(5):503-506.[李冠華,劉雙清,曹楊,曾東強(qiáng),李有志,2011.灰毛豆種子甲醇提取物對黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲的安全性.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),37(5):503-506]

      Li Q,2010.Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on main predators in double season rice.MS thesis.Hunan Agriculture University.Hunan[李清,2010.氯蟲苯甲酰胺等藥劑對雙季水稻主要捕食性天敵影響研究.碩士學(xué)位論文.湖南.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)]

      Liu F,Xi BG,Bao SW,Zhang Q,Qin JX,Shi XM,Jiang T,Zhao JL,2009.Control effectiveness of chlorantraniliprole on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and evaluation of its safety to beneficial arthropods in the rice fields.Plant Protection,35(5):139-143.[劉芳,奚本貴,包善微,張橋,秦吉祥,石細(xì)敏,江濤,趙俊玲,2009.氯蟲苯甲酰胺對稻縱卷葉螟的防效及對稻田有益節(jié)肢動物的安全性評價(jià).植物保護(hù),35(5):139-143]

      Liu HG,Liu B,Lin JZ,Cheng Q,1992.A study on effects of the pesticide Buprofezin on population of the plant hoppers and their predacious enemies in the rice field.Entomological Journal of East China,1(2):68-71.[劉浩官,劉波,林堅(jiān)貞,陳強(qiáng),1992.撲虱靈對稻飛虱及其捕食性天敵種群的影響.華東昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),1(2):68-71]

      Liu ZC,Ye GY,Hu C,Swapan KD,2002.Effects of Bt transgenic rice on population dynamics of main non-target insect pests and dominant spider species in rice paddies.Journal of Plant Protection,29(2):138-144.[劉志誠,葉恭銀,胡萃,Swapan KD,2002.Bt 水稻對主要非靶標(biāo)害蟲和蜘蛛優(yōu)勢種田間種群動態(tài)的影響.植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),29(2):138-144]

      Lou YG,Cheng JA,1996.Functional responses of Crytorhinus lividipennis to eggs of brown planthopper,Nilaparva lugens,and its searching behavior.Acta phytophylacica Sinica,23(4):321-326.[婁永根,程家安,1996.黑肩綠盲蝽對褐飛虱卵的功能反應(yīng)及搜尋行為.植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),23(4):321-326]

      Lou YG,Cheng JA,2001.Role of rice volatiles in the foraging behaviour of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter.Entomologia Sinica,8(3):240-250.

      Lou YG,Du MH,Guo HW,Zhu XQ,Cheng JA,2002.The indirect effects of rice varieties on growth,development,survival and fecundity of predatory mirid Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter.Acta Entomologica Sinica,29(3):193-198.[婁永根,杜孟浩,郭華偉,諸曉權(quán),程家安,2002.水稻品種對黑肩綠盲蝽生長、發(fā)育、存活及繁殖的影響.植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),29(3):193-198]

      Lu LP,Li W,2012.The effects of pesticides on the population dynamics of natural enemies of rice planthoppers.Modern Agricultural Sciences,7:169-172.[陸立萍,李維,2012.稻田稻飛虱天敵種群動態(tài)及化學(xué)藥劑的影響效果研究.現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技,7:169-172]

      Lu ZX,Yu XP,Hu C,2004a.Effects of nitrogen in rice plant on the predatory behavior and ecological fitness of mirid bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.IRRI,29(2):32-34.

      Lu ZX,Villareal S,Yu XP,Heong,KL,Hu C,2004b.Effect of nitrogen on water content,sap flow,and tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens.Rice Science,11(3):129-134.

      Lu ZX,Yu XP,Heong KL,Hu C,2005a.Effects of nitrogen nutrient on the behavior of feeding and oviposition of the brown planthopper,Nilarpavata lugens,on IR64.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agr.& Life Sci.),31(1):62-70.

      Lu ZX,Yu XP,Heong KL,Hu C,2005b.Effects of nitrogenous fertilization in rice fields on the predatory function of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to Nilaparvata lugens Stal.Acta Entomologica Sinica,48(1):48-56.[呂仲賢,俞曉平,Heong KL,胡萃,2005.稻田氮肥施用量對黑肩綠盲蝽捕食功能的影響.昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),48(1):48-56]

      Lu ZX,Villareal S,Yu XP,Heong KL,Hu C,2006a.Biodiversity and dynamics of planthoppers and their natural enemies in rice fields with different nitrogen regimes.Rice Science,13(3):218-226.

      Lu ZX,Yu XP,Heong KL,Hu C,2006b.Nitrogen fertilizer affects herbivores and stimulates the populations of major insect pests of rice.Chinese Journal of Rice Science,20(6):649-656.[呂仲賢,俞曉平,Heong KL,胡萃,2006b.氮肥對植食性昆蟲的影響及其對水稻主要害蟲種群的誘導(dǎo).中國水稻科學(xué),20(6):649-65]

      Lu ZX,Yu XP,Heong KL,Hu C,2006c.Impact of nitrogen fertilizer on natural control capacities of invertebrate predators and parasitoids and its demonstration in rice-based ecosystem.Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,18(2):128-132.[呂仲賢,俞曉平,Heong KL,胡萃,2006c.氮肥對天敵自然控制作用的影響及其在稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的例證.浙江農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),18(2):128-132]

      Marvier M,McCreedy C,Regetz J,Kareiva P,2007.A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates.Science,316(5830):1475-1477.

      Matsumura M,Suzuki Y,1999.Effects of prey species and honeydew feeding on development and reproduction of the mirid bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter.Kyushu Pl.Prot.Res,45:63-67.

      Meerzainudeen M,Kareem AA,1999.Effect of biofertilizers on BPH(Nilaparvata lugens)and its biocontrol agents in rice ecosystem.VISTAS of rice research,Tamil Nadu.Agricultural University,India.469-474.

      Myint MM,Rapusas HR,Heinrichs EA,1986.Integration of varietal resistance and predation for the management of Nephotettix virescens(Homoptera:Cicadellidae)populations on rice.Crop Protection,5:259-265.

      Naranjo SE,2009.Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns.CAB Reviews:Perspectives in Agriculture,Veterinary Science,Nutrition and Natural Resources,4(011):1-11.

      Preap V,Zalucki MP,Nesbitt HJ,Jahn GC,2001.Effect of fertilizer,pesticide treatment,and plant variety on the realized fecundity and survival rates of brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens,generating outbreaks in Cambodia.J.Asia Pacific Entomol.,4(1):75-84.

      Preetha G,Stanley J,Suresh S,Samiyappan R,2010.Risk assessment of insecticides used in rice on mired bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter,the important predator of brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Stal.).Chemosphere,80:498-503.

      Qu G,Gu ZY,Liu XJ,1997.Studies on comparison of toxicities and biological activities of imidacloprid and buprofezin against brown planthopper(Nilaparvata lugens Stal).Entomological Journal of East China,6(2):79-84.[邱光,顧正遠(yuǎn),劉賢金,1997.吡蟲啉、撲虱靈對褐稻虱的作用機(jī)制及藥效特征比較研究.華東昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),6(2):79-84]

      Reyse TM,Gabriel BP,1975.The life history and consumption habits of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter(Hemiptera:Miridae).Philippine Entomologist,3(2):79-88.

      Sanvido O,Romeis J,Bigler F,2011.Environmentalchange challenges decision-making during post-market environmental monitoring of transgenic crops.Transgenic Research,20:1191-1201.

      Schoenly K,Cohen JE,Heong KL,Litsinger JA,Aquino GB,Barrion AT,Arida G,1996.F ood web dynamics of irrigated rice fields at five elevations in Luz on,Philippines.Bull.Entomol.Res.,86:451-466.

      Senguttuvan T,Gopalan M,1990.Predator efficiency of mirid bugs(Cyrtorhinus lividipennis)on eggs and nymphs of brown planthopper(Nilaparvata lugens)on resistant and susceptible varieties of rice.Indian J.Agric.Sci.,60:285-287.

      Shepard MB,Barrion AT,Litsinger JA,1987.Friends of the rice farmer:Helpful insects,spiders,and pathogens.Philippines,Manila:IRRI.

      Simpson IC,Roger PA,Oficial R,1994.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticide management on floodwater ecology in wetland rice field:II dynamics of microcrustaceans and dipteran larvae.Biol.Fertilizer and Soils,17:138-146.

      Sinclair T,1998.Historical changes in harvest index and crop nitrogen accumulation.Crop Sci.,38:638-643.

      Song YH,Ha TK,Chung DY,1995.The predatory behavior of green mired bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis on brown planthopper eggs in different temperature conditions.Korean J.Appl.Entomol.,34:234-242.

      Sun DW,Su JY,Shen JL,Xu JT,2008.Safety Evaluation of Insecticides to Cyrtohinus lividipennis(Reuter)(Hemiptera:Miridae),a Predator of Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)(Homoptera:Delphacidae).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,41(7):1995-2002.[孫定煒,蘇建亞,沈晉良,徐建陶,2008.殺蟲劑對褐飛虱捕食性天敵黑肩綠盲蝽的安全性評價(jià).中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),41(7):1995-2002]

      Walde SJ,1995.How quality of host plant affects a predator-prey interaction in biological control.Ecology,76(4):1206-1219.

      Wang Z,Yang H,Jin DC,2012.Effects of chlorantraniliprole on predatory capacity of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Hemiptera:Miridae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,55(5):618-624.[王召,楊洪,金道超,2012.氯蟲苯甲酰胺對黑肩綠盲蝽捕食功能的影響.昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),55(5):618-624]

      Widiarta IN,Matsumura M,Suzuki Y,Nakasuji F,2011.Effect of sublethal doses of imidacloprid on the fecundity of green leafhoppers,Nephotettix spp.(Hemiptera:Cicadellidae)and their natural enemies.Applied of Entomology and Zoology,36(4):501-507.

      Wolfenbarger LL,Naranjo SE,Lundgren JG,Bitzer RJ,Watrud LS,2008.Bt crop effects on functional guilds of non-target arthropods:a meta-analysis.PLoS One,3(5):e2118.

      doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002118.

      Wu HC,Wei CS,Kuai YX,Cheng XN,2001.Structure of arthropod communities in tobacco fields with herbicide use.Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,28(4):372-375.[巫厚長,魏重生,蒯義興,程遐年,2001.除草劑精克草能對煙田節(jié)肢動物群落的影響.安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),28(4):372-375]

      Wu SX,Zhou YJ,Xu TP,Chen YD,He N,2010.Control effects of Metaflumizon to larva of rice leaffolder.Zhejiang Agriculture Sciences,5:1046-1053.[吳森賢,周宇杰,徐鐵平,陳月娣,何南,2010.氰氟蟲腙防治稻縱卷葉螟中齡幼蟲效果的探討.浙江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),5:1046-1053]

      Xu DJ,Gu ZY,Xu GC,Xu XL,F(xiàn)an D,2010.Pymetrozine application techniques against Nilapabata lugens(Stal)and safety evaluation to its natural enemies.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,18(5):1054-1059.[徐德進(jìn),顧中言,徐廣春,許小龍,范鵬,2010.吡蚜酮防治褐飛虱的使用技術(shù)及對天敵的安全性研究.中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),18(5):1054-1059]

      Xu YN,Lu KW,Zhong FH,Chen YB,2009.Control of Avermectins on rice planthoppers and its influence on natural enemies.Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology,2:59-60.[謝燕楠,陸凱文,鐘方紅,陳銀寶,2009.阿維菌素對稻飛虱防效及對天敵的影響.內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)科技,2:59-60]

      Yang H,Wang Z,Jin DC,2012.Effects of chlorantraniliprole on experimental populations of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)(Hemiptera:Miridae).Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(16):5184-5189.[楊洪,王召,金道超,2012.氯蟲苯甲酰胺對黑肩綠盲蝽實(shí)驗(yàn)種群的影響.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),32(16):5184-5189]

      Ye JR,F(xiàn)eng YB,Huang XF,2009.Effect of three kinds of pharmaceutical on various niche pests in the base of rice leaf and their influence on main natural enemies.Agrochemicals,48(8):609-610,621.[葉建人,馮永斌,黃賢夫,2009.氟腈·三唑磷等3種藥劑對水稻葉基部不同生態(tài)位害蟲兼顧作用及其主要天敵的影響.農(nóng)藥,48(8):609-610,621]

      Ye ZX,Qin HG,Huang RH,Chen Z,ZHou HN,1993.The effects of Buprofezin on rice planthoppers and natrual enemies.Jiangxi Agricultural Scienes,1993,2:29-31.[葉正襄,秦厚國,黃榮華,陳祖,周紅南,1993.撲虱靈對天敵的影響和對稻飛虱防治效果試驗(yàn).江西農(nóng)業(yè)科技,2:29-31]

      Ye ZX,Wang DD,1980.Preliminary study on mirid bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.Jiangxi Agricultural Scienes,9:18-19.[葉正襄,汪篤棟,1980.黑肩綠盲蝽研究初報(bào).江西農(nóng)業(yè)科技,9:18-19]

      Yu XP,Heong KL,Hu C,1996.Effects of various non-rice hosts on the growth,reproduction and predation of mirid bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.In:Hamid AA,Yeang LK,Sadi T,eds.Integrating Science and People in Rice Pest Management.Proceedings of the Rice Integrated Pest Management Conference,18-22.Nov.1996,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.56-63.

      Yu XP,Hu C,Heong KL,1996.Effects of various non-rice hosts on the growth,reproduction and predation of mirid bug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter.Chinese Journal of Rice Science,10(4):220-226.[俞曉平,胡萃,Heong KL,1996.黑肩綠盲蝽在寄主植物、飛虱和葉蟬卵上的生長和發(fā)育.中國水稻科學(xué),10(4):220-226]

      Yu,HL,Li YH,Wu KM,2011.Risk assessment and ecological effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis crops on non-target organisms.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,53(7):520-538.

      Yuan SZ,Wu JC,Xu JX,2001.Influences of herbicides on physiologyand biochemistry of rice.Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,28(3):274-278.[袁樹忠,吳進(jìn)才,徐建祥,2001.丁草胺等除草劑對水稻生理生化的影響.植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),28(3):274-278]

      Zhang H,2011.Ecological safety of Methylamino abamectin benzoate(salt)on main predators in double season rice system.MS thesis.Hunan Agricultural University.[張恒,2011.甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽對雙季水稻主要捕食性天敵的安全性研究.碩士學(xué)位論文.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)]

      Zhang XL,Sheng GX,Zhang HF,Yi HJ,1998.Application of Fipronil in rice pest managements.Jiangsu Pesticide,1:28-31.[張夕林,盛桂祥,張合豐,易紅絹,1998.銳勁特在水稻害蟲綜合防治中的應(yīng)用.江蘇農(nóng)藥,1:28-31]

      Zhang XL,Zhang JM,Zhang Z,Zhang GF,1995.The preliminary studies on the application technique for the control of the brown plan-thopper(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)with Imida-cloprid and its effectiveness to the natural enemies.Pesticides,34(6):28-30.[張夕林,張建明,張治,張谷豐,1995.吡蟲啉防治褐稻虱應(yīng)用技術(shù)及其對天敵的影響研究.農(nóng)藥,34(6):28-30]

      Zhong PS,Liang GW,Zeng L,2005.Effect of organic fertilizer treatment on rice planthopper population and its natural enemy community.Entomological Journal of East China,14(2):136-140.[鐘平生,梁廣文,曾玲,2005.有機(jī)肥對稻飛虱種群及其天敵的影響.華東昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),14(2):136-140]

      Zhong PS,Liang GW,Zeng L,2011.Toxical influences of 3 alcohol extracts of non-preferable plants on predatory enemies in paddyfield.Journal of Henan Agricultural University,45(1):75-78.[鐘平生,梁廣文,曾 玲,2011.3種植物乙醇提取物對稻田捕食性天敵的毒殺作用.河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),45(1):75-78]

      Zhu ZR,Cheng JA,Shang HW,Liang DY,Chen X,1998.The effects of application of Methamidophos+Deltamethrin on population dynamic of the brown planthopper and its presatory.Plant Protection Technology and Extension,18(4):28-31.[祝增榮,程家安,商晗武,梁帝允,陳秀,1998.甲胺磷+溴氰菊酯對稻田褐飛虱及其捕食性天敵種群動態(tài)的影響.植保技術(shù)與推廣,18(4):28-31]

      猜你喜歡
      稻株飛虱殺蟲劑
      元江燈下飛虱種群調(diào)查
      直接多重TaqMan qPCR方法快速鑒定褐飛虱屬3種飛虱
      The great monarch migrations
      基于觸感引導(dǎo)的小型水田行進(jìn)底盤自動對行方法
      褐飛虱體內(nèi)共生菌多樣性研究進(jìn)展
      Analysis of a Peaked Carbon Emission Pathway in China Toward Carbon Neutrality
      Engineering(2021年12期)2021-04-22 11:34:50
      三種稻田常見螯蜂對半翅目害蟲的寄主偏好性及控害作用
      基于觸覺感知的水稻行彎度測量裝置設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)
      新穎殺蟲劑Broflanilide的開發(fā)
      選擇殺蟲劑 先看是啥蟲
      舟山市| 繁昌县| 桐梓县| 广平县| 罗田县| 黄平县| 托克逊县| 平乐县| 延长县| 吉安市| 深泽县| 彰化市| 色达县| 遂溪县| 太谷县| 邹城市| 定西市| 利辛县| 海丰县| 大名县| 武邑县| 铅山县| 巫溪县| 呼和浩特市| 吉木萨尔县| 霍林郭勒市| 凤台县| 苏尼特左旗| 枞阳县| 格尔木市| 东乌珠穆沁旗| 盐池县| 郴州市| 拉孜县| 寻乌县| 安远县| 汨罗市| 武功县| 启东市| 和龙市| 富阳市|